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Dowaidar M. Guidelines for the role of autophagy in drug delivery vectors uptake pathways. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30238. [PMID: 38707383 PMCID: PMC11066435 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of autophagy refers to the intracellular absorption of cytoplasm (such as proteins, nucleic acids, tiny molecules, complete organelles, and so on) into the lysosome, followed by the breakdown of that cytoplasm. The majority of cellular proteins are degraded by a process called autophagy, which is both a naturally occurring activity and one that may be induced by cellular stress. Autophagy is a system that can save cells' integrity in stressful situations by restoring metabolic basics and getting rid of subcellular junk. This happens as a component of an endurance response. This mechanism may have an effect on disease, in addition to its contribution to the homeostasis of individual cells and tissues as well as the control of development in higher species. The main aim of this study is to discuss the guidelines for the role of autophagy in drug delivery vector uptake pathways. In this paper, we discuss the meaning and concept of autophagy, the mechanism of autophagy, the role of autophagy in drug delivery vectors, autophagy-modulating drugs, nanostructures for delivery systems of autophagy modulators, etc. Later in this paper, we talk about how to deliver chemotherapeutics, siRNA, and autophagy inducers and inhibitors. We also talk about how hard it is to make a drug delivery system that takes nanocarriers' roles as autophagy modulators into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Dowaidar
- Bioengineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Biosystems and Machines Research Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Cong C, Li C, Cao G, Liu C, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Wang D, Gao D. Dual-activity nanozyme to initiate tandem catalysis for doubly enhancing ATP-depletion anti-tumor therapy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 143:213181. [PMID: 36347175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes can regulate metabolism to achieve precise anti-tumor therapy. However, the application of nanozymes with single catalytic properties is limited by complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, we report a rarely discovered nanozyme ruthenium (Ru), which has double catalytic activity of glucose-oxidase-like (GOx-like) activity and peroxidase-like (POD-like) activity. Importantly, the GOx-like activity of Ru was proposed for the first time, which can catalyze glucose and O2 to product H2O2. And then, Ru nanozyme can connect the tandem catalysis to enhance various tumor therapy. Firstly, the atovaquone (ATO) and Ru NPs were covered with a hybrid membrane of tumor cells and liposomes to obtain Ru@ATO-Lip/M with homologous targeting. Due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and the tumor targeting, the Ru@ATO-Lip/M NPs could be efficiently delivered to tumor and taken up by tumor cells. Subsequently, the acidic environment of tumor activated Ru to catalyze H2O2 producing OH (Fenton-like reaction). Meanwhile, newly discovered ability of Ru catalyzed glucose and O2 to produce gluconic acid and H2O2, which provided sufficient substrates (H2O2) for continuously generating more OH. Therefore, Ru nanozyme aggravated the starvation and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Further, ATO improved the hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment, achieving steadily synergistic anti-tumor effect. This study verified the glucose oxidase-like properties of Ru NPs for the first time, and the strategy enhanced the synergistic anti-tumor effects by CDT and starvation therapy, which provided a basis for further exploration of Ru nanozyme activity and application on antitumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Metastableí Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Chunhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastableí Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Guanghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastableí Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastableí Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Yi Yuan
- College of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Xuwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastableí Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
| | - Desong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastableí Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
| | - Dawei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastableí Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
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Chinchulkar SA, Patra P, Dehariya D, Yu A, Rengan AK. Polydopamine nanocomposites and their biomedical applications: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paloma Patra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy India
| | - Dheeraj Dehariya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy India
| | - Aimin Yu
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy India
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4
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He M, Zhang W, Liu Z, Zhou L, Cai X, Li R, Pan Y, Wang F. The interfacial interactions of nanomaterials with human serum albumin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4677-4684. [PMID: 35538228 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fates of nanomaterials (NMs) in vivo are greatly dependent on their interactions with human serum proteins. However, the interfacial molecular details of NMs-serum proteins are still difficult to be probed. Herein, the molecular interaction details of human serum albumin (HSA) with Au and SiO2 nanoparticles have been systematically interrogated and compared by using lysine reactivity profiling mass spectrometry (LRP-MS). We demonstrated the biocompatibility of Au is better than SiO2 nanoparticles and the NMs surface charge state played a more important role than particle size in the combination of NMs-HSA at least in the range of 15-40 nm. Our results will contribute to the fundamental mechanism understanding of NMs-serum protein interactions as well as the NMs rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China.,Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zheyi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ruibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Fangjun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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5
