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Maurotti S, Geirola N, Frosina M, Mirarchi A, Scionti F, Mare R, Montalcini T, Pujia A, Tirinato L. Exploring the impact of lipid droplets on the evolution and progress of hepatocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1404006. [PMID: 38818407 PMCID: PMC11137176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1404006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, the biological role of lipid droplets (LDs) has gained significant attention in the context of both physiological and pathological conditions. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating key aspects of these organelles, yet much remains to be accomplished to fully comprehend the myriad functions they serve in the progression of hepatic tumors. Our current perception is that LDs are complex and active structures managed by a distinct set of cellular processes. This understanding represents a significant paradigm shift from earlier perspectives. In this review, we aim to recapitulate the function of LDs within the liver, highlighting their pivotal role in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) (Hsu and Loomba, 2024) and their contribution to the progression towards more advanced pathological stages up to hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) (Farese and Walther, 2009). We are aware of the molecular complexity and changes occurring in the neoplastic evolution of the liver. Our attempt, however, is to summarize the most important and recent roles of LDs across both healthy and all pathological liver states, up to hepatocarcinoma. For more detailed insights, we direct readers to some of the many excellent reviews already available in the literature (Gluchowski et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2020; Seebacher et al., 2020; Paul et al., 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Maurotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nadia Geirola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Frosina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Mirarchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Scionti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Mare
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Tirinato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Rueda Huélamo MA, Martínez Perlado A, Consoli V, García-Tejedor A, Haros CM, Laparra Llopis JM. Improvement of hepatic innate immunity in chemically-injured livers to develop hepatocarcinoma by a serine type-protease inhibitors enriched extract from Chenopodium quinoa. Food Funct 2024; 15:3600-3614. [PMID: 38469889 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Food ingredients have critical effects on the maturation and development of the immune system, which innate - lymphoid (ILCs) and myeloid - cells play key roles as important regulators of energy storage and hepatic fat accumulation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to define potential links between a dietary immunonutritional induction of the selective functional differentiation of monocytes-derived macrophages, ILCs and lipid homeostasis in hepatocarcinoma (HCC)-developing mice. Hepatic chemically injured (diethylnitrosamine/thiacetamide) Rag2-/- and Rag2-/-Il2-/- mice were administered with serine-type protease inhibitors (SETIs) obtained from Chenopodium quinoa. Early HCC-driven immunometabolic imbalances (infiltrated macrophages, glucose homeostasis, hepatic lipid profile, ILCs expansion, inflammatory conditions, microbiota) in animals put under a high-fat diet for 2 weeks were assessed. It was also approached the potential of SETIs to cause functional adaptations of the bioenergetics of human macrophage-like cells (hMLCs) in vitro conditioning their capacity to accumulate fat. It is showed that Rag2-/-Il2-/- mice, lacking ILCs, are resistant to the SETIs-induced hepatic macrophages (CD68+F4/80+) activation. Feeding SETIs to Rag2-/- mice, carrying ILCs, promoted the expansion towards ILC3s (CD117+Nkp46+CD56+) and reduced that of ILC2s (CD117+KLRG1+) into livers. In vitro studies demonstrate that hMLCs, challenged to SETIs, develop a similar phenotype of that found in mice and bioenergetic adaptations leading to increased lipolysis. It is concluded that SETIs promote liver macrophage activation and ILCs adaptations to ameliorate HCC-driven immunometabolic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alicia Rueda Huélamo
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Martínez Perlado
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Valeria Consoli
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Aurora García-Tejedor
- Bioactivity and Nutritional Immunology Group (BIOINUT), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional de Valencia-VIU, Pintor Sorolla 21, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudia Monika Haros
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - José Moisés Laparra Llopis
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain.
