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Virdi JK, Pethe P. Assessment of human embryonic stem cells differentiation into definitive endoderm lineage on the soft substrates. Cell Biol Int 2024. [PMID: 38419492 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold enormous potential for treating multiple diseases owing to their ability to self-renew and differentiate into any cell type. Albeit possessing such promising potential, controlling their differentiation into a desired cell type continues to be a challenge. Recent studies suggest that PSCs respond to different substrate stiffness and, therefore, can differentiate towards some lineages via Hippo pathway. Human PSCs can also differentiate and self-organize into functional cells, such as organoids. Traditionally, human PSCs are differentiated on stiff plastic or glass plates towards definitive endoderm and then into functional pancreatic progenitor cells in the presence of soluble growth factors. Thus, whether stiffness plays any role in differentiation towards definitive endoderm from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) remains unclear. Our study found that the directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells towards endodermal lineage on the varying stiffness did not differ from the differentiation on stiff plastic dishes. We also observed no statistical difference between the expression of yes-associated protein (YAP) and phosphorylated YAP. Furthermore, we demonstrate that lysophosphatidic acid, a YAP activator, enhanced definitive endoderm formation, whereas verteporfin, a YAP inhibitor, did not have the significant effect on the differentiation. In summary, our results suggest that human embryonic stem cells may not differentiate in response to changes in stiffness, and that such cues may not have as significant impact on the level of YAP. Our findings indicate that more research is needed to understand the direct relationship between biophysical forces and hPSCs differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur Virdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Pethe
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Mokhtari RB, Ashayeri N, Baghaie L, Sambi M, Satari K, Baluch N, Bosykh DA, Szewczuk MR, Chakraborty S. The Hippo Pathway Effectors YAP/TAZ-TEAD Oncoproteins as Emerging Therapeutic Targets in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3468. [PMID: 37444578 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cancer cell-associated intrinsic and extrinsic inputs act on YAP/TAZ proteins to mediate the hyperactivation of the TEAD transcription factor-based transcriptome. This YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity can override the growth-limiting Hippo tumor-suppressor pathway that maintains normal tissue homeostasis. Herein, we provide an integrated summary of the contrasting roles of YAP/TAZ during normal tissue homeostasis versus tumor initiation and progression. In addition to upstream factors that regulate YAP/TAZ in the TME, critical insights on the emerging functions of YAP/TAZ in immune suppression and abnormal vasculature development during tumorigenesis are illustrated. Lastly, we discuss the current methods that intervene with the YAP/TAZ-TEAD oncogenic signaling pathway and the emerging applications of combination therapies, gut microbiota, and epigenetic plasticity that could potentiate the efficacy of chemo/immunotherapy as improved cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Neda Ashayeri
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Leili Baghaie
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Manpreet Sambi
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kosar Satari
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Narges Baluch
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Dmitriy A Bosykh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Myron R Szewczuk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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3
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Zhang H, Tu L, Ma Z, Lin Y, Tan Q. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220633. [PMID: 37360787 PMCID: PMC10290279 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is characterized by rapid growth, frequent metastasis, and high mortality. Targeted therapy for MM is still a research hotspot due to the increasing understanding of the hippo pathway. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in MM tumorigenesis. Based on the database analysis, we found that the median mRNA expression of TAZ (5.4) was found to be similar to that of YAP (5.5) in 473 human melanoma specimens. However, in 63 MM cell lines, the median expression of TAZ (10.8) was expressed at a higher level than that of YAP (9.5), which was then validated in A375. TAZ down-regulation by siRNA decreased the migration (72%) and invasion (74%) abilities of A375. Furthermore, the down-regulation of TAZ inhibited the proliferation of A375 without affecting apoptosis. We subsequently blocked hippo signaling with verteporfin and found that verteporfin application decreased the number of migrating (63%) and invading (69%) cells, respectively. We further found that Cyr61 declined following TAZ down-regulation. Moreover, TAZ negatively correlates with melanoma patient's overall survival. Our data proved that TAZ contributed to MM metastasis, which might be a potential therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing210008, China
| | - Leijing Tu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhouji Ma
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing210008, China
| | - Qian Tan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing210008, China
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4
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Sung MS, Kim SY, Eom GH, Park SW. High VEGF Concentrations Accelerate Human Trabecular Meshwork Fibrosis in a TAZ-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119625. [PMID: 37298577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibrotic proteins in human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. We also explored how the Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling pathway modulates VEGF-induced fibrosis. We determined cross-linked actin network (CLAN) formation using TM cells. Changes in fibrotic and ECM protein expression were determined. High VEGF concentrations (10 and 30 ng/mL) increased TAZ and decreased p-TAZ/TAZ expression in TM cells. Western blotting and real-time PCR revealed no YAP expression changes. Fibrotic and ECM protein expression decreased at low VEGF concentrations (1 and 10 ρg/mL) and significantly increased at high VEGF concentrations (10 and 30 ng/mL). CLAN formation increased in TM cells treated with high VEGF concentrations. Moreover, TAZ inhibition by verteporfin (1 μM) rescued TM cells from high-VEGF-concentration-induced fibrosis. Low VEGF concentrations reduced fibrotic changes, whereas high VEGF concentrations accelerated fibrosis and CLAN formations in TM cells in a TAZ-dependent manner. These findings reflect the dose-dependent influences of VEGF on TM cells. Moreover, TAZ inhibition might be a therapeutic target for VEGF-induced TM dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hyeon Eom