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Liu B. Highly Active Nano-Reactor for Responding Tumor Microenvironment and Antitumor Therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221095670. [PMID: 35712964 PMCID: PMC9210091 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221095670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is complex and changeable, so the design of a nano-delivery system for the tumor microenvironment has attracted wide attention. Based on this, we designed an intelligent nano-reactor for the characteristics of acidic pH and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment. Firstly, the silver nano-balls were synthesized by the biological template method, which exhibited a good photothermal conversion efficiency and can realize the photothermal treatment of tumor sites. Subsequently, the hypoxic prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ) and polydopamine (PDA) for chemotherapy were self-assembled. After PDA arrived at the tumor site (pH 5.5) from the normal physiological environment (pH 7.4), the hypoxic prodrug TPZ was released in pH response by PDA. Subsequently, TPZ selectively induced obvious cell damage under tumor hypoxia stimulation but had no toxic effect on normal cells under normal oxygen. In addition, the nano-converter was loaded with iRGD on the surface, which enhanced the targeted delivery of the nano-reactor to achieve a highly effective antitumor effect. The nano-reactor was capable of combining photothermal/chemotherapy therapy. Importantly, it can selectively kill tumor cells without damaging normal cells based on the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, with high bio-safety and clinical transformation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Liu
- Renji Hospital South Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Liu
- 74643General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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Li J, Liu S, Gao Y, Li Z, Cai J, Zhang Q, Li K, Liu Z, Shi M, Wang J, Li Q. Layered and orthogonal assembly of hydrophilic drugs and hydrophobic photosensitizers for enhanced cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 133:112598. [PMID: 35527140 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial tumor therapy including chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) can compensate for the limitations of each other and significantly increase the therapeutic effect. However, considering the differences of water-soluble characteristics between chemotherapeutic drugs and photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, simply loading these substances into the same cavities of nanocarriers is rather difficult, leading to the reduced drug loading efficiency. Here, we reported a layered and orthogonal assembly of hydrophilic drugs doxorubicin (Dox) and hydrophobic photosensitizers Chlorin e6 (Ce6) for enhancing the effect of synergistic therapeutics. The assembly was based on polydopamine (PDA) modified with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) through the addition reaction of -HS in HS-β-CD and-C=C in PDA, then DOX and Ce6 were loaded on the PDA and in the hydrophobic cavities of β-CDs respectively with superior drug loading efficiencies (38.8 ± 0.8% and 5.4 ± 0.3% for DOX and Ce6). PDA was hydrolyzed completely under the lysosomal acidic condition, leading to the controlled release of DOX. Under NIR irradiations, DOX-based chemotherapy was successfully integrated with PDA-based photothermal and Ce6-based photodynamic therapy. Tumor specific aptamer AS1411-modified assembly provides ideal antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo with excellent biocompatibility. Collectively, this layered and orthogonal assembly offers a generalizable solution for delivering matters with distinct aqueous solubility would find broad applications not only in drug delivery but also in bio-nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Engineering Research Center of Functional Nucleic Acids in Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Qinhuangdao Biopha Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China.
| | - Shihe Liu
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Yanting Gao
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Jiahui Cai
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Engineering Research Center of Functional Nucleic Acids in Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Qinhuangdao Biopha Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Engineering Research Center of Functional Nucleic Acids in Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Qinhuangdao Biopha Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Ming Shi
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Engineering Research Center of Functional Nucleic Acids in Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Qinhuangdao Biopha Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Jidong Wang
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Engineering Research Center of Functional Nucleic Acids in Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Qiurong Li
- College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
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Yu J, Zhang X, Pei Z, Shuai Q. A triple-stimulus responsive melanin-based nanoplatform with an aggregation-induced emission-active photosensitiser for imaging-guided targeted synergistic phototherapy/hypoxia-activated chemotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9142-9152. [PMID: 34693960 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multimodal synergistic therapy has gained increasing attention in cancer treatment to overcome the limitations of monotherapy and achieve high anticancer efficacy. In this study, a synergistic phototherapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy nanoplatform based on natural melanin nanoparticles (MPs) loaded with the bioreduction prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ) and decorated with hyaluronic acid (HA) was developed. A self-reporting aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active photosensitizer (PS) (BATTMN) was linked to the prepared nanoparticles by boronate ester bonds. The MPs and BATTMN-HA played roles as quenchers for PS and cancer targeting/photodynamic moieties, respectively. As a pH sensitive bond, the borate ester bonds between HA and BATTMN are hydrolysed in the acidic cancer environment, thereby separating BATTMN from the nanoparticles and leading to the induction of fluorescence for imaging-guided synergistic phototherapy/hypoxia-activated chemotherapy under dual irradiation. TPZ can be released upon activation by pH, near-infrared (NIR) and hyaluronidase (Hyal). Particularly, the hypoxia-dependent cytotoxicity of TPZ was amplified by oxygen consumption in the tumor intracellular environment induced by the AIE-active PS in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The nanoparticles developed in our research showed favorable photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 37%), desired cytocompatibility, and excellent synergistic therapeutic efficacy. The proposed nanoplatform not only extends the application scope of melanin materials with AIE-active PSs, but also offers useful insights into developing multistimulus as well as multimodal synergistic tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Zhichao Pei
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Shuai
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China.
