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Davidson SM, Boulanger CM, Aikawa E, Badimon L, Barile L, Binder CJ, Brisson A, Buzas E, Emanueli C, Jansen F, Katsur M, Lacroix R, Lim SK, Mackman N, Mayr M, Menasché P, Nieuwland R, Sahoo S, Takov K, Thum T, Vader P, Wauben MHM, Witwer K, Sluijter JPG. Methods for the identification and characterization of extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular studies: from exosomes to microvesicles. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:45-63. [PMID: 35325061 PMCID: PMC10233250 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles with a lipid bilayer that are released from cells of the cardiovascular system, and are considered important mediators of intercellular and extracellular communications. Two types of EVs of particular interest are exosomes and microvesicles, which have been identified in all tissue and body fluids and carry a variety of molecules including RNAs, proteins, and lipids. EVs have potential for use in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases and as new therapeutic agents, particularly in the setting of myocardial infarction and heart failure. Despite their promise, technical challenges related to their small size make it challenging to accurately identify and characterize them, and to study EV-mediated processes. Here, we aim to provide the reader with an overview of the techniques and technologies available for the separation and characterization of EVs from different sources. Methods for determining the protein, RNA, and lipid content of EVs are discussed. The aim of this document is to provide guidance on critical methodological issues and highlight key points for consideration for the investigation of EVs in cardiovascular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, WC1E 6HX London, UK
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- Université Paris Cité, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Science Program-ICCC, IR-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau-IIBSantPau, CiberCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucio Barile
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Theranostics, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alain Brisson
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, UMR-5248-CBMN, CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB, Bat. B14, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Edit Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, HCEMM-SU and ELKH-SE Immune Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Felix Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Heart Center, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miroslava Katsur
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, WC1E 6HX London, UK
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM 1263, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Marseille, France
- Department of Haematology and Vascular Biology, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Philippe Menasché
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center and Circulatory Health Laboratory, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaloyan Takov
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pieter Vader
- Université Paris Cité, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM, Paris, France
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center and Circulatory Health Laboratory, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Shen MY, Wang M, Liu Z, Wang S, Xie Y. [Gly14]-Humanin Ameliorates High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis by Inhibiting the Expression of MicroRNA-155 in Endothelial Microparticles. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2335-2347. [PMID: 34079312 PMCID: PMC8163639 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s306026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanin, a newly emerging endogenously expressed cytoprotective peptide, has been shown to have anti-apoptotic properties effects by protecting neuronal cells injury. Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are considered as vital mediators in intercellular communication. EMPs may regulate various physiological and pathological processes by transferring mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) to recipient cells. METHODS EMPs were isolated from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by ultracentrifugation. EMPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analyses. Observation of EMPs uptake into HUVECs and the number of EMPs were realized by confocal microscopy. The expression of miR-155 was examined using real-time PCR. Cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry assay. RESULTS We found that high glucose (HG) increased the number of EMPs and upregulated the expression of miR-155 contained within EMPs, which was mitigated by HNG pretreatment. miR-155 overexpression in EMPs reversed the effects of HNG pretreatment and increased apoptosis of target cells. Effects of HNG pretreatment on HG-treated endothelial cells (ECs) were mitigated after miR-155 mimic transfection into HUVECs while were augmented after miR-155 inhibitor transfection into HUVECs. CONCLUSION HNG inhibited HG-induced apoptosis of ECs and the effect of HNG may be mediated by inhibiting the transfer of EMPs miR-155 from HG-induced HUVECs to normal cells. This study provides a new direction for biological products related to humanin to treat vascular complications associated with all forms of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’ s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Fuyang District of Hangzhou City, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People’ s Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’ s Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’ s Republic of China
| | - Shurong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’ s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’ s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ying Xie Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’ s Republic of China Email
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Analysis of the thrombotic and fibrinolytic activities of tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1054-1065. [PMID: 29752284 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles (MVs) are small extracellular vesicles secreted by tumor cells and are suggested to contribute to the thrombotic events that commonly occur in patients with advanced malignancies. Paradoxically, these vesicles have been reported to also possess fibrinolytic activity. To determine whether thrombotic or fibrinolytic activity is a predominant characteristic of these extracellular vesicles, we prepared exosomes and MVs from 2 breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7), a lung cancer cell line (A549), and a leukemia cell line (NB4) and assayed their thrombotic and fibrinolytic activities. We observed that thrombotic activity was a common feature of MVs but not exosomes. Exosomes and/or MVs from several cell lines, with the exception of the A549 cell line, displayed fibrinolytic activity toward a pure fibrin clot, but only exosomes from MDA-MB-231 cells could degrade a fibrin clot formed in plasma. Increasing the malignant potential of MCF7 cells decreased the thrombotic activity of their MVs but did not alter their fibrinolytic activity. Decreasing the malignant potential of NB4 cells did not alter the thrombotic or fibrinolytic activity of their MVs or exosomes. Finally, the incubation of MDA-MB-231 cell-derived exosomes with A549 cells increased plasmin generation by these cells. Our data indicate that MVs generally have thrombotic activity, whereas thrombotic activity is not commonly observed for exosomes. Furthermore, exosomes and MVs generally do not display fibrinolytic activity under physiological conditions.