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
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5
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Jia X, He L, Yang Z. Recent advances in the role of Yes-associated protein in dermatosis. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13285. [PMID: 36973973 PMCID: PMC10155855 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatosis is a general term for diseases of the skin and skin appendages including scleroderma, psoriasis, bullous disease, atopic dermatitis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. These diseases affect millions of individuals globally and are a serious public health concern. However, the pathogenesis of skin diseases is not fully understood, and treatments are not optimal. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a transcriptional coactivator that plays a role in the regulation of gene transcription and signal transduction. AIMS To study the role of Yes-associated protein in skin diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the role of YAP in skin diseases, current treatments that target YAP, and potential avenues for novel therapies. RESULTS Abnormal YAP expression has been implicated in occurrence and development of dermatosis. YAP regulates the cell homeostasis, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiopoiesis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, among other processes. As well as, it serves as a potential target in many biological processes for treating dermatosis. CONCLUSIONS The effects of YAP on the skin are complex and require multidimensional investigational approaches. YAP functions as an oncoprotein that can promote the occurrence and development of cancer, but there is currently limited information on the therapeutic potential of YAP inhibition for cancer treatment. Additional studies are also needed to clarify the role of YAP in the development and maturation of dermal fibroblasts; skin barrier function, homeostasis, aging, and melanin production; and dermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Jia
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Li He
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
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Genetic Alterations and Deregulation of Hippo Pathway as a Pathogenetic Mechanism in Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246211. [PMID: 36551696 PMCID: PMC9776600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved modulator of developmental biology with a key role in tissue and organ size regulation under homeostatic conditions. Like other signaling pathways with a significant role in embryonic development, the deregulation of Hippo signaling contributes to oncogenesis. Central to the Hippo pathway is a conserved cascade of adaptor proteins and inhibitory kinases that converge and regulate the activity of the oncoproteins YAP and TAZ, the final transducers of the pathway. Elevated levels and aberrant activation of YAP and TAZ have been described in many cancers. Though most of the studies describe their pervasive activation in epithelial neoplasms, there is increasing evidence pointing out its relevance in mesenchymal malignancies as well. Interestingly, somatic or germline mutations in genes of the Hippo pathway are scarce compared to other signaling pathways that are frequently disrupted in cancer. However, in the case of sarcomas, several examples of genetic alteration of Hippo members, including gene fusions, have been described during the last few years. Here, we review the current knowledge of Hippo pathway implication in sarcoma, describing mechanistic hints recently reported in specific histological entities and how these alterations represent an opportunity for targeted therapy in this heterogeneous group of neoplasm.
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Verteporfin Inhibits the Progression of Spontaneous Osteosarcoma Caused by Trp53 and Rb1 Deficiency in Ctsk-Expressing Cells via Impeding Hippo Pathway. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081361. [PMID: 35456040 PMCID: PMC9031376 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone in children and adolescents. Others and our previous studies have shown that Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) as core components of the Hippo pathway are crucial regulators of osteosarcoma formation and progression. Recent studies demonstrated that verteporfin (VP) is an inhibitor of YAP/TAZ signaling in xenograft osteosarcoma. However, whether VP can inhibit primary osteosarcoma in mice is unknown. Mutations of Trp53 and Rb1 occur in approximately 50~70% of human osteosarcoma. In this study, we successfully generated the Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice in which Trp53/Rb1 was ablated in Ctsk-expressing cells and found that Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice spontaneously developed osteosarcoma with increased expansive osteoid lesions in the cortical bone with aging. Loss of Trp53/Rb1 in Ctsk-expressing cells significantly promoted the expression and nuclear translocation of YAP/TAZ. Micro-CT results showed that inhibition of YAP/TAZ by VP delays osteosarcoma progression and protected against bone erosion in Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice. Importantly, the Kaplan–Meier survival curves displayed a significantly longer survival rate after VP treatment in Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice compared to non-injected groups. In vitro studies further showed that VP inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion in Trp53/Rb1-mutant Ctsk-expressing cells. Moreover, the results from promoter luciferase activity analysis showed that the transcriptional activity of YAP/TAZ was significantly increased in osteosarcoma tissue from Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice, which was attenuated by VP treatment. Overall, these findings suggest that targeting Hippo pathway by VP may be a potential therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma.