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Cong C, He Y, Zhao S, Zhang X, Li L, Wang D, Liu L, Gao D. Diagnostic and therapeutic nanoenzymes for enhanced chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3925-3934. [PMID: 33942817 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes, as a kind of artificial mimic enzymes, have superior catalytic capacity and stability. As lack of O2 in tumor cells can cause resistance to drugs, we designed drug delivery liposomes (MnO2-PTX/Ce6@lips) loaded with catalase-like nanozymes of manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs), paclitaxel (PTX) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) to consume tumor's native H2O2 and produce O2. Based on the catalysis of MnO2 NPs, a large amount of oxygen was produced by MnO2-PTX/Ce6@lips to burst the liposomes and achieve a responsive release of the loaded drug (paclitaxel), and the released O2 relieved the chemoresistance of tumor cells and provided raw materials for photodynamic therapy. Subsequently, MnO2 NPs were decomposed into Mn2+ in an acidic tumor environment to be used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. The MnO2-PTX/Ce6@lips enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in bearing-tumor mice, even achieving complete cure. These results indicated the great potential of MnO2-PTX/Ce6@lips for the modulation of the TME and the enhancement of chemotherapy and PDT along with MRI tracing in the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Heavy metal deep remediation in water and resource reuse Key Lab of Hebei, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China.
| | - Yuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Heavy metal deep remediation in water and resource reuse Key Lab of Hebei, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China.
| | - Shuxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Heavy metal deep remediation in water and resource reuse Key Lab of Hebei, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China.
| | - Xuwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Heavy metal deep remediation in water and resource reuse Key Lab of Hebei, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Heavy metal deep remediation in water and resource reuse Key Lab of Hebei, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China.
| | - Desong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Heavy metal deep remediation in water and resource reuse Key Lab of Hebei, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China.
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, P. R. China.
| | - Dawei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Heavy metal deep remediation in water and resource reuse Key Lab of Hebei, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China.
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9
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Li W, Cao Z, Yu L, Huang Q, Zhu D, Lu C, Lu A, Liu Y. Hierarchical drug release designed Au @PDA-PEG-MTX NPs for targeted delivery to breast cancer with combined photothermal-chemotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:143. [PMID: 34001161 PMCID: PMC8130275 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer with a low survival rate and one of the major causes of cancer-related death. Methotrexate (MTX) is an anti-tumor drug used in the treatment of BC. Poor dispersion in water and toxic side effects limit its clinical application. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), owing to their specific structures and unique biological and physiochemical properties, have emerged as potential vehicles for tumor targeting, bioimaging and cancer therapy. An innovative nano drug-loading system (Au @PDA-PEG-MTX NPs) was prepared for targeted treatment of BC. Au @PDA-PEG-MTX NPs under near infra-red region (NIR) irradiation showed effective photothermal therapy against MDA-MB-231 human BC cells growth in vitro by inducing apoptosis through triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and generating excessive heat. In vivo studies revealed deep penetration ability of Au @PDA-PEG-MTX NPs under NIR irradiation to find application in cancer-targeted fluorescence imaging, and exhibited effective photothermal therapy against BC xenograft growth by inducing apoptosis. Histopathological analysis, cellular uptake, cytotoxicity assay, and apoptosis experiments indicated that Au @PDA-PEG-MTX NPs possessed a good therapeutic effect with high biocompatibility and fewer side effects. This Au NPs drug-loading system achieved specific targeting of MTX to BC cells by surface functionalisation, fluorescence imaging under laser irradiation, combined photothermal-chemotherapy, and pH- and NIR- triggered hierarchical drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhiwen Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liuchunyang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qingcai Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongjie Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hongkong, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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10
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Xing E, Du Y, Yin J, Chen M, Zhu M, Wen X, Xu J, Feng Y, Meng S. Multi-functional Nanodrug Based on a Three-dimensional Framework for Targeted Photo-chemo Synergetic Cancer Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001874. [PMID: 33448142 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted synergistic therapy has broad prospects in tumor treatments. Here, a multi-functional nanodrug GDYO-CDDP/DOX@DSPE-PEG-MTX (GCDM) based on three traditional anticancer drugs (doxorubicin (DOX), cisplatin (CDDP) and methotrexate (MTX)) modified graphdiyne oxide (GDYO) is described, for diagnosis and targeted cancer photo-chemo synergetic therapy. In this system, for the first time, these three traditional anti-cancer drugs have played new roles and can reduce multidrug resistance through synergistic anti-tumor effects. Cisplatin can be hybridized with GDYO to form a multifunctional and well-dispersed three-dimensional framework, which can not only be used as nano-drug carriers to achieve high drug loading rates (40.3%), but also exhibit excellent photothermal conversion efficiency (47%) and good photodynamic effects under NIR irradiation. Doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded onto GDYO-CDDP through π-π stacking, which is used as an anticancer drug and as a fluorescent probe for nanodrug detection. Methotrexate (MTX) can be applied in tumor targeting and play a role in synergistic chemotherapy with DOX and CDDP. The synthesized multi-functional nanodrug GCDM has good biocompatibility, active targeting, long-term retention, sustained drug release, excellent fluorescence imaging capabilities, and remarkable photo-chemo synergistic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyun Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300050 P.R. China