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Aggeletopoulou I, Kalafateli M, Tsounis EP, Triantos C. Epigenetic Regulation in Lean Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12864. [PMID: 37629043 PMCID: PMC10454848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most prominent cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, is a rapidly growing epidemic. It consists of a wide range of liver diseases, from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and predisposes patients to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is strongly correlated with obesity; however, it has been extensively reported among lean/nonobese individuals in recent years. Although lean patients demonstrate a lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, a percentage of these patients may develop steatohepatitis, advanced liver fibrosis, and cardiovascular disease, and have increased all-cause mortality. The pathophysiological mechanisms of lean NAFLD remain vague. Studies have reported that lean NAFLD demonstrates a close association with environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and epigenetic modifications. In this review, we aim to discuss and summarize the epigenetic mechanisms involved in lean NAFLD and to introduce the interaction between epigenetic patterns and genetic or non genetic factors. Several epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in the regulation of lean NAFLD. These include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding-RNA-mediated gene regulation. Epigenetics is an area of special interest in the setting of lean NAFLD as it could provide new insights into the therapeutic options and noninvasive biomarkers that target this under-recognized and challenging disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (I.A.); (E.P.T.)
| | - Maria Kalafateli
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Patras, 26332 Patras, Greece;
| | - Efthymios P. Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (I.A.); (E.P.T.)
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (I.A.); (E.P.T.)
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Wang H, Shen H, Seo W, Hwang S. Experimental models of fatty liver diseases: Status and appraisal. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e00200. [PMID: 37378635 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver diseases, including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affect a large number of people worldwide and become one of the major causes of end-stage liver disease, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, there are currently no approved pharmacological treatments for ALD or NAFLD. This situation highlights the urgent need to explore new intervention targets and discover effective therapeutics for ALD and NAFLD. The lack of properly validated preclinical disease models is a major obstacle to the development of clinical therapies. ALD and NAFLD models have been in the development for decades, but there are still no models that recapitulate the full spectrum of ALD and NAFLD. Throughout this review, we summarize the current in vitro and in vivo models used for research on fatty liver diseases and discuss the advantages and limitations of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyuan Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Hepatotoxicity, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Larsen IS, Choi BSY, Föh B, Kristensen NN, Ouellette A, Haller RF, Olsen PB, Saulnier D, Sina C, Jensen BAH, Marette A. Experimental diets dictate the metabolic benefits of probiotics in obesity. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2192547. [PMID: 36945120 PMCID: PMC10038044 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2192547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the use of probiotics to prevent or mitigate obesity-related dysmetabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, frequent reports of responders versus non-responders to probiotic treatment warrant a better understanding of key modifiers of host-microbe interactions. The influence of host diet on probiotic efficacy, in particular against metabolic diseases, remains elusive. We fed C57BL6/J mice a low fat reference diet or one of two energy-matched high fat and high sucrose diets for 12 weeks; a classical high fat diet (HFD) and a customized fast food-mimicking diet (FFMD). During the studies, mice fed either obesogenic diet were gavaged daily with one of two probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains previously classified as Lactobaccillus, namely Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri)or Lacticaseibacillus paracaseisubsp. paracasei (L. paracasei), or vehicle. The tested probiotics exhibited a reproducible efficacy but dichotomous response according to the obesogenic diets used. Indeed, L. paracaseiprevented weight gain, improved insulin sensitivity, and protected against NAFLD development in mice fed HFD, but not FFMD. Conversely, L. reuteri improved glucoregulatory capacity, reduced NAFLD development, and increased distal gut bile acid levels associated with changes in predicted functions of the gut microbiota exclusively in the context of FFMD-feeding. We found that the probiotic efficacy of two LAB strains is highly dependent on experimental obesogenic diets. These findings highlight the need to carefully consider the confounding impact of diet in order to improve both the reproducibility of preclinical probiotic studies and their clinical research translatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Søgaard Larsen
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Béatrice S-Y Choi
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Bandik Föh
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein,Schleswih-Holstein, Germany
| | | | - Adia Ouellette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Benjamin A H Jensen
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André Marette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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6
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Hymel E, Fisher KW, Farazi PA. Differential methylation patterns in lean and obese non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1276. [PMID: 36474183 PMCID: PMC9727966 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease affects about 24% of the world's population and may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While more common in those that are obese, NASH-HCC can develop in lean individuals. The mechanisms by which HCC develops and the role of epigenetic changes in the context of obesity and normal weight are not well understood. METHODS In this study, we used previously generated mouse models of lean and obese HCC using a choline deficient/high trans-fat/fructose/cholesterol diet and a choline supplemented/high trans-fat/fructose/cholesterol diet, respectively, to evaluate methylation differences in HCC progression in lean versus obese mice. Differentially methylated regions were determined using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS A larger number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were seen in NASH-HCC progression in the obese mice compared to the non-obese mice. No overlap existed in the DMRs with the largest methylation differences between the two models. In lean NASH-HCC, methylation differences were seen in genes involved with cancer progression and prognosis (including HCC), such as CHCHD2, FSCN1, and ZDHHC12, and lipid metabolism, including PNPLA6 and LDLRAP1. In obese NASH- HCC, methylation differences were seen in genes known to be associated with HCC, including RNF217, GJA8, PTPRE, PSAPL1, and LRRC8D. Genes involved in Wnt-signaling pathways were enriched in hypomethylated DMRs in the obese NASH-HCC. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that differential methylation may play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis in lean versus obese NASH. Hypomethylation of Wnt signaling pathway-related genes in obese mice may drive progression of HCC, while progression of HCC in lean mice may be driven through other signaling pathways, including lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hymel