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8
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Lui JW, Moore SP, Huang L, Ogomori K, Li Y, Lang D. YAP facilitates melanoma migration through regulation of actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 (ARPC5). Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:52-65. [PMID: 34468072 PMCID: PMC8958630 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are transcriptional coactivators that have been implicated in driving metastasis and progression in many cancers, mainly through their transcriptional regulation of downstream targets. Although YAP and TAZ have shown redundancy in many contexts, it is still unknown whether or not this is true in melanoma. Here, we show that while both YAP and TAZ are expressed in a panel of melanoma cell lines, depletion of YAP results in decreased cell numbers, focal adhesions, and the ability to invade matrigel. Using non-biased RNA-sequencing analysis, we find that melanoma cells depleted of YAP, TAZ, or YAP/TAZ exhibit drastically different transcriptomes. We further uncover the ARP2/3 subunit ARPC5 as a specific target of YAP but not TAZ and that ARPC5 is essential for YAP-dependent maintenance of melanoma cell focal adhesion numbers. Our findings suggest that in melanoma, YAP drives melanoma progression, survival, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Lui
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston MA, 02118,Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago Il, 60637,These authors contributed equally
| | - Stephen P.G. Moore
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston MA, 02118,These authors contributed equally
| | - Lee Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston MA, 02118
| | - Kelsey Ogomori
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago Il, 60637
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago Il, 60637
| | - Deborah Lang
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston MA, 02118
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9
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Misek SA, Newbury PA, Chekalin E, Paithankar S, Doseff AI, Chen B, Gallo KA, Neubig RR. Ibrutinib Blocks YAP1 Activation and Reverses BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 101:1-12. [PMID: 34732527 PMCID: PMC11037454 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF)-mutant melanoma tumors respond initially to BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor (MEKi) therapy, although few patients have durable long-term responses to these agents. The goal of this study was to use an unbiased computational approach to identify inhibitors that reverse an experimentally derived BRAFi resistance gene expression signature. Using this approach, we found that ibrutinib effectively reverses this signature, and we demonstrate experimentally that ibrutinib resensitizes a subset of BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells to vemurafenib. Ibrutinib is used clinically as an inhibitor of the Src family kinase Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK); however, neither BTK deletion nor treatment with acalabrutinib, another BTK inhibitor with reduced off-target activity, resensitized cells to vemurafenib. These data suggest that ibrutinib acts through a BTK-independent mechanism in vemurafenib resensitization. To better understand this mechanism, we analyzed the transcriptional profile of ibrutinib-treated BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells and found that the transcriptional profile of ibrutinib was highly similar to that of multiple Src proto-oncogene kinase inhibitors. Since ibrutinib, but not acalabrutinib, has appreciable off-target activity against multiple Src family kinases, it suggests that ibrutinib may be acting through this mechanism. Furthermore, genes that are differentially expressed in ibrutinib-treated cells are enriched in Yes1-associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1) target genes, and we showed that ibrutinib, but not acalabrutinib, reduces YAP1 activity in BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells. Taken together, these data suggest that ibrutinib, or other Src family kinase inhibitors, may be useful for treating some BRAFi/MEKi-refractory melanoma tumors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MAPK-targeted therapies provide dramatic initial responses, but resistance develops rapidly; a subset of these tumors may be rendered sensitive again by treatment with an approved Src family kinase inhibitor-ibrutinub-potentially providing improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Misek
- Departments of Physiology (S.A.M., A.I.D., K.A.G.), Pediatrics and Human Development (P.A.N., E.C., S.P., B.C.), and Pharmacology (A.I.D., B.C., R.R.N.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Patrick A Newbury
- Departments of Physiology (S.A.M., A.I.D., K.A.G.), Pediatrics and Human Development (P.A.N., E.C., S.P., B.C.), and Pharmacology (A.I.D., B.C., R.R.N.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Evgenii Chekalin
- Departments of Physiology (S.A.M., A.I.D., K.A.G.), Pediatrics and Human Development (P.A.N., E.C., S.P., B.C.), and Pharmacology (A.I.D., B.C., R.R.N.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Shreya Paithankar
- Departments of Physiology (S.A.M., A.I.D., K.A.G.), Pediatrics and Human Development (P.A.N., E.C., S.P., B.C.), and Pharmacology (A.I.D., B.C., R.R.N.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Andrea I Doseff
- Departments of Physiology (S.A.M., A.I.D., K.A.G.), Pediatrics and Human Development (P.A.N., E.C., S.P., B.C.), and Pharmacology (A.I.D., B.C., R.R.N.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Bin Chen
- Departments of Physiology (S.A.M., A.I.D., K.A.G.), Pediatrics and Human Development (P.A.N., E.C., S.P., B.C.), and Pharmacology (A.I.D., B.C., R.R.N.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Kathleen A Gallo
- Departments of Physiology (S.A.M., A.I.D., K.A.G.), Pediatrics and Human Development (P.A.N., E.C., S.P., B.C.), and Pharmacology (A.I.D., B.C., R.R.N.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Departments of Physiology (S.A.M., A.I.D., K.A.G.), Pediatrics and Human Development (P.A.N., E.C., S.P., B.C.), and Pharmacology (A.I.D., B.C., R.R.N.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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10
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The YAP/TAZ Signaling Pathway in the Tumor Microenvironment and Carcinogenesis: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Promises. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010430. [PMID: 35008857 PMCID: PMC8745604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The yes-associated protein (YAP) and the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are transcriptional coactivators, members of the Hippo signaling pathway, which play a critical role in cell growth regulation, embryonic development, regeneration, proliferation, and cancer origin and progression. The mechanism involves the nuclear binding of the un-phosphorylated YAP/TAZ complex to release the transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD) from its repressors. The active ternary complex is responsible for the aforementioned biological effects. Overexpression of YAP/TAZ has been reported in cancer stem cells and tumor resistance. The resistance involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. This review provides an overview of YAP/TAZ pathways’ role in carcinogenesis and tumor microenvironment. Potential therapeutic alternatives are also discussed.