| | - Yingying Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300050 P.R. China
| | - Juanjuan Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300050 P.R. China
| | - Minghui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300050 P.R. China
| | - Mengyao Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300050 P.R. China
| | - Xiaona Wen
- Department of Pharmacy The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease Tianjin 300170 China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
| | - Yaqing Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300050 P.R. China
- Tianjin Co‐Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Shuxian Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300050 P.R. China
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11
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Cuzzubbo S, Carpentier AF. Applications of Melanin and Melanin-Like Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Review of Recent Advances. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1463. [PMID: 33806772 PMCID: PMC8004930 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to the growing knowledge about cancers and their interactions with the immune system, a huge number of therapeutic cancer vaccines have been developed in the past two decades. Despite encouraging results in pre-clinical models, cancer vaccines have not yet achieved significant clinical efficacy. Several factors may contribute to such poor results, including the difficulty of triggering a strong immune response and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Many strategies are currently being explored. Different types of adjuvants have been incorporated into vaccine formulations to improve their efficacy, as cancer antigens are usually poorly immunogenic. Nanoparticle systems are promising tools as they act as carriers for antigens and can be surface-modified so that they specifically target antigen-presenting cells in lymph nodes. Bioinspired nanomaterials are ideal candidates thanks to their biocompatibility. Recently, melanin-based nanoparticles were reported to efficiently localize into draining lymphoid tissues and trigger immune responses against loaded antigens. In addition, by virtue of their photochemical properties, melanin-based nanoparticles can also play an immunomodulatory role to promote anti-cancer responses in the context of photothermal therapy. In this review, we discuss the above-mentioned properties of melanin, and summarize the promising results of the melanin-based cancer vaccines recently reported in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, 75015 Paris, France;
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Antoine F. Carpentier
- Université de Paris, Paris Diderot, 75010 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service de Neurologie, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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12
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Sun S, Ding Z, Yang X, Zhao X, Zhao M, Gao L, Chen Q, Xie S, Liu A, Yin S, Xu Z, Lu X. Nanobody: A Small Antibody with Big Implications for Tumor Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2337-2356. [PMID: 33790553 PMCID: PMC7997558 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s297631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibody treatments for successful tumor-targeted therapies took several decades. However, the efficacy of antibody-based therapy is still confined and desperately needs further improvement. Nanobodies are the recombinant variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibodies, with many unique properties such as small size (~15kDa), excellent solubility, superior stability, ease of manufacture, quick clearance from blood, and deep tissue penetration, which gain increasing acceptance as therapeutical tools and are considered also as building blocks for chimeric antigen receptors as well as for targeted drug delivery. Thus, one of the promising novel developments that may address the deficiency of monoclonal antibody-based therapies is the utilization of nanobodies. This article provides readers the significant factors that the structural and biochemical properties of nanobodies and the research progress on nanobodies in the fields of tumor treatment, as well as their application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Sun
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Ding
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minlong Zhao
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qu Chen
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenxia Xie
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihua Yin
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Zhang X, Wang S, Cheng G, Yu P, Chang J, Chen X. Cascade Drug-Release Strategy for Enhanced Anticancer Therapy. MATTER 2021; 4:26-53. [PMID: 33718863 PMCID: PMC7945719 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy serves as one of the most effective approaches in numerous tumor treatments but also suffers from the limitations of low bioavailability and adverse side effects due to premature drug leakage. Therefore, it is crucial to realize accurate on-demand drug release for promoting the application of chemotherapeutic agents. To achieve this, stimuli-responsive nanomedicines that can be activated by delicately designed cascade reactions have been developed in recent years. In general, the nanomedicines are triggered by an internal or external stimulus, generating an intermediate stimulus at tumor site, which can intensify the differences between tumor and normal tissues; the drug release process is then further activated by the intermediate stimulus. In this review, the latest progress made in cascade reactions-driven drug-release modes, based on the intermediate stimuli of heat, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species, is systematically summarized. The perspectives and challenges of cascade strategy for drug delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.), (J.C.), (X.C.)