- grid.266813.80000 0001 0666 4105Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984395 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4395 USA
| | - Kurt W. Fisher
- grid.266813.80000 0001 0666 4105Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Paraskevi A. Farazi
- grid.266813.80000 0001 0666 4105Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984395 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4395 USA
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7
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Xu R, Pan J, Zhou W, Ji G, Dang Y. Recent advances in lean NAFLD. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113331. [PMID: 35779422 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the predominant type of chronic liver disease, the growing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a concern worldwide. Although obesity plays the most pivotal role in NAFLD, approximately 10-20% of individuals with NAFLD who are not overweight or obese (BMI < 25 kg/m2, or BMI < 23 kg/m2 in Asians) have "lean NAFLD." Lean individuals with NAFLD have a lower prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, central obesity, and metabolic syndrome than nonlean individuals with NAFLD, but higher fibrosis scores and rates of cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in advanced stages. The pathophysiological mechanisms of lean NAFLD remain poorly understood. Studies have shown that lean NAFLD is more correlated with factors such as environmental, genetic susceptibility, and epigenetic regulation. This review will examine the way in which the research progress and characteristic of lean NAFLD, and explore the function of epigenetic modification to provide the basis for the clinical treatment and diagnosis of lean NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohui Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiashu Pan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yanqi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Patsenker E, Thangapandi VR, Knittelfelder O, Palladini A, Hefti M, Beil-Wagner J, Rogler G, Buch T, Shevchenko A, Hampe J, Stickel F. The Pnpla3 Variant I148M Reveals Protective Effects Towards Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice via Restoration of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fats. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 108:109081. [PMID: 35691594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption and high caloric diet are leading causes of progressive fatty liver disease. Genetic variant rs738409 in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G) has been repeatedly described as one of the major risk loci for alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans, however, the mechanism behind this association is incompletely understood. We generated mice carrying the rs738409 variant (PNPLA3 I148M) in order to detect genotype-phenotype relationships in mice upon chow and alcohol-high fat/high sugar diet (EtOH/WD). We could clearly demonstrate that the presence of rs738409 per se is sufficient to induce spontaneous development of steatosis after one year in mice on a chow diet, whereas in the setting of unhealthy diet feeding, PNPLA3 I148M did not affect hepatic inflammation or fibrosis, but induced a striking lipid remodelling, microvesicular steatosis and protected from HCC formation. Using shot gun lipidomics, we detected a striking restoration of reduced long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA)-containing TGs, docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n3) and omega-3-derived eicosanoids (5-HEPE, 20-HEPE, 19,20-EDP, 21-HDHA) in PNPLA3 I148M mice upon EtOH/WD. At the molecular level, PNPLA3 I148M modulated enzymes for fatty acid and TG transport and metabolism. These findings suggest (dietary) lipids as an important and independent driver of hepatic tumorigenesis. Genetic variant in PNPLA3 exerted protective effects in mice, conflicting with findings in humans. Species-related differences in physiology and metabolism should be taken into account when modelling unhealthy human lifestyle, as genetic mouse models may not always allow for translation of insight gained in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Patsenker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Veera Raghavan Thangapandi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, 01304 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oskar Knittelfelder
- Max Plank Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alessandra Palladini
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Hefti
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jane Beil-Wagner
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Plank Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, 01304 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Stickel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Paul B, Lewinska M, Andersen JB. Lipid alterations in chronic liver disease and liver cancer. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100479. [PMID: 35469167 PMCID: PMC9034302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a complex and diverse group of molecules with crucial roles in many physiological processes, as well as in the onset, progression, and maintenance of cancers. Fatty acids and cholesterol are the building blocks of lipids, orchestrating these crucial metabolic processes. In the liver, lipid alterations are prevalent as a cause and consequence of chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections, alcoholic hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Recent developments in lipidomics have also revealed that dynamic changes in triacylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol are involved in the development and progression of primary liver cancer. Accordingly, the transcriptional landscape of lipid metabolism suggests a carcinogenic role of increasing fatty acids and sterol synthesis. However, limited mechanistic insights into the complex nature of the hepatic lipidome have so far hindered the development of effective therapies.