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11
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Kumar P, Jagtap YA, Patwa SM, Kinger S, Dubey AR, Prajapati VK, Dhiman R, Poluri KM, Mishra A. Autophagy based cellular physiological strategies target oncogenic progression. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:258-277. [PMID: 34448206 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence accumulated from past findings indicates that defective proteostasis may contribute to risk factors for cancer generation. Irregular assembly of abnormal proteins catalyzes the disturbance of cellular proteostasis and induces the ability of abnormal cellular proliferation. The autophagy mechanism plays a key role in the regular clearance of abnormal/poor lipids, proteins, and various cellular organelles. The results of functional and effective autophagy deliver normal cellular homeostasis, which establishes supportive metabolism and avoids unexpected tumorigenesis events. Still, the precise molecular mechanism of autophagy in tumor suppression has not been clear. How autophagy triggers selective or nonselective bulk degradation to dissipate tumor promotion under stress conditions is not clear. Under proteotoxic insults to knockdown the drive of tumorigenesis, it is critical for us to figure out the detailed molecular functions of autophagy in human cancers. The current article summarizes autophagy-based theragnostic strategies targeting various phases of tumorigenesis and suggests the preventive roles of autophagy against tumor progression. A better understanding of various molecular partners of autophagic flux will improve and innovate therapeutic approaches based on autophagic-susceptible effects against cellular oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yuvraj Anandrao Jagtap
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Som Mohanlal Patwa
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sumit Kinger
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankur Rakesh Dubey
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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12
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Broadwater D, Medeiros HCD, Lunt RR, Lunt SY. Current Advances in Photoactive Agents for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 23:29-60. [PMID: 34255992 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-122019-115833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoactive agents are promising complements for both early diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. The dual combination of diagnostics and therapeutics is known as theranostics. Photoactive theranostic agents are activated by a specific wavelength of light and emit another wavelength, which can be detected for imaging tumors, used to generate reactive oxygen species for ablating tumors, or both. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines photosensitizer (PS) accumulation and site-directed light irradiation for simultaneous imaging diagnostics and spatially targeted therapy. Although utilized since the early 1900s, advances in the fields of cancer biology, materials science, and nanomedicine have expanded photoactive agents to modern medical treatments. In this review we summarize the origins of PDT and the subsequent generations of PSs and analyze seminal research contributions that have provided insight into rational PS design, such as photophysics, modes of cell death, tumor-targeting mechanisms, and light dosing regimens. We highlight optimizable parameters that, with further exploration, can expand clinical applications of photoactive agents to revolutionize cancer diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Broadwater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Hyllana C D Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Richard R Lunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; , .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Sophia Y Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; ,
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Hippo Signaling Pathway as a New Potential Target in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070680. [PMID: 34357052 PMCID: PMC8306788 DOI: 10.3390/life11070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), are the most frequently diagnosed cancers in humans, however, their exact pathogenesis is not fully understood. In recent years, it has been hypothesized that the recently discovered Hippo pathway could play a detrimental role in cutaneous carcinogenesis, but no direct connections have been made. The Hippo pathway and its effector, YAP, are responsible for tissue growth by accelerating cell proliferation, however, YAP upregulation and overexpression have also been reported in numerous types of tumors. There is also evidence that disrupted YAP/Hippo signaling is responsible for cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. In this short review, we will explore whether the Hippo pathway is an important regulator of skin carcinogenesis and if it could be a promising target for future therapies.
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Morciano G, Vezzani B, Missiroli S, Boncompagni C, Pinton P, Giorgi C. An Updated Understanding of the Role of YAP in Driving Oncogenic Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123100. [PMID: 34205830 PMCID: PMC8234554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In 2020, the global cancer database GLOBOCAN estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases worldwide. The discovery of targeted therapies may help prognosis and outcome of the patients affected, but the understanding of the plethora of highly interconnected pathways that modulate cell transformation, proliferation, invasion, migration and survival remains an ambitious goal. Here we propose an updated state of the art of YAP as the key protein driving oncogenic response via promoting all those steps at multiple levels. Of interest, the role of YAP in immunosuppression is a field of evolving research and growing interest and this summary about the current pharmacological therapies impacting YAP serves as starting point for future studies. Abstract Yes-associated protein (YAP) has emerged as a key component in cancer signaling and is considered a potent oncogene. As such, nuclear YAP participates in complex and only partially understood molecular cascades that are responsible for the oncogenic response by regulating multiple processes, including cell transformation, tumor growth, migration, and metastasis, and by acting as an important mediator of immune and cancer cell interactions. YAP is finely regulated at multiple levels, and its localization in cells in terms of cytoplasm–nucleus shuttling (and vice versa) sheds light on interesting novel anticancer treatment opportunities and putative unconventional functions of the protein when retained in the cytosol. This review aims to summarize and present the state of the art knowledge about the role of YAP in cancer signaling, first focusing on how YAP differs from WW domain-containing transcription regulator 1 (WWTR1, also named as TAZ) and which upstream factors regulate it; then, this review focuses on the role of YAP in different cancer stages and in the crosstalk between immune and cancer cells as well as growing translational strategies derived from its inhibitory and synergistic effects with existing chemo-, immuno- and radiotherapies.