| | - Guohui Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.), (J.C.), (X.C.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.W.), (J.C.), (X.C.)
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14
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Mavridi-Printezi A, Guernelli M, Menichetti A, Montalti M. Bio-Applications of Multifunctional Melanin Nanoparticles: From Nanomedicine to Nanocosmetics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2276. [PMID: 33212974 PMCID: PMC7698489 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioinspired nanomaterials are ideal components for nanomedicine, by virtue of their expected biocompatibility or even complete lack of toxicity. Natural and artificial melanin-based nanoparticles (MNP), including polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NP), excel for their extraordinary combination of additional optical, electronic, chemical, photophysical, and photochemical properties. Thanks to these features, melanin plays an important multifunctional role in the design of new platforms for nanomedicine where this material works not only as a mechanical support or scaffold, but as an active component for imaging, even multimodal, and simple or synergistic therapy. The number of examples of bio-applications of MNP increased dramatically in the last decade. Here, we review the most recent ones, focusing on the multiplicity of functions that melanin performs in theranostics platforms with increasing complexity. For the sake of clarity, we start analyzing briefly the main properties of melanin and its derivative as well as main natural sources and synthetic methods, moving to imaging application from mono-modal (fluorescence, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance) to multi-modal, and then to mono-therapy (drug delivery, anti-oxidant, photothermal, and photodynamic), and finally to theranostics and synergistic therapies, including gene- and immuno- in combination to photothermal and photodynamic. Nanomedicine aims not only at the treatment of diseases, but also to their prevention, and melanin in nature performs a protective action, in the form of nanopigment, against UV-Vis radiations and oxidants. With these functions being at the border between nanomedicine and cosmetics nanotechnology, recently examples of applications of artificial MNP in cosmetics are increasing, paving the road to the birth of the new science of nanocosmetics. In the last part of this review, we summarize and discuss these important recent results that establish evidence of the interconnection between nanomedicine and cosmetics nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mavridi-Printezi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.-P.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Moreno Guernelli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.-P.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Arianna Menichetti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.-P.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.-P.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
- Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Campana 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy
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15
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Yang Z, Li L, Jin AJ, Huang W, Chen X. Rational design of semiconducting polymer brushes as cancer theranostics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2020; 7:1474-1494. [PMID: 33777400 PMCID: PMC7990392 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh00012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photonic theranostics (PTs) generally contain optical agents for the optical sensing of biomolecules and therapeutic components for converting light into heat or chemical energy. Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) as advanced PTs possessing good biocompatibility, stable photophysical properties, and sensitive and tunable optical responses from the ultraviolet to near-infrared (NIR) II window (300-1700 nm) have recently aroused great interest. Although semiconducting polymers (SPs) with various building blocks have been synthesized and developed to meet the demands of biophotonic applications, most of the SPNs were made by a nanoprecipitation method that used amphiphilic surfactants to encapsulate SPs. Such binary SP micelles usually exhibit weakened photophysical properties of SPs and undergo dissociation in vivo. SP brushes (SPBs) are products of functional post-modification of SP backbones, which endows unique features to SPNs (e.g. enhanced optical properties and multiple chemical reaction sites for the conjunction of organic/inorganic imaging agents and therapeutics). Furthermore, the SPB-based SPNs can be highly stable due to supramolecular self-assembly and/or chemical crosslinking. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in the development of SPBs for advanced theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Albert J. Jin
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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16
