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Abdullah JAA, Jiménez-Rosado M, Guerrero A, Romero A. Effect of Calcination Temperature and Time on the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Green vs. Chemical Method. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1798. [PMID: 36902916 PMCID: PMC10003769 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, antioxidants and antibacterial activity play an increasingly vital role in biosystems due to the biochemical and biological reactions that involve free radicals and pathogen growth, which occur in many systems. For this purpose, continuous efforts are being made to minimize these reactions, including the use of nanomaterials as antioxidants and bactericidal agents. Despite such advances, iron oxide nanoparticles still lack knowledge regarding their antioxidant and bactericidal capacities. This includes the investigation of biochemical reactions and their effects on nanoparticle functionality. In green synthesis, active phytochemicals give nanoparticles their maximum functional capacity and should not be destroyed during synthesis. Therefore, research is required to establish a correlation between the synthesis process and the nanoparticle properties. In this sense, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the most influential process stage: calcination. Thus, different calcination temperatures (200, 300, and 500 °C) and times (2, 4, and 5 h) were studied in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using either Phoenix dactylifera L. (PDL) extract (green method) or sodium hydroxide (chemical method) as the reducing agent. The results show that calcination temperatures and times had a significant influence on the degradation of the active substance (polyphenols) and the final structure of iron oxide nanoparticles. It was found that, at low calcination temperatures and times, the nanoparticles exhibited small sizes, fewer polycrystalline structures, and better antioxidant activities. In conclusion, this work highlights the importance of green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles due to their excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johar Amin Ahmed Abdullah
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mercedes Jiménez-Rosado
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alberto Romero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Kumari R, Sunil D. A mechanistic insight into benefits of aggregation induced emissive luminogens in cancer. J Drug Target 2021; 29:592-608. [PMID: 33399029 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1868479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of advanced chemotheranostics that benefit from a combined in vivo strategy of cancer diagnosis and chemotherapy simultaneously is highly valued and will expose novel possibilities in modifying treatment and reduce side effects. In recent years, nanodrug delivery systems that incorporate aggregation-induced emissive luminogens (AIEgens) have been developed to track and monitor anticancer drug release, trace translocation processes and predict chemotherapeutic responses. There are several classes of AIEgen based chemotheranostics such us stimuli-responsive nanoprodrugs, pH-sensitive mesoporous silica nanocarriers, supramolecular polymer systems, drug encapsulated carriers, carrier-free nanodrugs, self-indicating drug delivery nanomachines and AIEgen-prodrug co-assembly. The present review conveys mechanistic insight into the benefits of AIEgens in the theranostic application by illustrating the recent breakthroughs in chemotheranostic nanomedicines that incorporate these unique fluorophores as signal reporters. The perspectives that can be further explored are also highlighted with the hope to instil more research interest in the advancement of AIE active cancer chemotheranostics for imaging and treatment in vivo.HIGHLIGHTSAggregation induced emissive materials (AIEgens) exhibit unique advantages over conventional luminogens for synergistic diagnosis and chemotherapy of cancer in vivo.The combination of AIE and nanotechnology offers an excellent platform to fabricate advanced chemotheranostics for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Dhanya Sunil
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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3
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Magro M, Venerando A, Macone A, Canettieri G, Agostinelli E, Vianello F. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies to Develop New Anticancer Therapies. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E735. [PMID: 32397196 PMCID: PMC7278173 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blooming of nanotechnology has made available a limitless landscape of solutions responding to crucial issues in many fields and, nowadays, a wide choice of nanotechnology-based strategies can be adopted to circumvent the limitations of conventional therapies for cancer. Herein, the current stage of nanotechnological applications for cancer management is summarized encompassing the core nanomaterials as well as the available chemical-physical approaches for their surface functionalization and drug ligands as possible therapeutic agents. The use of nanomaterials as vehicles to delivery various therapeutic substances is reported emphasizing advantages, such as the high drug loading, the enhancement of the pay-load half-life and bioavailability. Particular attention was dedicated to highlight the importance of nanomaterial intrinsic features. Indeed, the ability of combining the properties of the transported drug with the ones of the nano-sized carrier can lead to multifunctional theranostic tools. In this view, fluorescence of carbon quantum dots, optical properties of gold nanoparticle and superparamagnetism of iron oxide nanoparticles, are fundamental examples. Furthermore, smart anticancer devices can be developed by conjugating enzymes to nanoparticles, as in the case of bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) and gold nanoparticles. The present review is aimed at providing an overall vision on nanotechnological strategies to face the threat of human cancer, comprising opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Magro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Venerando
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, A. Rossi Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Pasteur Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy;
- International Polyamines Foundation ‘ETS-ONLUS’, Via del Forte Tiburtino 98, 00159 Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, A. Rossi Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- International Polyamines Foundation ‘ETS-ONLUS’, Via del Forte Tiburtino 98, 00159 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (M.M.); (A.V.)
- International Polyamines Foundation ‘ETS-ONLUS’, Via del Forte Tiburtino 98, 00159 Rome, Italy
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4
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Liu R, Ye X, Cui T. Recent Progress of Biomarker Detection Sensors. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:7949037. [PMID: 33123683 PMCID: PMC7585038 DOI: 10.34133/2020/7949037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early cancer diagnosis and treatment are crucial research fields of human health. One method that has proven efficient is biomarker detection which can provide real-time and accurate biological information for early diagnosis. This review presents several biomarker sensors based on electrochemistry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), nanowires, other nanostructures, and, most recently, metamaterials which have also shown their mechanisms and prospects in application in recent years. Compared with previous reviews, electrochemistry-based biomarker sensors have been classified into three strategies according to their optimizing methods in this review. This makes it more convenient for researchers to find a specific fabrication method to improve the performance of their sensors. Besides that, as microfabrication technologies have improved and novel materials are explored, some novel biomarker sensors-such as nanowire-based and metamaterial-based biomarker sensors-have also been investigated and summarized in this review, which can exhibit ultrahigh resolution, sensitivity, and limit of detection (LoD) in a more complex detection environment. The purpose of this review is to understand the present by reviewing the past. Researchers can break through bottlenecks of existing biomarker sensors by reviewing previous works and finally meet the various complex detection needs for the early diagnosis of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruitao Liu
- State Key Lab Precise Measurement Technology & Instrument, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongying Ye
- State Key Lab Precise Measurement Technology & Instrument, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhong Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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5
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Bare Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Surface Tunability for Biomedical, Sensing and Environmental Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9111608. [PMID: 31726776 PMCID: PMC6915624 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification is widely assumed as a mandatory prerequisite for the real applicability of iron oxide nanoparticles. This is aimed to endow prolonged stability, electrolyte and pH tolerance as well as a desired specific surface chemistry for further functionalization to these materials. Nevertheless, coating processes have negative consequences on the sustainability of nanomaterial production contributing to high costs, heavy environmental impact and difficult scalability. In this view, bare iron oxide nanoparticles (BIONs) are arousing an increasing interest and the properties and advantages of pristine surface chemistry of iron oxide are becoming popular among the scientific community. In the authors’ knowledge, rare efforts were dedicated to the use of BIONs in biomedicine, biotechnology, food industry and environmental remediation. Furthermore, literature lacks examples highlighting the potential of BIONs as platforms for the creation of more complex nanostructured architectures, and emerging properties achievable by the direct manipulation of pristine iron oxide surfaces have been little studied. Based on authors’ background on BIONs, the present review is aimed at providing hints on the future expansion of these nanomaterials emphasizing the opportunities achievable by tuning their pristine surfaces.