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Zhang J, Xu Q, Ren F, Liu Y, Cai R, Yao Y, Zhou MS. Inhibition of YAP activation attenuates renal injury and fibrosis in angiotensin II hypertensive mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1000-1006. [PMID: 33852804 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo/YAP (yes-associated protein) pathway is an important signaling pathway to control organ development and tissue homeostasis. YAP is a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway and a critical mediator of mechanic stress. Hypertensive nephropathy is characterized with glomerular sclerosis stiffness and renal fibrosis. The present study investigated the role of YAP pathway in angiotensin (Ang) II hypertensive renal injury by using YAP activation inhibitor verteporfin. Ang II increased the protein expression of YAP in renal nucleus fraction, decreased phospho-YAP, and phospho-LATS1/2 (large tumor suppressors 1 and 2) expressions in renal cytoplasmic fraction, suggesting Ang II activation of renal YAP. Ang II significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), proteinuria, glomerular sclerosis, and fibrosis; treatment with verteporfin attenuated Ang II-induced proteinuria and renal injury with a mild reduction in SBP. Moreover, Ang II increased the protein expressions of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and profibrotic factors including transforming growth factor β, phospho-Smad3 and fibronectin. Verteporfin reversed abovementioned Ang II-induced molecule expressions. Our results for the first time demonstrate that the activation of the YAP pathway promotes hypertensive renal inflammation and fibrosis, which may promote hypertensive renal injury. YAP may be a new target for prevention and treatment of hypertensive renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China, 110034
| | - Yueyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruiping Cai
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College
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16
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Brouwer NJ, Konstantinou EK, Gragoudas ES, Marinkovic M, Luyten GPM, Kim IK, Jager MJ, Vavvas DG. Targeting the YAP/TAZ Pathway in Uveal and Conjunctival Melanoma With Verteporfin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:3. [PMID: 33798262 PMCID: PMC8024781 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether YAP/TAZ activation in uveal melanoma (UM) and the susceptibility of melanoma cell lines to YAP/TAZ inhibition by verteporfin (VP) is related to the tumor's genetic background. Methods Characteristics of 144 patients with enucleated UM were analyzed together with mRNA expression levels of YAP/TAZ-related genes (80 patients from the The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA] project and 64 patients from Leiden, The Netherlands). VP was administered to cell lines 92.1, OMM1, Mel270, XMP46, and MM28 (UM), CRMM1 and CRMM2 (conjunctival melanoma), and OCM3 (cutaneous melanoma). Viability, growth speed, and expression of YAP1-related proteins were assessed. Results In TCGA data, high expression of YAP1 and WWTR1 correlated with the presence of monosomy 3 (P = 0.009 and P < 0.001, respectively) and BAP1-loss (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively) in the primary UM; metastasis development correlated with higher expression of YAP1 (P = 0.05) and WWTR1 (P = 0.003). In Leiden data, downstream transcription factor TEAD4 was increased in cases with M3/BAP1-loss (P = 0.002 and P = 0.006) and related to metastasis (P = 0.004). UM cell lines 92.1, OMM1, and Mel270 (GNAQ/11-mutation, BAP1-positive) and the fast-growing cell line OCM3 (BRAF-mutation) showed decreased proliferation after exposure to VP. Two slow-growing UM cell lines XMP46 and MM28 (GNAQ/11-mutation, BAP1-negative) were not sensitive to VP, and neither were the two conjunctival melanoma cell lines (BRAF/NRAS-mutation). Conclusions High risk UM showed an increased expression of YAP/TAZ-related genes. Although most UM cell lines responded in vitro to VP, BAP1-negative and conjunctival melanoma cell lines did not. Not only the mutational background, but also cell growth rate is an important predictor of response to YAP/TAZ inhibition by VP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Brouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni K Konstantinou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Evangelos S Gragoudas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marina Marinkovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gregorius P M Luyten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Biswas R, Banerjee A, Lembo S, Zhao Z, Lakshmanan V, Lim R, Le S, Nakasaki M, Kutyavin V, Wright G, Palakodeti D, Ross RS, Jamora C, Vasioukhin V, Jie Y, Raghavan S. Mechanical instability of adherens junctions overrides intrinsic quiescence of hair follicle stem cells. Dev Cell 2021; 56:761-780.e7. [PMID: 33725480 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vinculin, a mechanotransducer associated with both adherens junctions (AJs) and focal adhesions (FAs), plays a central role in force transmission through cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts. We generated the conditional knockout (cKO) of vinculin in murine skin that results in the loss of bulge stem cell (BuSC) quiescence and promotes continual cycling of the hair follicles. Surprisingly, we find that the AJs in vinculin cKO cells are mechanically weak and impaired in force generation despite increased junctional expression of E-cadherin and α-catenin. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that vinculin functions by keeping α-catenin in a stretched/open conformation, which in turn regulates the retention of YAP1, another potent mechanotransducer and regulator of cell proliferation, at the AJs. Altogether, our data provide mechanistic insights into the hitherto-unexplored regulatory link between the mechanical stability of cell junctions and contact-inhibition-mediated maintenance of BuSC quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritusree Biswas
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Avinanda Banerjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sergio Lembo
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Zhihai Zhao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Ryan Lim
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shimin Le
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | | | | | - Graham Wright
- A∗STAR Microscopy Platform, Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Robert S Ross
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Colin Jamora
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | - Yan Jie
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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18
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Alkhashrom S, Kicuntod J, Häge S, Schweininger J, Muller YA, Lischka P, Marschall M, Eichler J. Exploring the Human Cytomegalovirus Core Nuclear Egress Complex as a Novel Antiviral Target: A New Type of Small Molecule Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030471. [PMID: 33809234 PMCID: PMC7998563 DOI: 10.3390/v13030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear egress is an essential process in the replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), as it enables the migration of newly formed viral capsids from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Inhibition of the HCMV core nuclear egress complex (core NEC), composed of viral proteins pUL50 and pUL53, has been proposed as a potential new target for the treatment of HCMV infection and disease. Here, we present a new type of small molecule inhibitors of HCMV core NEC formation, which inhibit the pUL50-pUL53 interaction at nanomolar concentrations. These inhibitors, i.e., verteporfin and merbromin, were identified through the screening of the Prestwick Chemical Library® of approved drug compounds. The inhibitory effect of merbromin is both compound- and target-specific, as no inhibition was seen for other mercury-organic compounds. Furthermore, merbromin does not inhibit an unrelated protein-protein interaction either. More importantly, merbromin was found to inhibit HCMV infection of cells in three different assays, as well as to disrupt HCMV NEC nuclear rim formation. Thus, while not being an ideal drug candidate by itself, merbromin may serve as a blueprint for small molecules with high HCMV core NEC inhibitory potential, as candidates for novel anti-herpesviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewar Alkhashrom
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Jintawee Kicuntod
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sigrun Häge
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Johannes Schweininger
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (Y.A.M.)