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Jin A, Wang Y, Lin K, Jiang L. Nanoparticles modified by polydopamine: Working as "drug" carriers. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:522-541. [PMID: 32322763 PMCID: PMC7170807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the mechanism of mussel adhesion, polydopamine (PDA), a versatile polymer for surface modification has been discovered. Owing to its unique properties like extraordinary adhesiveness, excellent biocompatibility, mild synthesis requirements, as well as distinctive drug loading approach, strong photothermal conversion capacity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging facility, various PDA-modified nanoparticles have been desired as drug carriers. These nanoparticles with diverse nanostructures are exploited in multifunctions, consisting of targeting, imaging, chemical treatment (CT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), tissue regeneration ability, therefore have attracted great attentions in plenty biomedical applications. Herein, recent progress of PDA-modified nanoparticle drug carriers in cancer therapy, antibiosis, prevention of inflammation, theranostics, vaccine delivery and adjuvant, tissue repair and implant materials are reviewed, including preparation of PDA-modified nanoparticle drug carriers with various nanostructures and their drug loading strategies, basic roles of PDA surface modification, etc. The advantages of PDA modification in overcoming the existing limitations of cancer therapy, antibiosis, tissue repair and the developing trends in the future of PDA-modified nanoparticle drug carriers are also discussed. Multifunctional PDA-modified drug systems are introduced in terms of classification, synthesis and drug loading strategies. Basic roles of PDA surface modification in the drug systems are discussed. Biomedical applications and unique advantages of the PDA-modified nanoparticle working as drug carriers are illustrated. Challenges and perspectives for future development are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anting Jin
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Kaili Lin
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Lingyong Jiang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
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17
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Liu H, Yang Y, Liu Y, Pan J, Wang J, Man F, Zhang W, Liu G. Melanin-Like Nanomaterials for Advanced Biomedical Applications: A Versatile Platform with Extraordinary Promise. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903129. [PMID: 32274309 PMCID: PMC7141020 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient, sustainable, and biocompatible high-tech nanoplatforms derived from naturally existing components in living organisms is highly beneficial for diverse advanced biomedical applications. Melanins are nontoxic natural biopolymers owning widespread distribution in various biosystems, possessing fascinating physicochemical properties and playing significant physiological roles. The multifunctionality together with intrinsic biocompatibility renders bioinspired melanin-like nanomaterials considerably promising as a versatile and powerful nanoplatform with broad bioapplication prospects. This panoramic Review starts with an overview of the fundamental physicochemical properties, preparation methods, and polymerization mechanisms of melanins. A systematical and well-bedded description of recent advancements of melanin-like nanomaterials regarding diverse biomedical applications is then given, mainly focusing on biological imaging, photothermal therapy, drug delivery for tumor treatment, and other emerging biomedicine-related implementations. Finally, current challenges toward clinical translation with an emphasis on innovative design strategies and future striving directions are rationally discussed. This comprehensive and detailed Review provides a deep understanding of the current research status of melanin-like nanomaterials and is expected to motivate further optimization of the design of novel tailorable and marketable multifunctional nanoplatforms in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of RadiologyPLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijing100088China
- Department of RadiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Youyuan Yang
- Department of RadiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of UltrasoundThe First Affiliated HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- Department of RadiologyPLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijing100088China
| | - Junqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Fengyuan Man
- Department of RadiologyPLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijing100088China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of RadiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Imaging and Nuclear MedicineChongqing400042China
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
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18
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Miao D, Yu Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Su G. Facile Construction of i-Motif DNA-Conjugated Gold Nanostars as Near-Infrared and pH Dual-Responsive Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Combined Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1127-1138. [PMID: 32092274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive DNA-based nanostructures have emerged as promising vehicles for intelligent drug delivery. In this study, i-motif DNA-conjugated gold nanostars (GNSs) were fabricated in a facile manner as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems (denoted as A-GNS/DNA/DOX) for the treatment of cancer via combined chemo-photothermal therapy. The i-motif DNA is sensitive to the environmental pH and can switch from a single-stranded structure to a C-tetrad (i-motif) structure as the environmental pH decreases from neutral (∼7.4) to acidic (<6.0). The loaded drug can then be released along with the conformational changes. To enhance cellular uptake and improve cancer cell selectivity, the aptamer AS1411, which recognizes nucleolins, was employed as a targeting moiety. The A-GNS/DNA/DOX nanocomposites were found to be highly capable of photothermal conversion and exhibited photostability under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, and the pH and NIR irradiation effectively triggered the drug-release behaviors. In addition, the A-GNS/DNA/DOX nanocomposites exhibited good biocompatibility. The targeting recognition enabled the A-GNS/DNA/DOX to exhibit higher cellular uptake and therapeutic efficiency than the GNS/DNA/DOX. Notably, under NIR irradiation, a synergistic effect between chemotherapy and photothermal therapy can be achieved with the proposed delivery system, which exhibits much higher therapeutic efficiency both in monolayer cancer cells and tumor spheroids as compared with a single therapeutic method. This study highlights the potential of GNS/DNA nanoassemblies for intelligent anticancer drug delivery and combined cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Gaoxing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