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Gakuba C, Gaberel T, Goursaud S, Bourges J, Di Palma C, Quenault A, de Lizarrondo SM, Vivien D, Gauberti M. General Anesthesia Inhibits the Activity of the "Glymphatic System". Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:710-722. [PMID: 29344300 PMCID: PMC5771087 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: According to the "glymphatic system" hypothesis, brain waste clearance is mediated by a continuous replacement of the interstitial milieu by a bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Previous reports suggested that this cerebral CSF circulation is only active during general anesthesia or sleep, an effect mediated by the dilatation of the extracellular space. Given the controversies regarding the plausibility of this phenomenon and the limitations of currently available methods to image the glymphatic system, we developed original whole-brain in vivo imaging methods to investigate the effects of general anesthesia on the brain CSF circulation. METHODS: We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRF) after injection of a paramagnetic contrast agent or a fluorescent dye in the cisterna magna, in order to investigate the impact of general anesthesia (isoflurane, ketamine or ketamine/xylazine) on the intracranial CSF circulation in mice. RESULTS:In vivo imaging allowed us to image CSF flow in awake and anesthetized mice and confirmed the existence of a brain-wide CSF circulation. Contrary to what was initially thought, we demonstrated that the parenchymal CSF circulation is mainly active during wakefulness and significantly impaired during general anesthesia. This effect was especially significant when high doses of anesthetic agent were used (3% isoflurane). These results were consistent across the different anesthesia regimens and imaging modalities. Moreover, we failed to detect a significant change in the brain extracellular water volume using diffusion weighted imaging in awake and anesthetized mice. CONCLUSION: The parenchymal diffusion of small molecular weight compounds from the CSF is active during wakefulness. General anesthesia has a negative impact on the intracranial CSF circulation, especially when using a high dose of anesthetic agent.
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Khosroshahi HT, Abedi B, Daneshvar S, Sarbaz Y, Shakeri Bavil A. Future of the Renal Biopsy: Time to Change the Conventional Modality Using Nanotechnology. Int J Biomed Imaging 2017; 2017:6141734. [PMID: 28316612 PMCID: PMC5337808 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6141734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At the present time, imaging guided renal biopsy is used to provide diagnoses in most types of primary and secondary renal diseases. It has been claimed that renal biopsy can provide a link between diagnosis of renal disease and its pathological conditions. However, sometimes there is a considerable mismatch between patient renal outcome and pathological findings in renal biopsy. This is the time to address some new diagnostic methods to resolve the insufficiency of conventional percutaneous guided renal biopsy. Nanotechnology is still in its infancy in renal imaging; however, it seems that it is the next step in renal biopsy, providing solutions to the limitations of conventional modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behzad Abedi
- Medical Bioengineering Department, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sabalan Daneshvar
- Medical Bioengineering Department, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yashar Sarbaz
- School of Engineering-Emerging Technologies, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Detection of tissue factor-positive extracellular vesicles by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Thromb Res 2016; 150:65-72. [PMID: 28043041 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased levels of tissue factor-positive extracellular vesicles (TF+EVs) have been detected in the plasma of patients with various diseases, including cancer and endotoxemia. Levels of TF+EVs in plasma samples can be measured by antigen and activity assays. The aim of the present study was to visualize TF+EVs by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). METHODS EVs were isolated from the supernatant of two cultured human pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc-1 and BxPc-3), from untreated or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated whole blood, and from plasma of pancreatic cancer patients. EV-TF activity was determined using an in-house assay. The EVs were labeled with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester, which is converted to the impermeant green fluorescent molecule carboxyfluorescein inside the EVs. EVs were either captured using annexin V and detected using a fluorescent-labeled anti-TF antibody, or captured using an anti-TF antibody and detected using fluorescent-labeled annexin V. EVs were visualized by LSCM. RESULTS TF+EVs were easily detected from high TF-expressing BxPc-3 cells using annexin V capture, whereas the addition of tyramide amplification was required to detect TF+EVs from low TF-expressing Panc-1 cells. Visualization of TF+EVs in plasma from LPS treated whole human blood and in plasma from pancreatic cancer patients required either capture with annexin V and detection with a fluorescent-labeled anti-TF antibody with tyramide signal amplification, or capture with an anti-TF antibody and detection with a fluorescent-labeled annexin V. CONCLUSION LSCM enables visualization of TF+EVs in the supernatant from cultured cells and in clinical samples.
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