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Alexander A, Herz J, Calvier L. Reelin through the years: From brain development to inflammation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112669. [PMID: 37339050 PMCID: PMC10592530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin was originally identified as a regulator of neuronal migration and synaptic function, but its non-neuronal functions have received far less attention. Reelin participates in organ development and physiological functions in various tissues, but it is also dysregulated in some diseases. In the cardiovascular system, Reelin is abundant in the blood, where it contributes to platelet adhesion and coagulation, as well as vascular adhesion and permeability of leukocytes. It is a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic factor with important implications for autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, or cancer. Mechanistically, Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that binds to several membrane receptors, including ApoER2, VLDLR, integrins, and ephrins. Reelin signaling depends on the cell type but mostly involves phosphorylation of NF-κB, PI3K, AKT, or JAK/STAT. This review focuses on non-neuronal functions and the therapeutic potential of Reelin, while highlighting secretion, signaling, and functional similarities between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Dou A, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Guo Y. Reelin depletion alleviates multiple myeloma bone disease by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting osteolysis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:219. [PMID: 34433809 PMCID: PMC8387418 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix glycoprotein Reelin is associated with tumor metastasis and prognosis in various malignancies. However, its effects on multiple myeloma (MM) are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory effects of Reelin on MM and its underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Lentivirus plasmid containing short hairpin RNA targeting Reelin (LV3-Reln) was transfected into SP2/0 cells to knockdown Reelin expression. Flow cytometry assay analyzed cell cycle and apoptosis while Transwell assay evaluated invasiveness. BALB/c mice were inoculated with LV3-Reln-transfected SP2/0 cells to establish MM model. Primary myeloma cells and osteoblasts/osteoclast were isolated from tumor tissue and limb long bones respectively. ELISA examined serum biomarkers and immunohistochemistry detected immunoglobulin light chain expression. Morphological changes and osteoclast/osteoblast differentiation were observed by histological staining. mRNA and proteins expression were determined by qPCR and WB. In vitro studies showed that Reelin depletion regulated osteolysis and osteogenesis balance, cell cycle, invasiveness, and apoptosis in SP2/0 cells. In LV3-Reln mice, tumor growth and invasiveness were suppressed, meanwhile, reduced osteoclast activation and enhanced osteoblast activity were observed. Reelin knockdown alleviated extramedullary morbidity and inhibited spleen immune cell apoptosis by down-regulating CDK5, IL-10, and Cyto-C expression. Furthermore, reduced Reelin expression restrained osteoclast differentiation while promoted osteogenesis in the bone of LV3-Reln mice. This was further supported by down-regulation of osteolytic specific mRNAs and proteins (Trap, Mmp9, Ctsk, Clcn7) and up-regulation of osteogenic specific ones (COL-1, Runx2, β-Catenin). Reelin exerted important impacts on myeloma development through rebalancing osteolysis and osteogenesis, thus might be a potential therapeutic target for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Dou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongjing Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Zhou F, Wang D, Zhou N, Chen H, Shi H, Peng R, Wei W, Wu L. Circular RNA Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Migration and Suppresses Apoptosis via Activating MicroRNA-638 Mediated MEK/ERK, WNT/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways in Multiple Myeloma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648189. [PMID: 34395238 PMCID: PMC8355695 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study observed that circular RNA protein tyrosine kinase 2 (circ-PTK2) was upregulated and correlated with worse clinical features and unfavorable prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Thus, this study aimed to further characterize the regulatory function of circ-PTK2 on cell malignant activities and its target microRNA-638 (miR-638) as well as downstream MEK/ERK, WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways in MM. The effect of circ-PTK2 on MM cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and its potential target miRNAs was assessed by transfecting circ-PTK2 overexpression plasmids into U226 cells and circ-PTK2 knock-down plasmids into LP-1 cells. Furthermore, the interaction between circ-PTK2 and miR-638 mediated MEK/ERK and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways was validated by rescue experiments. Circ-PTK2 was overexpressed in most MM cell lines compared to normal plasma cells. Overexpressing circ-PTK2 promoted proliferation and migration, inhibited apoptosis in U266 cells, but did not affect cell invasion; knocking down circ-PTK2 achieved opposite effect in LP-1 cells. Besides, circ-PTK2 reversely regulated miR-638 expression but not miR-4690, miR-6724, miR-6749 or miR-6775. The following luciferase reporter assay illustrated the direct bind of circ-PTK2 towards miR-638. In rescue experiments, overexpressing miR-638 suppressed proliferation, migration, while promoted apoptosis in both wild U266 cells and circ-PTK2-overexpressed U266 cells; meanwhile, overexpressing miR-638 also suppressed MEK/ERK and WNT/β-catenin pathways in both wild U266 cells and circ-PTK2-overexpressed U266 cells. Knocking down miR-638 achieved opposite effect in both wild LP-1 cells and circ-PTK2-knocked-down LP-1 cells. In conclusion, circ-PTK2 promotes cell proliferation, migration, suppresses cell apoptosis via miR-638 mediated MEK&ERK and WNT&β-catenin signaling pathways in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongjiao Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nian Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haotian Shi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Peng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Wu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Calvier L, Xian X, Lee R, Sacharidou A, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Kounnas MZ, Tsai S, Herz J. Reelin Depletion Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Decreasing Vascular Adhesion of Leukocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1309-1318. [PMID: 33626909 PMCID: PMC7990715 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/deficiency