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Ju M, Navarreto-Lugo M, Wickramasinghe S, Milbrandt NB, McWhorter A, Samia ACS. Exploring the chelation-based plant strategy for iron oxide nanoparticle uptake in garden cress (Lepidium sativum) using magnetic particle spectrometry. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18582-18594. [PMID: 31528944 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05477d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although iron is one of Earth's most abundant elements, its availability to plants remains an agricultural challenge, particularly in high pH environments. At high pH, iron forms insoluble ferric oxide-hydroxides that makes it inaccessible to plants. It is estimated that 30% of the world's cropland is too alkaline for optimal plant growth. Staple crops, like rice, are particularly susceptible to iron deficiency, thereby, necessitating the need for continued research in developing iron-based fertilizers. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of using iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as fertilizers to address iron deficiency in plants, but some studies have generated conflicting results. One of the major challenges associated in investigating IONP plant uptake and translocation is the inability to distinguish between intact IONPs versus leached iron ions. In this study, we utilized a new approach based on magnetic particle spectrometry (MPS) to monitor the uptake and distribution of different sized (10 and 20 nm) chelated IONPs in plants. We exposed garden cress (Lepidium sativum) plants to EDTA-capped IONPs and observed an 8-fold enhancement in total biomass and 1.4 times increase in chlorophyll production compared to plants treated with a commercial chelated iron fertilizer (Fe-EDTA). Moreover, we demonstrated that the uptake and tissue distribution of IONPs can be quantitatively monitored using MPS, and the results of the analysis were validated by atomic absorption spectroscopy, which is the conventional method used to study IONP plant uptake. Our study demonstrates that MPS is a reliable, sensitive, and effective analytical tool for the development of IONP-based fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseon Ju
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Monica Navarreto-Lugo
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Sameera Wickramasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nathalie B Milbrandt
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Ariel McWhorter
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Anna Cristina S Samia
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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7
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Arian M, Zamanian A, Taheri S. Highly water-dispersible calcium lignosulfonate-capped MnO nanoparticles as a T1 MRI contrast agent with exceptional colloidal stability, low toxicity and remarkable relaxivity. RSC Adv 2019; 9:40498-40506. [PMID: 35542658 PMCID: PMC9076238 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09125d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient method to synthesize highly water-dispersible calcium lignosulfonate-coated manganese oxide nanoparticles as a potential candidate for the current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 contrast agents was reported. Hydrophobic MnO nanoparticles with dimensions of about 10 nm were prepared by thermal decomposition of manganese(ii)acetylacetonate in the presence of oleic acid as a surfactant. The characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles, cytotoxicity assay and in vitro MRI properties were investigated in detail. Results showed that calcium lignosulfonate has a great influence on the colloidal stability and biocompatibility of MnO nanoparticles in water. Furthermore, this coating agent ensures abundant exposure of external Mn ion with protons of water, which endows the nanoparticles with a longitudinal molar relaxivity (r1) of 4.62 mM−1 s−1. An efficient contrast enhancement effect was observed in the study of MRI investigations. A simple and efficient method to synthesize highly water-dispersible calcium lignosulfonate-coated manganese oxide nanoparticles as a potential candidate for the current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 contrast agents was reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Arian
- Biomaterials Research Group
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department
- Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC)
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Ali Zamanian
- Biomaterials Research Group
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department
- Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC)
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Salman Taheri
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI)
- Tehran
- Iran
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8
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Mosayebi R, Ahmadzadeh A, Wicke W, Jamali V, Schober R, Nasiri-Kenari M. Early Cancer Detection in Blood Vessels Using Mobile Nanosensors. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2018; 18:103-116. [PMID: 30530333 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2018.2885463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose using mobile nanosensors (MNSs) for early stage anomaly detection. For concreteness, we focus on the detection of cancer cells located in a particular region of a blood vessel. These cancer cells produce and emit special molecules, so-called biomarkers, which are symptomatic for the presence of anomaly, into the cardiovascular system. Detection of cancer biomarkers with conventional blood tests is difficult in the early stages of a cancer due to the very low concentration of the biomarkers in the samples taken. However, close to the cancer cells, the concentration of the cancer biomarkers is high. Hence, detection is possible if a sensor with the ability to detect these biomarkers is placed in the vicinity of the cancer cells. Therefore, in this paper, we study the use of MNSs that are injected at a suitable injection site and can move through the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system, which potentially contain cancer cells. These MNSs can be activated by the biomarkers close to the cancer cells, where the biomarker concentration is sufficiently high. Eventually, the MNSs are collected by a fusion center (FC), where their activation levels are read and exploited to declare the presence of anomaly. We analytically derive the biomarker concentration in a network of interconnected blood vessels as well as the probability mass function of the MNSs' activation levels and validate the obtained results via particle-based simulations. Then, we derive the optimal decision rule for the FC regarding the presence of anomaly assuming that the entire network is known at the FC. Finally, for the FC, we propose a simple sum detector that does not require knowledge of the network topology. Our simulations reveal that while the optimal detector achieves a higher performance than the sum detector, both proposed detectors significantly outperform a benchmark scheme that uses fixed nanosensors at the FC.