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10
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Hymel E, Vlock E, Fisher KW, Farazi PA. Differential progression of unhealthy diet-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in obese and non-obese mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272623. [PMID: 35994501 PMCID: PMC9394802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranks first among liver diseases in Western countries. NAFLD is typically associated with obesity and diabetes, however it also develops in lean individuals without metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of lean NAFLD is 7 percent in the U.S. and 25-30 percent in some Asian countries. NAFLD starts with excess liver fat accumulation (NAFL), progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of lean NASH-HCC and how it differs from obese NASH-HCC is not well understood. METHODS In this work, we generated a mouse model of lean and obese NASH-HCC using a choline deficient/high trans-fat/fructose/cholesterol diet and a choline supplemented/high trans-fat/fructose/cholesterol diet, respectively, to compare progression to NASH-HCC in lean versus obese mice. Comparisons were made at the organismal, histological, and molecular level by investigating fatty acid metabolism in the plasma of these mice. RESULTS Obese mice showed more pronounced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, higher levels of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, and higher penetrance of NASH compared to lean mice. Despite the abnormal metabolic profile of obese mice, male obese and lean mice developed HCC with similar penetrance (53.3% and 53.8%, respectively), albeit lean mice showed faster tumor progression as evidenced by the larger tumor size and lower HCC-free survival. None of the female lean mice developed HCC, while 50% of female obese mice developed HCC. Both groups of mice showed a reduction in plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), however, the levels were higher towards the endpoint in obese mice compared to lean mice. CONCLUSIONS Unhealthy diet composition appears to drive progression to NASH-HCC rather than the organismal effects of obesity. PUFA levels may increase due to systemic inflammation in obese mice and act as suppressors of tumor progression, thus delaying HCC progression in obese mice compared to lean mice. These models could be used to further dissect the molecular pathogenesis of lean and obese NASH-HCC and address the mechanisms whereby PUFAs may be implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hymel
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Vlock
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases through Dietary Molecules, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Kurt W. Fisher
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Paraskevi A. Farazi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases through Dietary Molecules, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Hliwa A, Ramos-Molina B, Laski D, Mika A, Sledzinski T. The Role of Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136900. [PMID: 34199035 PMCID: PMC8269415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health problem worldwide. NAFLD (both simple steatosis and steatohepatitis) is characterized by alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism, which may lead to the development of severe liver complications including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, an exhaustive examination of lipid disorders in the liver of NAFLD patients is much needed. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics platforms allow for in-depth analysis of lipid alterations in a number of human diseases, including NAFLD. This review summarizes the current research on lipid alterations associated with NAFLD and related complications, with special emphasis on the changes in long-chain and short-chain fatty acids levels in both serum and liver tissue, as well as in the hepatic expression of genes encoding the enzymes catalyzing lipid interconversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Hliwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Obesity and Metabolism Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Dariusz Laski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-3491479
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