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19
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He Y, Cong C, Li L, Luo L, He Y, Hao Z, Gao D. Sequential Intra-Intercellular Delivery of Nanomedicine for Deep Drug-Resistant Solid Tumor Penetration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8978-8988. [PMID: 32020804 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cells in the center of solid tumors have always been an abyss untouched by treatments because of their deep location and increased drug resistance. Herein, we designed a rational strategy for sequential intra-intercellular delivery of nanomedicine to deep sites of drug-resistant solid tumors. In our formulation, dopamine and hemoglobin were polymerized to form a smart nanocarrier (PDA/Hb). Subsequently, the doxorubicin and nitric oxide donor were connected on the surface of PDA/Hb to obtain D/N-PDA/Hb. Ultimately, the hyaluronic acid was combined with D/N-PDA/Hb to form D/N-PDA/Hb@HA. Concretely, acidic and neutral environments of tumor cells were treated as a switch to turn on or off the drug release of a nanodrug. Meanwhile, the generation of nitric oxide in situ was exploited to favor the lysosomal escape of nanocarriers and overcome the drug resistance of deep solid tumor cells. The results indicated that the nanodrug based on sequential intra-intercellular delivery showed exciting penetration efficiency and resistance reversal of solid tumors. Conventional nanodrug delivery was highly dependent on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and limited by tumorous interstitial fluid pressure. Plenty of drugs stayed on the surface of solid tumors, and the infiltrated drugs were inefficient due to strict resistance. To conquer this dilemma, this work proposed a new mechanism reversing the EPR effect for drug delivery, leading to better penetration and resistance reversal of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , P. R. China
| | - Cong Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , P. R. China
| | - Liyao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , P. R. China
| | - Yaqian He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , P. R. China
| | - Zining Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , P. R. China
| | - Dawei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reuse , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , P. R. China
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20
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Qian X, Shi Z, Qi H, Zhao M, Huang K, Han D, Zhou J, Liu C, Liu Y, Lu Y, Yuan X, Zhao J, Kang C. A novel Granzyme B nanoparticle delivery system simulates immune cell functions for suppression of solid tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:7616-7627. [PMID: 31695790 PMCID: PMC6831455 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma, has seen much success and played an increasingly important role in clinical studies. Nevertheless, the efficacy of immunotherapy in solid tumors still needs improvements due to the immunosuppressive properties of tumor cells and the microenvironment. To overcome these limitations, we prepared a novel tumor-targeting delivery system based on the underlying mechanism of immune-targeted cell death that encapsulated granzyme B protein within a porous polymeric nanocapsule. Methods: A cell-penetrating peptide TAT was attached onto granzyme B (GrB) to enhance its transmembrane transport efficiency and potency to induce cell apoptosis. The endocytosis and internalization pathways of GrB-TAT (GrB-T) were analyzed in comparison with perforin by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the positively charged GrB-T was wrapped into nanoparticles by p-2-methacryloyloxy ethyl phosphorylcholine (PMPC)-modified HA (hyaluronic acid). The nanoparticles (called TCiGNPs) were characterized in terms of zeta potential and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro anti-tumor effects of GrB-T were examined by cell apoptosis assay and Western blotting analysis. The in vivo anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy of TCiGNPs was evaluated in a mouse tumor model. Results: The TAT peptide could play a role similar to perforin to mediate direct transmembrane transfer of GrB and improve GrB-induced cell apoptosis. The TCiGNPs were successfully synthesized and accumulated in the solid tumor through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In the tumor microenvironment, TCiGNPs could be degraded by hyaluronidase and triggered the release of GrB-T. The TAT peptide enabled the translocation of GrB across the plasma membrane to induce tumor cell apoptosis in vivo. Conclusion: We successfully developed a granzyme B delivery system with a GrB-T core and a PMPC/HA shell that simulated CTL/NK cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy mechanism. The GrB delivery system holds great promise for cancer treatment analogous to the CTL/NK cell-induced immunotherapy.