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9
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A promising electrodeposited iron oxide nanoparticles of very high saturation magnetization and superparamagnetic properties for remediation of polluted water with lead ions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Wang D, Lee MMS, Xu W, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Theranostics based on AIEgens. Theranostics 2018; 8:4925-4956. [PMID: 30429878 PMCID: PMC6217064 DOI: 10.7150/thno.27787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics has recently been developed at a tremendous pace in the area of theranostics, mainly because AIE luminogens (AIEgens) hold various distinct advantages, such as good biocompatibility, excellent fluorescence properties, simple preparation and modification, perfect size of nano-aggregation for enhanced permeability and retention effect, promoted efficiencies of photodynamic and photothermal therapies, efficient photoacoustic imaging, and ready constructions of multimodal imaging and therapy. Significant breakthroughs and developments of theranostics based on AIEgens have been achieved in the past few years, and great progress has been witnessed in many theranostic modalities, indicating that AIEgens remarkably complement conventional theranostic materials and promote the development of theranostics. This review provides theoretical insights into the advantages of AIEgens in theranostics, and systematically summarizes the basic concepts, seminal studies, recent trends and perspectives in theranostics based on AIEgens. We believe that AIEgens would be promising multifunctional theranostic platforms in clinical fields and facilitate significant advancements in this research-active area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Division of Biomedical Engineering, and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michelle Mei Suet Lee
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Division of Biomedical Engineering, and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenhan Xu
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Division of Biomedical Engineering, and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ryan Tsz Kin Kwok
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Division of Biomedical Engineering, and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky Wing Yip Lam
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Division of Biomedical Engineering, and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Division of Biomedical Engineering, and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Mohanan VV, Pradhan B, Sridurai V, Yelamaggad CV, Achalkumar AS, Nair GG. Giant enhancement and facile tuning of photoluminescence in a soft anisotropic magneto-gel. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15686-15695. [PMID: 30091765 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02725k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A soft photoluminescent composite, prepared using a nematic liquid crystal and a fluorescent gelator, exhibits a nearly two orders of magnitude increase in fluorescence on addition of superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The internal magnetic field generated leading to an increase in the population of singlet excitons which affects the radiative efficiency, and enhanced ordering of the LC environment are proposed to be responsible for the large increase seen in fluorescence. Also, the nematic nature of the host liquid crystal medium aids in switching of the fluorescence intensity between its anisotropic limits on application of an external electric field with the switch-off time being faster compared to the field-driven switch-on time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaisakh V Mohanan
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Jalahalli, Bangalore - 560013, Karnataka, India.
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12
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Zhang W, Liu L, Chen H, Hu K, Delahunty I, Gao S, Xie J. Surface impact on nanoparticle-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Theranostics 2018; 8:2521-2548. [PMID: 29721097 PMCID: PMC5928907 DOI: 10.7150/thno.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most widely used diagnostic tools in the clinic. To improve imaging quality, MRI contrast agents, which can modulate local T1 and T2 relaxation times, are often injected prior to or during MRI scans. However, clinically used contrast agents, including Gd3+-based chelates and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), afford mediocre contrast abilities. To address this issue, there has been extensive research on developing alternative MRI contrast agents with superior r1 and r2 relaxivities. These efforts are facilitated by the fast progress in nanotechnology, which allows for preparation of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with varied size, shape, crystallinity, and composition. Studies suggest that surface coatings can also largely affect T1 and T2 relaxations and can be tailored in favor of a high r1 or r2. However, the surface impact of NPs has been less emphasized. Herein, we review recent progress on developing NP-based T1 and T2 contrast agents, with a focus on the surface impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, ErDao District, Changchun 13033, China
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kai Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ian Delahunty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Shi Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, ErDao District, Changchun 13033, China
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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13
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Liu Y, Ji X, Tong WWL, Askhatova D, Yang T, Cheng H, Wang Y, Shi J. Engineering Multifunctional RNAi Nanomedicine To Concurrently Target Cancer Hallmarks for Combinatorial Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Winnie W. L. Tong
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Diana Askhatova
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics; British Columbia Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics; British Columbia Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
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14
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Liu Y, Ji X, Tong WWL, Askhatova D, Yang T, Cheng H, Wang Y, Shi J. Engineering Multifunctional RNAi Nanomedicine To Concurrently Target Cancer Hallmarks for Combinatorial Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1510-1513. [PMID: 29276823 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer hallmarks allow the complexity and heterogeneity of tumor biology to be better understood, leading to the discovery of various promising targets for cancer therapy. An amorphous iron oxide nanoparticle (NP)-based RNAi strategy is developed to co-target two cancer hallmarks. The NP technology can modulate the glycolysis pathway by silencing MCT4 to induce tumor cell acidosis, and concurrently exacerbate oxidative stress in tumor cells via the Fenton-like reaction. This strategy has the following features for systemic siRNA delivery: 1) siRNA encapsulation within NPs for improving systemic stability; 2) effective endosomal escape through osmotic pressure and/or endosomal membrane oxidation; 3) small size for enhancing tumor tissue penetration; and 4) triple functions (RNAi, Fenton-like reaction, and MRI) for combinatorial therapy and in vivo tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Winnie W L Tong
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Diana Askhatova
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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15
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Cruz-Vargas J, Belmont-Bernal F, Vera-De la Garza CG, Pérez Mazariego JL, Gómez González RW, Henao-Holguín LV, Rojas-Montoya ID, Guadarrama P. Accelerated one-pot synthesis of coated magnetic nanoparticles from iron(ii) as a single precursor. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New one-pot synthesis involving a non-conventional stirring regime to obtain coated magnetic nanoparticles characterized by physical and chemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cruz-Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Laboratorio de Materiales Funcionales Orgánicos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
- Mexico
| | - Fernando Belmont-Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Laboratorio de Materiales Funcionales Orgánicos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
- Mexico
| | - César Gabriel Vera-De la Garza
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Laboratorio de Materiales Funcionales Orgánicos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
- Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Dario Rojas-Montoya
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
- Mexico
| | - Patricia Guadarrama
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Laboratorio de Materiales Funcionales Orgánicos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
- Mexico
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16
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Chen YT, Kolhatkar AG, Zenasni O, Xu S, Lee TR. Biosensing Using Magnetic Particle Detection Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2300. [PMID: 28994727 PMCID: PMC5676660 DOI: 10.3390/s17102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particles are widely used as signal labels in a variety of biological sensing applications, such as molecular detection and related strategies that rely on ligand-receptor binding. In this review, we explore the fundamental concepts involved in designing magnetic particles for biosensing applications and the techniques used to detect them. First, we briefly describe the magnetic properties that are important for bio-sensing applications and highlight the associated key parameters (such as the starting materials, size, functionalization methods, and bio-conjugation strategies). Subsequently, we focus on magnetic sensing applications that utilize several types of magnetic detection techniques: spintronic sensors, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensors, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), sensors based on the atomic magnetometer (AM), and others. From the studies reported, we note that the size of the MPs is one of the most important factors in choosing a sensing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Arati G Kolhatkar