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Coculture Techniques
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/deficiency
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/metabolism
- Leukocyte Rolling/drug effects
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Reelin Protein
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. San Diego CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Sacharidou
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Philip W. Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | | | - Shirling Tsai
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
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Calvier L, Demuth G, Manouchehri N, Wong C, Sacharidou A, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Monson NL, Kounnas MZ, Stüve O, Herz J. Reelin depletion protects against autoimmune encephalomyelitis by decreasing vascular adhesion of leukocytes. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay7675. [PMID: 32801146 PMCID: PMC7860587 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay7675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation as a result of immune cell recruitment into the central nervous system (CNS) is a key pathogenic mechanism of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, current anti-inflammatory interventions depleting immune cells or directly targeting their trafficking into the CNS can have serious side effects, highlighting a need for better immunomodulatory strategies. We detected increased Reelin concentrations in the serum of patients with MS, resulting in increased endothelial permeability to leukocytes through increased nuclear factor κB-mediated expression of vascular adhesion molecules. We thus investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of Reelin immunodepletion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and further validated the results in Reelin knockout mice. Removal of plasma Reelin by either approach protected against neuroinflammation and largely abolished the neurological consequences by reducing endothelial permeability and immune cell accumulation in the CNS. Our findings suggest Reelin depletion as a therapeutic approach with an inherent good safety margin for the treatment of MS and other diseases where leukocyte extravasation is a major driver of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Guillaume Demuth
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Navid Manouchehri
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Connie Wong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anastasia Sacharidou
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Huang Y, Huang X, Cheng C, Xu X, Liu H, Yang X, Yao L, Ding Z, Tang J, He S, Wang Y. Elucidating the expression and function of Numbl during cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) in multiple myeloma (MM). BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1269. [PMID: 31888545 PMCID: PMC6937660 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) is a major clinical problem that prevents successful treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). In particular, the expression levels of integrin β1 and its sub-cellular distribution (internalization and trafficking) are strongly associated with CAM-DR development. Methods Development of an adhesion model of established MM cell lines and detection of Numbl and Integrinβ1 expression by Western Blot analysis. The interaction between Numbl and Integrinβ1 was assessed by a co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) method. Calcein AM assay was performed to investigate the levels of cell adhesion. Finally, the extent of CAM-DR in myeloma cells was measured using cell viability assay and flow cytometry analysis. Results Our preliminary date suggest that Numbl is differentially expressed in a cell adhesion model of MM cell lines. In addition to binding to the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain, the carboxyl terminal of Numbl can also interact with integrin β1 to regulate the cell cycle by activating the pro-survival PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study intends to verify and elucidate the interaction between Numbl and integrin β1 and its functional outcome on CAM-DR. We have designed and developed a CAM-DR model using MM cells coated with either fibronectin or bone marrow stromal cells. We assessed whether Numbl influences cell-cycle progression and whether it, in turn, contributes to activation of PI3K/AKT signal pathway through the adjustment of its carboxyl end. Finally, we showed that the interaction of Numbl with integrin β1 promotes the formation of CAM-DR in MM cells. Conclusions Our findings elucidated the specific molecular mechanisms of CAM-DR induction and confirmed that Numbl is crucial for the development of CAM-DR in MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nantong University Cancer Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianting Huang
- Department of Oncology center, Jiangsu Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, 214400, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Cheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nantong University Cancer Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongmei Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Song He
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Cancer Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuchan Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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