| | - Yves A. Muller
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (Y.A.M.)
| | - Peter Lischka
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures GmbH, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-856-5466
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Low-Temperature Argon Plasma Regulates Skin Moisturizing and Melanogenesis-Regulating Markers through Yes-Associated Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041895. [PMID: 33672928 PMCID: PMC7918577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive water loss and melanin hyperproduction can cause various skin disorders. Low-temperature argon plasma (LTAP) has shown the possibility of being used for the treatment of various skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and skin cancer. However, the role of LTAP in regulating skin moisturizing and melanogenesis has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of LTAP on yes-associated protein (YAP), a major transcriptional coactivator in the Hippo signaling pathway that is involved in skin moisturizing and melanogenesis-regulating markers. In normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), the human epidermal keratinocyte line HaCaT, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), we found that LTAP exhibited increased expression levels of YAP protein. In addition, the expression levels of filaggrin (FLG), which is involved in natural moisturizing factors (NMFs), and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS), transglutaminase (TGM), and involucrin (IVL), which regulate skin barrier and moisturizing, were also increased after exposure to LTAP. Furthermore, collagen type I alpha 1 and type III alpha 1 (COL1A1, COL3A1) were increased after LTAP exposure, but the expression level of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) was reduced. Moreover, LTAP was found to suppress alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in murine melanoma B16F10 cells and normal human melanocytes (NHEMs). LTAP regulates melanogenesis of the melanocytes through decreased YAP pathway activation in a melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)-dependent manner. Taken together, our data show that LTAP regulates skin moisturizing and melanogenesis through modulation of the YAP pathway, and the effect of LTAP on the expression level of YAP varies from cell to cell. Thus, LTAP might be developed as a treatment method to improve the skin barrier, moisture content, and wrinkle formation, and to reduce melanin generation.
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20
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Tan S, Zhao Z, Qiao Y, Zhang B, Zhang T, Zhang M, Qi J, Wang X, Meng M, Zhou Q. Activation of the tumor suppressive Hippo pathway by triptonide as a new strategy to potently inhibit aggressive melanoma cell metastasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114423. [PMID: 33476574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma has a very high mortality rate despite the availability of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy; therefore, more effective therapeutics are needed. The Hippo pathway plays an inhibitory role in melanoma progression, but the tumor suppressors Salvador homolog-1 (SAV1) and large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1) in this pathway are down-regulated in melanoma. As a result, the downstream oncogenic Yes-associated protein (YAP) is active, resulting in uncontrolled melanoma growth and metastasis. Therapeutics for remedying SAV1 and LATS1 deficiency in melanoma have not yet been reported in the literature. Here, we show that the small molecule triptonide (MW 358 Da) robustly suppressed melanoma cell tumorigenicity, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, triptonide markedly reduced tumor growth and melanoma lung metastasis in tumor-bearing mice with low toxicity. Molecular mechanistic studies revealed that triptonide promoted SAV1 and LATS1 expression, strongly activated the tumor-suppressive Hippo pathway, degraded oncogenic YAP via the lysosomal pathway, and reduced levels of tumorigenic microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in melanoma cells. Triptonide also strongly inhibited activation of AKT, a SAV1-binding signaling protein. Collectively, our results conceptually demonstrate that induction of SAV1 and LATS1 expression and activation of the tumor-suppressive Hippo pathway by triptonide potently inhibits aggressive melanoma cell growth and metastasis. These findings suggest a new strategy for developing therapeutics to treat metastatic melanoma and highlight a novel drug candidate against aggressive melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Tan
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Yingnan Qiao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Mengli Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jindan Qi
- School of Nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- School of Nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Mei Meng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
| | - Quansheng Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematology Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
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21
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Oliveira P, Lopes T, Tedesco A, Rahal P, Calmon M. Effect of berberine associated with photodynamic therapy in cell lines. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Samji P, Rajendran MK, Warrier VP, Ganesh A, Devarajan K. Regulation of Hippo signaling pathway in cancer: A MicroRNA perspective. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109858. [PMID: 33253912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that Hippo signaling is not only involved in controlling organ size in Drosophila but can also regulate cell proliferation, tissue homeostasis, differentiation, apoptosis and regeneration. Any dysregulation of Hippo signaling, especially the hyper activation of its downstream effectors YAP/TAZ, can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and malignant transformation. In majority of cancers, expression of YAP/TAZ is extremely high and this increased expression of YAP/TAZ has been shown to be an independent predictor of prognosis and indicator of increased cell proliferation, metastasis and poor survival. In this review, we have summarized the most recent findings about the cross talk of Hippo signaling pathway with other signaling pathways and its regulation by different miRNAs in various cancer types. Recent evidence has suggested that Hippo pathway is also involved in mediating the resistance of different cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and in a few cancer types, this is brought about by regulating miRNAs. Therefore, the delineation of the underlying mechanisms regulating the chemotherapeutic resistance might help in developing better treatment options. This review has attempted to provide an overview of different drugs/options which can be utilized to target oncogenic YAP/TAZ proteins for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Samji
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, IIT Madras, Chennai, India.