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Oussama Zenasni
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Shoujun Xu
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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17
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18
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Synthesis of Magnetic Composites Based on Waste Low Density Polyethylene Wax and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Methyl Green Adsorption. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-017-0565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Trabulo S, Aires A, Aicher A, Heeschen C, Cortajarena AL. Multifunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles for selective targeting of pancreatic cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1597-1605. [PMID: 28161480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine nowadays offers novel solutions in cancer therapy by introducing multimodal treatments in one single formulation. In addition, nanoparticles act as nanocarriers changing the solubility, biodistribution and efficiency of the therapeutic molecules, thus generating more efficient treatments and reducing their side effects. To apply these novel therapeutic approaches, efforts are focused on the multi-functionalization of the nanoparticles and will open up new avenues to advanced combinational therapies. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a cancer with unmet medical needs. Abundant expression of the anti-phagocytosis signal CD47 has also been observed on pancreatic cancer cells, in particular a subset of cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for resistance to standard therapy and metastatic potential. CD47 receptor is found on pancreatic cancer and highly expressed on CSCs, but not on normal pancreas. Inhibiting CD47 using monoclonal antibodies has been shown as an effective strategy to treat PDAC in vivo. However, CD47 inhibition effectively slowed tumor growth only in combination with Gemcitabine or Abraxane. In this work, we present the generation of multifunctionalized iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that include the anti-CD47 antibody and the chemotherapeutic drug Gemcitabine in a single formulation. We demonstrate the in vitro efficacy of the formulation against CD47-positive pancreatic cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Recent Advances in Bionanomaterials" Guest Editor: Dr. Marie-Louise Saboungi and Dr. Samuel D. Bader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trabulo
- Stem Cells & Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer & Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Antonio Aires
- CIC BiomaGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián 20009, Spain; IMDEA Nanociencia and Nanobiotechnology Unit associated to Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- Stem Cells & Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- Stem Cells & Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer & Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- CIC BiomaGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián 20009, Spain; IMDEA Nanociencia and Nanobiotechnology Unit associated to Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Mª Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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20
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Roy Chowdhury M, Schumann C, Bhakta-Guha D, Guha G. Cancer nanotheranostics: Strategies, promises and impediments. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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21
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Jin H, Qian Y, Dai Y, Qiao S, Huang C, Lu L, Luo Q, Chen J, Zhang Z. Magnetic Enrichment of Dendritic Cell Vaccine in Lymph Node with Fluorescent-Magnetic Nanoparticles Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2000-2014. [PMID: 27698936 PMCID: PMC5039339 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) migration to the lymph node is a key component of DC-based immunotherapy. However, the DC homing rate to the lymphoid tissues is poor, thus hindering the DC-mediated activation of antigen-specific T cells. Here, we developed a system using fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles (α-AP-fmNPs; loaded with antigen peptide, iron oxide nanoparticles, and indocyanine green) in combination with magnetic pull force (MPF) to successfully manipulate DC migration in vitro and in vivo. α-AP-fmNPs endowed DCs with MPF-responsiveness, antigen presentation, and simultaneous optical and magnetic resonance imaging detectability. We showed for the first time that α-AP-fmNP-loaded DCs were sensitive to MPF, and their migration efficiency could be dramatically improved both in vitro and in vivo through MPF treatment. Due to the enhanced migration of DCs, MPF treatment significantly augmented antitumor efficacy of the nanoparticle-loaded DCs. Therefore, we have developed a biocompatible approach with which to improve the homing efficiency of DCs and subsequent anti-tumor efficacy, and track their migration by multi-modality imaging, with great potential applications for DC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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22
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Soares PIP, Sousa AI, Ferreira IMM, Novo CMM, Borges JP. Towards the development of multifunctional chitosan-based iron oxide nanoparticles: Optimization and modelling of doxorubicin release. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:212-221. [PMID: 27561489 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present work composite nanoparticles with a magnetic core and a chitosan-based shell were produced as drug delivery systems for doxorubicin (DOX). The results show that composite nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter within the nanometric range are able to encapsulate more DOX than polymeric nanoparticles alone corresponding also to a higher drug release. Moreover the synthesis method of the iron oxide nanoparticles influences the total amount of DOX released and a high content of iron oxide nanoparticles inhibits DOX release. The modelling of the experimental results revealed a release mechanism dominated by Fickian diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I P Soares
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Sousa
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel M M Ferreira
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Carlos M M Novo
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, IHMT/UNL, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Borges
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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23
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Miotto G, Magro M, Terzo M, Zaccarin M, Da Dalt L, Bonaiuto E, Baratella D, Gabai G, Vianello F. Protein corona as a proteome fingerprint: The example of hidden biomarkers for cow mastitis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 140:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Yu J, Ju Y, Zhao L, Chu X, Yang W, Tian Y, Sheng F, Lin J, Liu F, Dong Y, Hou Y. Multistimuli-Regulated Photochemothermal Cancer Therapy Remotely Controlled via Fe5C2 Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2016; 10:159-169. [PMID: 26602632 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-controlled drug delivery and release is of great significance in cancer therapy, making a stimuli-responsive drug carrier highly demanded. Herein, a multistimuli-controlled drug carrier was developed by coating bovine serum albumin on Fe5C2 nanoparticles (NPs). With a high loading of the anticancer drug doxorubicin, the nanoplatform provides a burst drug release when exposed to near-infrared (NIR) light or acidic conditions. In vitro experiment demonstrated a NIR-regulated cell inhibition that is ascribed from cellular uptake of the carrier and the combination of photothermal therapy and enhanced drug release. The carrier is also magnetic-field-responsive, which enables targeted drug delivery under the guidance of a magnetic field and monitors the theranostic effect by magnetic resonance imaging. In vivo synergistic effect demonstrates that the magnetic-driven accumulation of NPs can induce a complete tumor inhibition without appreciable side effects to the treated mice by NIR irradiation, due to the combined photochemotherapy. Our results highlight the great potential of Fe5C2 NPs as a remote-controlled platform for photochemothermal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lingyun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | | | - Fugeng Sheng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing 100071, China
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25
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Anik Ü, Timur S. Towards the electrochemical diagnosis of cancer: nanomaterial-based immunosensors and cytosensors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, nanomaterial based electrochemical biosensors including electrochemical immunosensors and cytosensors towards cancer detection are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülkü Anik
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University
- Faculty of Science
- Chemistry Department
- 48000 Mugla
- Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Ege University
- Faculty of Science
- Biochemistry Department
- İzmir
- Turkey
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26
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Mishra NK, Kumar V, Joshi KB. Thermoplasmonic effect of silver nanoparticles modulates peptide amphiphile fiber into nanowreath-like assembly. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20238-20248. [PMID: 26578030 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the beneficial role of di-tryptophan containing short peptide amphiphiles (sPA), for the synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs in the presence of sunlight followed by garlanding of AgNPs along the fibrous network of sPA. Such hybrid structures were precisely and selectively moulded into a nanowreath-type morphology due to the thermoplasmonic effect of AgNPs, and can be used for several bio-nanotechnological applications.