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21
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Tavakol S, Ashrafizadeh M, Deng S, Azarian M, Abdoli A, Motavaf M, Poormoghadam D, Khanbabaei H, Afshar EG, Mandegary A, Pardakhty A, Yap CT, Mohammadinejad R, Kumar AP. Autophagy Modulators: Mechanistic Aspects and Drug Delivery Systems. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E530. [PMID: 31557936 PMCID: PMC6843293 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy modulation is considered to be a promising programmed cell death mechanism to prevent and cure a great number of disorders and diseases. The crucial step in designing an effective therapeutic approach is to understand the correct and accurate causes of diseases and to understand whether autophagy plays a cytoprotective or cytotoxic/cytostatic role in the progression and prevention of disease. This knowledge will help scientists find approaches to manipulate tumor and pathologic cells in order to enhance cellular sensitivity to therapeutics and treat them. Although some conventional therapeutics suffer from poor solubility, bioavailability and controlled release mechanisms, it appears that novel nanoplatforms overcome these obstacles and have led to the design of a theranostic-controlled drug release system with high solubility and active targeting and stimuli-responsive potentials. In this review, we discuss autophagy modulators-related signaling pathways and some of the drug delivery strategies that have been applied to the field of therapeutic application of autophagy modulators. Moreover, we describe how therapeutics will target various steps of the autophagic machinery. Furthermore, nano drug delivery platforms for autophagy targeting and co-delivery of autophagy modulators with chemotherapeutics/siRNA, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of basic science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Shuo Deng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Maryam Azarian
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Motavaf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Delaram Poormoghadam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Elham Ghasemipour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Celestial T Yap
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Ouyang J, Feng C, Ji X, Li L, Gutti HK, Kim NY, Artzi D, Xie A, Kong N, Liu Y, Tearney GJ, Sui X, Tao W, Farokhzad OC. 2D Monoelemental Germanene Quantum Dots: Synthesis as Robust Photothermal Agents for Photonic Cancer Nanomedicine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ouyang
- Center for NanomedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha Hunan 410083 P. R. China
| | - Chan Feng
- Center for NanomedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Center for NanomedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Li Li
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Hemanth Kiran Gutti
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Na Yoon Kim
- Center for NanomedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Dolev Artzi
- Center for NanomedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Angel Xie
- Center for NanomedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Na Kong
- Center for NanomedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - You‐Nian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha Hunan 410083 P. R. China
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes and Comprehensive Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityCollege of MedicineHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for NanomedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Center for NanomedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
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23
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Ouyang J, Feng C, Ji X, Li L, Gutti HK, Kim NY, Artzi D, Xie A, Kong N, Liu YN, Tearney GJ, Sui X, Tao W, Farokhzad OC. 2D Monoelemental Germanene Quantum Dots: Synthesis as Robust Photothermal Agents for Photonic Cancer Nanomedicine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13405-13410. [PMID: 31365775 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As a new family member of the emerging two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental materials (Xenes), germanene has shown promising advantages over the prototypical 2D Xenes, such as black phosphorus (BP) and graphene. However, efficient manufacture of novel germanene nanostructures is still a challenge. Herein, a simple top-down approach for the liquid-exfoliation of ultra-small germanene quantum dots (GeQDs) is presented. The prepared GeQDs possess an average lateral size of about 4.5 nm and thickness of about 2.2 nm. The functionalized GeQDs were demonstrated to be robust photothermal agents (PTAs) with outstanding photothermal conversion efficacy (higher than those of graphene and BPQDs), superior stability, and excellent biocompatibility. As a proof-of-principle, 2D GeQDs-based PTAs were used in fluorescence/photoacoustic/photothermal-imaging-guided hyperpyrexia ablation of tumors. This work could expand the application of 2D germanene to the field of photonic cancer nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ouyang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chan Feng
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Li Li
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hemanth Kiran Gutti
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Na Yoon Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dolev Artzi
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Angel Xie
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - You-Nian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes and Comprehensive Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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