| | - Manoj K Rajendran
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Vidya P Warrier
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Akshayaa Ganesh
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Karunagaran Devarajan
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
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Müller RU, Schermer B. Hippo signaling-a central player in cystic kidney disease? Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:1143-1152. [PMID: 31297585 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic transformation of kidney tissue is a key feature of various disorders including autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), and disorders of the nephronophthisis spectrum (NPH). While ARPKD and NPH typically affect children and adolescents, pediatric onset of ADPKD is less frequently found. While both ADPKD and ARPKD are characterized by formation of hundreds of cysts accompanied by hyperproliferation of tubular epithelia with massive renal enlargement, NPH patients usually show kidneys of normal or reduced size with cysts limited to the corticomedullary border. Recent results suggest the hippo pathway to be a central regulator at the crossroads of the renal phenotype in both diseases. Hippo signaling regulates organ size and proliferation by keeping the oncogenic transcriptional co-activators Yes associated protein 1 (YAP) and WW domain containing transcription regulator 1 (TAZ) in check. Once this inhibition is released, nuclear YAP/TAZ interacts with TEAD family transcription factors and the consecutive transcriptional activation of TEA domain family members (TEAD) target genes mediates an increase in proliferation. Here, we review the current knowledge on the impact of NPHP and ADPKD mutations on Hippo signaling networks. Furthermore, we provide an outlook towards potential future therapeutic strategies targeting Hippo signaling to alleviate cystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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24
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Condello M, Mancini G, Meschini S. The Exploitation of Liposomes in the Inhibition of Autophagy to Defeat Drug Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:787. [PMID: 32547395 PMCID: PMC7272661 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism involved in many human diseases and in cancers can have a cytotoxic/cytostatic or protective action, being in the latter case involved in multidrug resistance. Understanding which of these roles autophagy has in cancer is thus fundamental for therapeutical decisions because it permits to optimize the therapeutical approach by activating or inhibiting autophagy according to the progression of the disease. However, a serious drawback of cancer treatment is often the scarce availability of drugs and autophagy modulators at the sites of interest. In the recent years, several nanocarriers have been developed and investigated to improve the solubility, bioavailability, controlled release of therapeutics and increase their cytotoxic effect on cancer cell. Here we have reviewed only liposomes as carriers of chemotherapeutics and autophagy inhibitors because they have low toxicity and immunogenicity and they are biodegradable and versatile. In this review after the analysis of the dual role of autophagy, of the main autophagic pathways, and of the role of autophagy in multidrug resistance, we will focus on the most effective liposomal formulations, thus highlighting the great potential of these targeting systems to defeat cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Condello
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mancini
- Institute for Biological Systems, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Meschini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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25
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Slemmons KK, Yeung C, Baumgart JT, Juarez JOM, McCalla A, Helman LJ. Targeting Hippo-Dependent and Hippo-Independent YAP1 Signaling for the Treatment of Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3046-3056. [PMID: 32354737 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common childhood soft-tissue sarcoma, yet patients with metastatic or recurrent disease continue to do poorly, indicating a need for new treatments. The SRC family tyrosine kinase YES1 is upregulated in rhabdomyosarcoma and is necessary for growth, but clinical trials using single agent dasatinib, a SRC family kinase inhibitor, have failed in sarcomas. YAP1 (YES-associated protein) is highly expressed in rhabdomyosarcoma, driving growth and survival when the upstream Hippo tumor suppressor pathway is silenced, but efforts to pharmacologically inhibit YAP1 have been unsuccessful. Here we demonstrate that treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) upregulates Hippo activators RASSF1 and RASSF5 by promoter demethylation, activating canonical Hippo signaling and increasing inactivation of YAP1 by phosphorylation. Treatment with DNMTi decreased rhabdomyosarcoma cell growth and increased apoptosis and differentiation, an effect partially rescued by expression of constitutively active YAP (S127A), suggesting the effects of DNMTi treatment are, in part, due to Hippo-dependent inhibition of YAP1. In addition, YES1 and YAP1 interacted in the nucleus of rhabdomyosarcoma cells, and genetic or pharmacologic suppression of YES1 resulted in cytoplasmic retention of YAP1 and decreased YAP1 target gene expression, suggesting YES1 regulates YAP1 in a Hippo-independent manner. Combined treatment with DNMTi and dasatinib targeted both Hippo-dependent and Hippo-independent regulation of YAP1, ablating rhabdomyosarcoma cell growth in vitro and trending toward decreased tumor growth in vivo. These results show that the mechanisms regulating YAP1 in rhabdomyosarcoma can be inhibited by combinatorial therapy of DNMTi and dasatinib, laying the groundwork for future clinical investigations. SIGNIFICANCE: This study elucidates the signaling pathways that regulate the oncogenic protein YAP1 and identifies a combination therapy to target these pathways in the childhood tumor rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Slemmons
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Choh Yeung
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua T Baumgart
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Amy McCalla
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lee J Helman
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. .,Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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26
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García P, Rosa L, Vargas S, Weber H, Espinoza JA, Suárez F, Romero-Calvo I, Elgueta N, Rivera V, Nervi B, Obreque J, Leal P, Viñuela E, Aguayo G, Muñiz S, Sagredo A, Roa JC, Bizama C. Hippo-YAP1 Is a Prognosis Marker and Potentially Targetable Pathway in Advanced Gallbladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040778. [PMID: 32218280 PMCID: PMC7226626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer is an aggressive disease with late diagnosis and no efficacious treatment. The Hippo-Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) signaling pathway has emerged as a target for the development of new therapeutic interventions in cancers. However, the role of the Hippo-targeted therapy has not been addressed in advanced gallbladder cancer (GBC). This study aimed to evaluate the expression of the major Hippo pathway components mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 1 (MST1), YAP1 and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) and examined the effects of Verteporfin (VP), a small molecular inhibitor of YAP1-TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD) protein interaction, in metastatic GBC cell lines and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that advanced GBC patients had high nuclear expression of YAP1. High nuclear expression of YAP1 was associated with poor survival in GBC patients with subserosal invasion (pT2). Additionally, advanced GBC cases showed reduced expression of MST1 compared to chronic cholecystitis. Both VP treatment and YAP1 siRNA inhibited the migration ability in GBC cell lines. Interestingly, gemcitabine resistant PDOs with high nuclear expression of YAP1 were sensitive to VP treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that key components of the Hippo-YAP1 signaling pathway are dysregulated in advanced gallbladder cancer and reveal that the inhibition YAP1 may be a candidate for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (P.G.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (N.E.); (V.R.); (J.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Lorena Rosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (P.G.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (N.E.); (V.R.); (J.O.); (A.S.)