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27
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Zhao L, Zhu J, Cheng Y, Xiong Z, Tang Y, Guo L, Shi X, Zhao J. Chlorotoxin-Conjugated Multifunctional Dendrimers Labeled with Radionuclide 131I for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging and Radiotherapy of Gliomas. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:19798-19808. [PMID: 26291070 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorotoxin-conjugated multifunctional dendrimers labeled with radionuclide 131I were synthesized and utilized for targeted single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and radiotherapy of cancer. In this study, generation five amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers were used as a platform to be sequentially conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), targeting agent chlorotoxin (CTX), and 3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid-OSu (HPAO). This was followed by acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amines and radiolabeling with 131I to form the targeted theranostic dendrimeric nanoplatform. We show that the dendrimer platform possessing approximately 7.7 CTX and 21.1 HPAO moieties on each dendrimer displays excellent cytocompatibility in a given concentration range (0-20 μM) and can specifically target cancer cells overexpressing matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) due to the attached CTX. With the attached HPAO moiety having the phenol group, the dendrimer platform can be effectively labeled with radioactive 131I with good stability and high radiochemical purity. Importantly, the 131I labeling renders the dendrimer platform with an ability to be used for targeted SPECT imaging and radiotherapy of an MMP2-overexpressing glioma model in vivo. The developed radiolabeled multifunctional dendrimeric nanoplatform may hold great promise to be used for targeted theranostics of human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhou Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Xiong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Tang
- Experiment Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilei Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
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28
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Costa C, Brandão F, Bessa MJ, Costa S, Valdiglesias V, Kiliç G, Fernández-Bertólez N, Quaresma P, Pereira E, Pásaro E, Laffon B, Teixeira JP. In vitro cytotoxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on neuronal and glial cells. Evaluation of nanoparticle interference with viability tests. J Appl Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 26212026 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (ION) have attracted great interest for use in several biomedical fields. In general, they are considered biocompatible, but little is known of their effects on the human nervous system. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of two ION (magnetite), coated with silica and oleic acid, previously determining the possible interference of the ION with the methodological procedures to assure the reliability of the results obtained. Human neuroblastoma SHSY5Y and glioblastoma A172 cells were exposed to different concentrations of ION (5-300 µg ml(-1)), prepared in complete and serum-free cell culture medium for three exposure times (3, 6 and 24 h). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by means of the MTT, neutral red uptake and alamar blue assays. Characterization of the main physical-chemical properties of the ION tested was also performed. Results demonstrated that both ION could significantly alter absorbance readings. To reduce these interferences, protocols were modified by introducing additional washing steps and cell-free systems. Significant decreases in cell viability were observed for both cell lines in specific conditions by all assays. In general, oleic acid-coated ION were less cytotoxic than silica-coated ION; besides, a serum-protective effect was observed for both ION studied and cell lines. These results contribute to increase the knowledge of the potential harmful effects of ION on the human nervous system. Understanding these effects is essential to establish satisfactory regulatory policies on the safe use of magnetite nanoparticles in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Costa
- Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bessa
- Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Gözde Kiliç
- DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña, Spain.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Natalia Fernández-Bertólez
- DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña, Spain.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pedro Quaresma
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eulália Pereira
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Pásaro
- DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Blanca Laffon
- DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña, Spain
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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29
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Xi Z, Huang R, Li Z, He N, Wang T, Su E, Deng Y. Selection of HBsAg-Specific DNA Aptamers Based on Carboxylated Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Application in the Rapid and Simple Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11215-23. [PMID: 25970703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides and can be selected from synthetic combinatorial libraries in vitro. They have a high binding affinity and specificity for their targets. Agarose gels, nitrocellulose membranes, and adsorptive microplates are often used as carriers to immobilize targets in the SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) process, but the subsequent separation step is tedious and time-consuming. Therefore, we used magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as carriers to immobilize the target, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), which is convenient for fast magnetic separation. In this study, we first selected DNA aptamers against HBsAg by immobilizing HBsAg on the surface of carboxylated MNPs. The ssDNA library of each selection round was prepared by asymmetric PCR amplification for the next selection round. To obtain aptamer sequences, the final selected products were purified by gel electrophoresis, then cloned, and sequenced. DNA aptamers that specifically bind to HBsAg were successfully obtained after 13 selection rounds. The selected aptamers were used to construct a chemiluminescence aptasensor based on magnetic separation and immunoassay to detect HBsAg from pure protein or actual serum samples. There was a linear relationship between HBsAg concentration and chemiluminescent intensity in the range of 1-200 ng/mL. The aptasensor worked well even in the presence of interfering substances and was highly specific in the detection of HBsAg in serum samples, with a detection limit 0.1 ng/mL lower than the 0.5 ng/mL limit of an ELISA in use at the hospital. This aptasensor can contribute to better detection of hepatitis B virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Xi
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
- ‡School of Life and Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Nongyue He
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
- §Economical Forest Cultivation and Utilization of 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center in Hunan Province, Hunan Key Laboratory of Green Packaging and Application of Biological Nanotechnology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Enben Su
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
- ∥Getein Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Deng
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
- §Economical Forest Cultivation and Utilization of 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center in Hunan Province, Hunan Key Laboratory of Green Packaging and Application of Biological Nanotechnology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
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30
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Yu J, Chu X, Hou Y. Stimuli-responsive cancer therapy based on nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:11614-30. [PMID: 25058003 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03984j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have recently been well investigated for cancer therapy. Among them, those that are responsive to internal or external stimuli are promising due to their flexibility. In this feature article, we provide an overview on stimuli-sensitive cancer therapy, using pH- and reduction-sensitive NPs, as well as light- and magnetic field-responsive NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zeng W, Wang X, Xu P, Liu G, Eden HS, Chen X. Molecular imaging of apoptosis: from micro to macro. Theranostics 2015; 5:559-82. [PMID: 25825597 PMCID: PMC4377726 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is involved in numerous human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer, and is often confused with other types of cell death. Therefore strategies that enable visualized detection of apoptosis would be of enormous benefit in the clinic for diagnosis, patient management, and development of new therapies. In recent years, improved understanding of the apoptotic machinery and progress in imaging modalities have provided opportunities for researchers to formulate microscopic and macroscopic imaging strategies based on well-defined molecular markers and/or physiological features. Correspondingly, a large collection of apoptosis imaging probes and approaches have been documented in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we mainly discuss microscopic imaging assays and macroscopic imaging probes, ranging in complexity from simple attachments of reporter moieties to proteins that interact with apoptotic biomarkers, to rationally designed probes that target biochemical changes. Their clinical translation will also be our focus.
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Martínez-Mancera FD, García-López P, Hernández-López JL. Pre-clinical validation study of a miniaturized electrochemical immunoassay based on square wave voltammetry for early detection of carcinoembryonic antigen in human serum. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:199-205. [PMID: 25689793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ELISA format for measuring carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) serves as a reference standard against which other assays are compared. Because the World Health Organization (WHO) increasingly recommends the use of serum CEA as a diagnostic tool for cancer, it is relevant to explore the reliability of the new decentralized CEA point-of-care-testing (POCT) technologies that are available to physicians and patients, in compliance with mandates of the clinical laboratories' regulatory agencies. METHODS Electrochemical immunoassay (ECIA) based on trace lead (Pb) analysis by anodic stripping techniques using sandwich-type immunocomplex conjugates: (MB)Ab/AgCEA/Ab(PbS), and a commercial ELISA test system with optical transmission. RESULTS The ECIA provides better analytical performance than does the ELISA. The within assay precision coefficient of variance (%CVw) of the ECIA is lower than the value recommended by the Hong Kong Association of Medical Laboratories (HKAML), and the recoveries of CEA at 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 ng/ml are in the range of 99-110% for control serum samples. The ECIA showed a minimal positive bias of 0.0267 ± 0.3270 ng/ml (P=0.9389). CONCLUSIONS The proposed CEA screening technology can be practically employed for decentralized clinical analysis of CEA in human serum. Therefore, it can be viewed as a control method for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Dolores Martínez-Mancera
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro S/N, P.O. Box 064, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro C.P. 76703, Mexico
| | - Patricia García-López
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Del. Tlalpan, México, D.F., C.P. 14080, Mexico
| | - José Luis Hernández-López
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro S/N, P.O. Box 064, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro C.P. 76703, Mexico.
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Verma VK, Kamaraju SR, Kancherla R, Kona LK, Beevi SS, Debnath T, Usha SP, Vadapalli R, Arbab AS, Chelluri LK. Fluorescent magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for cardiac precursor cell selection from stromal vascular fraction and optimization for magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:711-26. [PMID: 25653519 PMCID: PMC4309779 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been used to label cells for imaging as well as for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this study was to modify the approach to develop a nanoprobe for cell selection and imaging with a direct therapeutic translational focus. The approach involves physical coincubation and adsorption of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-polyethylene glycol (SPION-PEG) complexes with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) or a set of antibodies. Flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, iron staining, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess cell viability, function, and labeling efficiency. This process has been validated by selecting adipose tissue-derived cardiac progenitor cells from the stromal vascular fraction using signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA)/kinase domain receptor (KDR) mAbs. These markers were chosen because of their sustained expression during cardiomyocyte differentiation. Sorting of cells positive for SIRPA and KDR allowed the enrichment of cardiac progenitors with 90% troponin-I positivity in differentiation cultures. SPION labeled cardiac progenitor cells (1×10(5) cells) was mixed with gel and used for 3T magnetic resonance imaging at a concentration, as low as 12.5 μg of iron. The toxicity assays, at cellular and molecular levels, did not show any detrimental effects of SPION. Our study has the potential to achieve moderate to high specific cell selection for the dual purpose of imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Verma
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suguna Ratnakar Kamaraju
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravindranath Kancherla
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lakshmi K Kona
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Syed Sultan Beevi
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tanya Debnath
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shalini P Usha
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ali Syed Arbab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kiran Chelluri
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
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Katagiri K, Ohta K, Sako K, Inumaru K, Hayashi K, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Development and Potential Theranostic Applications of a Self-Assembled Hybrid of Magnetic Nanoparticle Clusters with Polysaccharide Nanogels. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jin B, Wang P, Mao H, Hu B, Zhang H, Cheng Z, Wu Z, Bian X, Jia C, Jing F, Jin Q, Zhao J. Multi-nanomaterial electrochemical biosensor based on label-free graphene for detecting cancer biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 55:464-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
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Cheng Q, Li JF, Zhang L, Liu L. Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Clinical Application: Electrochemical Immunoassay of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and α-Fetoprotein. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.848362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Huang YF, Chiang WH, Huang WC, Chen HH, Shen MY, Lin SC, Chern CS, Chiu HC. pH-responsive hierarchical transformation of charged lipid assemblies within polyelectrolyte gel layers with applications for controlled drug release and MR imaging contrast. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4988-4992. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cationic DOTAP assemblies within poly(acrylic acid) gel effectively modulate drug release and MR imaging contrast by pH-induced morphological transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fong Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chia Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yin Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery
- National Taiwan University Hospital-Hsinchu Branch
| | - Sung-Chyr Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chorng-Shyan Chern
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Multifunctional superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Promising tools in cancer theranostics. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hayashi K, Nakamura M, Sakamoto W, Yogo T, Miki H, Ozaki S, Abe M, Matsumoto T, Ishimura K. Superparamagnetic nanoparticle clusters for cancer theranostics combining magnetic resonance imaging and hyperthermia treatment. Theranostics 2013; 3:366-76. [PMID: 23781284 PMCID: PMC3677408 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) could enable cancer theranostics if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic hyperthermia treatment (MHT) were combined. However, the particle size of SPIONs is smaller than the pores of fenestrated capillaries in normal tissues because superparamagnetism is expressed only at a particle size <10 nm. Therefore, SPIONs leak from the capillaries of normal tissues, resulting in low accumulation in tumors. Furthermore, MHT studies have been conducted in an impractical way: direct injection of magnetic materials into tumor and application of hazardous alternating current (AC) magnetic fields. To accomplish effective enhancement of MRI contrast agents in tumors and inhibition of tumor growth by MHT with intravenous injection and a safe AC magnetic field, we clustered SPIONs not only to prevent their leakage from fenestrated capillaries in normal tissues, but also for increasing their relaxivity and the specific absorption rate. We modified the clusters with folic acid (FA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to promote their accumulation in tumors. SPION clustering and cluster modification with FA and PEG were achieved simultaneously via the thiol-ene click reaction. Twenty-four hours after intravenous injection of FA- and PEG-modified SPION nanoclusters (FA-PEG-SPION NCs), they accumulated locally in cancer (not necrotic) tissues within the tumor and enhanced the MRI contrast. Furthermore, 24 h after intravenous injection of the NCs, the mice were placed in an AC magnetic field with H = 8 kA/m and f = 230 kHz (Hf = 1.8×109 A/m∙s) for 20 min. The tumors of the mice underwent local heating by application of an AC magnetic field. The temperature of the tumor was higher than the surrounding tissues by ≈6°C at 20 min after treatment. Thirty-five days after treatment, the tumor volume of treated mice was one-tenth that of the control mice. Furthermore, the treated mice were alive after 12 weeks; control mice died up to 8 weeks after treatment.