- Applied Molecular and Cellular Biology PhD Program, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; (S.V.); (B.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Helga Weber
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile; (H.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Jaime A. Espinoza
- SciLifeLab, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm 17165, Sweden;
| | - Felipe Suárez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (P.G.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (N.E.); (V.R.); (J.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Isabel Romero-Calvo
- Biomedical Visualization Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical and Health Information Sciences. College of Applied Health Sciences. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Nicole Elgueta
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (P.G.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (N.E.); (V.R.); (J.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Vanessa Rivera
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (P.G.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (N.E.); (V.R.); (J.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Bruno Nervi
- Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; (S.V.); (B.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Javiera Obreque
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (P.G.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (N.E.); (V.R.); (J.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Pamela Leal
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile; (H.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Eduardo Viñuela
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Surgery Service, Complejo Asistencial Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago 8207257, Chile;
| | - Gloria Aguayo
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Asistencial Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago 8207257, Chile;
| | - Sabrina Muñiz
- Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; (S.V.); (B.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Alfredo Sagredo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (P.G.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (N.E.); (V.R.); (J.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Juan C. Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (P.G.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (N.E.); (V.R.); (J.O.); (A.S.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.C.R.); (C.B); Tel.: +56-22354-9241(C.B.); +56-22354-1061 (J.C.R)
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (P.G.); (L.R.); (F.S.); (N.E.); (V.R.); (J.O.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.R.); (C.B); Tel.: +56-22354-9241(C.B.); +56-22354-1061 (J.C.R)
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27
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Targeting Autophagy for Cancer Treatment and Tumor Chemosensitization. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101599. [PMID: 31635099 PMCID: PMC6826429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic process that facilitates nutrient recycling from damaged organelles and other cellular components through lysosomal degradation. Deregulation of this process has been associated with the development of several pathophysiological processes, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In cancer, autophagy has opposing roles, being either cytoprotective or cytotoxic. Thus, deciphering the role of autophagy in each tumor context is crucial. Moreover, autophagy has been shown to contribute to chemoresistance in some patients. In this regard, autophagy modulation has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment and chemosensitization of tumors, and has already demonstrated positive clinical results in patients. In this review, the dual role of autophagy during carcinogenesis is discussed and current therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting autophagy for the treatment of cancer, both under preclinical and clinical development, are presented. The use of autophagy modulators in combination therapies, in order to overcome drug resistance during cancer treatment, is also discussed as well as the potential challenges and limitations for the use of these novel therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
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28
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Huang MH, Liu PY, Wu SN. Characterization of Perturbing Actions by Verteporfin, a Benzoporphyrin Photosensitizer, on Membrane Ionic Currents. Front Chem 2019; 7:566. [PMID: 31508407 PMCID: PMC6714490 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Verteporfin (VP), a benzoporphyrin derivative, has been clinically tailored as a photosensitizer and recently known to suppress YAP-TEAD complex accompanied by suppression of the growth in an array of neoplastic cells. However, the detailed information is little available regarding possible modifications of it and its related compounds on transmembrane ionic currents, despite its growing use in clinical settings. In this study, from whole cell recordings, VP (0.3-100 μM) increased the amplitude of Ca2+-activated K+ currents (I K(Ca)) in pituitary tumor (GH3) cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 2.4 μM. VP-stimulated I K(Ca) in these cells was suppressed by further addition of either paxilline, iberiotoxin, or dithiothreitol, but not by that of tobultamide or TRAM-39. VP at a concentration of 10 μM mildly suppressed the amplitude of delayed-rectifier K+ current; however, it had minimal effects on M-type K+ current. In cell-attached current recordings, addition of VP to the recording medium enhanced the activity of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels. In the presence of VP, additional illumination with light intensity of 5.5 mW/cm2 raised the probability of BKCa-channel openings further. Addition of VP decreased the peak amplitude of L-type Ca2+ current together with slowed inactivation time course of the current; however, it failed to modify voltage-gated Na+ current. Illumination of GH3 cells in continued presence of VP also induced a non-selective cation current. Additionally, VP increased the activity of BKCa channels in human 13-06-MG glioma cells with an EC50 value of 1.9 μM. Therefore, the effects of VP on ionic currents described herein tend to be upstream of its inhibition of YAP-TEAD complex and they are conceivably likely to contribute to the underlying mechanisms through which it and its structurally similar compounds effect the modifications in functional activities of pituitary or glial neoplastic cells, if the in vivo findings occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Han Huang
- College of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan
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