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Abstract
Nanotheranostics, the integration of diagnostic and therapeutic function in one system using the benefits of nanotechnology, is extremely attractive for personalized medicine. Because treating cancer is not a one-size-fits-all scenario, it requires therapy to be adapted to the patient's specific biomolecules. Personalized and precision medicine (PM) does just that. It identifies biomarkers to gain an understanding of the diagnosis and in turn treating the specific disorder based on the precise diagnosis. By predominantly utilizing the unique properties of nanoparticles to achieve biomarker identification and drug delivery, nanotheranostics can be applied to noninvasively discover and target image biomarkers and further deliver treatment based on the biomarker distribution. This is a large and hopeful role theranostics must fill. However, as described in this expert opinion, current nanotechnology-based theranostics systems engineered for PM applications are not yet sufficient. PM is an ever-growing field that will be a driving force for future discoveries in biomedicine, especially cancer theranostics. In this article, the authors dissect the requirements for successful nanotheranostics-based PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyung Kim
- The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seulki Lee
- The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Gandhi S, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM. Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility evaluation of iron oxide incorporated magnetic mesoporous silica. Dalton Trans 2013; 41:12530-7. [PMID: 22955063 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30853c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a thermal process, a facile, low cost, one-step approach for preparing iron oxide (Fe(2)O(3)) incorporated ordered magnetic mesoporous silica nanocomposites by a co-operative self-assembly approach is presented. Various mesostructured silica materials incorporated with different amounts of iron oxide (nSi/nFe = 1/1, 1/0.5, 1/0.25 and 1/0.123) at various pH (<1, 3, 5 and 7) were synthesized and characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. Further, the surface area and magnetic properties were evaluated using N(2)-sorption analyses, and a superconducting quantum interference device interfaced with a vibrating sample magnetometer (SQUID-VSM) respectively. The transmission electron micrographs and nitrogen sorption analysis indicated that most of the Fe(2)O(3) domains of several nanometers were embedded in the silica walls, rather than dispersed in the mesopores. The incorporation of iron oxide into the mesopores without compromising the structural and textural properties was achieved at pH < 1. These structures have great potential in diagnostics and therapeutics. However, the acceptance of this material by the biological host is a critical issue for such biomedical applications. In this study, we have also evaluated the in vivo biocompatibility of these magnetic mesoporous materials in a rat model. The histopathological results show that this magnetic material can be classified as a level 2 biomaterial that can be safely used for short term applications such as MRI imaging, hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Gandhi
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur-613 401, India
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Ragheb RRT, Kim D, Bandyopadhyay A, Chahboune H, Bulutoglu B, Ezaldein H, Criscione JM, Fahmy TM. Induced clustered nanoconfinement of superparamagnetic iron oxide in biodegradable nanoparticles enhances transverse relaxivity for targeted theranostics. Magn Reson Med 2013; 70:1748-60. [PMID: 23401099 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combined therapeutic and diagnostic agents, "theranostics" are emerging valuable tools for noninvasive imaging and drug delivery. Here, we report on a solid biodegradable multifunctional nanoparticle that combines both features. METHODS Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles were engineered to confine superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast for magnetic resonance imaging while enabling controlled drug delivery and targeting to specific cells. To achieve this dual modality, fatty acids were used as anchors for surface ligands and for encapsulated iron oxide in the polymer matrix. RESULTS We demonstrate that fatty acid modified iron oxide prolonged retention of the contrast agent in the polymer matrix during degradative release of drug. Antibody-fatty acid surface modification facilitated cellular targeting and subsequent internalization in cells while inducing clustering of encapsulated fatty-acid modified superparamagnetic iron oxide during particle formulation. This induced clustered confinement led to an aggregation within the nanoparticle and, hence, higher transverse relaxivity, r2 , (294 mM(-1) s(-1) ) compared with nanoparticles without fatty-acid ligands (160 mM(-1) s(-1) ) and higher than commercially available superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (89 mM(-1) s(-1) ). CONCLUSION Clustering of superparamagnetic iron oxide in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) did not affect the controlled release of encapsulated drugs such as methotrexate or clodronate and their subsequent pharmacological activity, thus highlighting the full theranostic capability of our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragy R T Ragheb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Santo VE, Gomes ME, Mano JF, Reis RL. Controlled release strategies for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral engineering--Part II: challenges on the evolution from single to multiple bioactive factor delivery. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:327-52. [PMID: 23249320 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of controlled release systems for the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and osteochondral interface is one of the hot topics in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the majority of the developed systems consider only the release of a single growth factor, which is a limiting step for the success of the therapy. More recent studies have been focused on the design and tailoring of appropriate combinations of bioactive factors to match the desired goals regarding tissue regeneration. In fact, considering the complexity of extracellular matrix and the diversity of growth factors and cytokines involved in each biological response, it is expected that an appropriate combination of bioactive factors could lead to more successful outcomes in tissue regeneration. In this review, the evolution on the development of dual and multiple bioactive factor release systems for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral interface is overviewed, specifically the relevance of parameters such as dosage and spatiotemporal distribution of bioactive factors. A comprehensive collection of studies focused on the delivery of bioactive factors is also presented while highlighting the increasing impact of platelet-rich plasma as an autologous source of multiple growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor E Santo
- 3Bs Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
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Tang Y, Zou J, Ma C, Ali Z, Li Z, Li X, Ma N, Mou X, Deng Y, Zhang L, Li K, Lu G, Yang H, He N. Highly sensitive and rapid detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on magnetic enrichment and magnetic separation. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:85-92. [PMID: 23424183 PMCID: PMC3575588 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for highly sensitive and rapid detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, based on magnetic enrichment and magnetic separation, is described in this paper. The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were applied to adsorb genome DNA after the sample was lysed. The DNA binding MNPs were directly subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify gyrB specific sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The biotin labeled PCR products were detected by chemiluminescence when they were successively incubated with the probes-modified MNPs and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) labeled streptavidin (SA). Agarose gel electrophoresis analyses approved the method of in situ PCR to be highly reliable. The factors which could affect the chemiluminiscence were studied in detail. The results showed that the MNPs of 400 nm in diameter are beneficial to the detection. The sequence length and the binding site of the probe with a target sequence have obvious effects on the detection. The optimal concentration of the probes, hybridization temperature and hybridization time were 10 μM, 60 ºC and 60 mins, respectively. The method of in situ PCR based on MNPs can greatly improve the utilization rate of the DNA template ultimately enhancing the detection sensitivity. Experiment results proved that the primer and probe had high specificity, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was successfully detected with detection limits as low as 10 cfu/mL by this method, while the detection of a single Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also be achieved.
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Li S, Liu H, Jia Y, Deng Y, Zhang L, Lu Z, He N. A Novel SNPs Detection Method Based on Gold Magnetic Nanoparticles Array and Single Base Extension. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:967-75. [PMID: 23139724 PMCID: PMC3493202 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To fulfill the increasing need for large-scale genetic research, a high-throughput and automated SNPs genotyping method based on gold magnetic nanoparticles (GMNPs) array and dual-color single base extension has been designed. After amplification of DNA templates, biotinylated extension primers were captured by streptavidin coated gold magnetic nanoparticle (SA-GMNPs). Next a solid-phase, dual-color single base extension (SBE) reaction with the specific biotinylated primer was performed directly on the surface of the GMNPs. Finally, a “bead array” was fabricated by spotting GMNPs with fluorophore on a clean glass slide, and the genotype of each sample was discriminated by scanning the “bead array”. MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism of 320 individual samples were interrogated using this method, the signal/noise ratio for homozygous samples were over 12.33, while the signal/noise ratio for heterozygous samples was near 1. Compared with other dual-color hybridization based genotyping methods, the method described here gives a higher signal/noise ratio and SNP loci can be identified with a high level of confidence. This assay has the advantage of eliminating the need for background subtraction and direct analysis of the fluorescence values of the GMNPs to determine their genotypes without the necessary procedures for purification and complex reduction of PCR products. The application of this strategy to large-scale SNP studies simplifies the process, and reduces the labor required to produce highly sensitive results while improving the potential for automation.
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Wang Z, Huang P, Bhirde A, Jin A, Ma Y, Niu G, Neamati N, Chen X. A nanoscale graphene oxide-peptide biosensor for real-time specific biomarker detection on the cell surface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9768-70. [PMID: 22919703 PMCID: PMC3622590 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31974h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A nanoscale RGD-pyrene-graphene oxide (GO) biosensor was prepared for real-time in situ detection of a cancer cell surface marker, integrin αvβ3. This nanoscale GO-based biosensor is simple, robust, sensitive and of high selectivity. It can also be adapted to other cancer cell surface marker evaluation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; Fax: +1 301-480-1613; Tel: +1 301-451-4246
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. ; Fax: +1 323-442-1390; Tel: +1 323-442-2341
| | - Peng Huang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361005
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; Fax: +1 301-480-1613; Tel: +1 301-451-4246
| | - Ashwinkumar Bhirde
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; Fax: +1 301-480-1613; Tel: +1 301-451-4246
| | - Albert Jin
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; Fax: +1 301-480-1613; Tel: +1 301-451-4246
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; Fax: +1 301-480-1613; Tel: +1 301-451-4246
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. ; Fax: +1 323-442-1390; Tel: +1 323-442-2341
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; Fax: +1 301-480-1613; Tel: +1 301-451-4246
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Vatansever F, Chandran R, Sadasivam M, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Multi-Functionality in Theranostic Nanoparticles: is more Always Better? JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE & NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:120. [PMID: 23565346 PMCID: PMC3615455 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000e120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Vatansever
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rakkiyappan Chandran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Magesh Sadasivam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Long Y Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering Technology, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Chikkaveeraiah BV, Bhirde AA, Morgan NY, Eden HS, Chen X. Electrochemical immunosensors for detection of cancer protein biomarkers. ACS NANO 2012; 6:6546-61. [PMID: 22835068 PMCID: PMC3429657 DOI: 10.1021/nn3023969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bioanalytical methods have experienced unprecedented growth in recent years, driven in large part by the need for faster, more sensitive, more portable ("point of care") systems to detect protein biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. Electrochemical detection strategies, used in conjunction with immunosensors, offer advantages because they are fast, simple, and low cost. Recent developments in electrochemical immunosensors have significantly improved the sensitivity needed to detect low concentrations of biomarkers present in early stages of cancer. Moreover, the coupling of electrochemical devices with nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, magnetic particles, and quantum dots, offers multiplexing capability for simultaneous measurements of multiple cancer biomarkers. This review will discuss recent advances in the development of electrochemical immunosensors for the next generation of cancer diagnostics, with an emphasis on opportunities for further improvement in cancer diagnostics and treatment monitoring. Details will be given for strategies to increase sensitivity through multilabel amplification, coupled with high densities of capture molecules on sensor surfaces. Such sensors are capable of detecting a wide range of protein quantities, from nanogram to femtogram (depending on the protein biomarkers of interest), in a single sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskara V Chikkaveeraiah
- Microfabrication and Microfluidics Unit, Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Bhirde AA, Kapoor A, Liu G, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Jin A, Zhang G, Xing R, Lee S, Leapman RD, Gutkind JS, Chen X. Nuclear mapping of nanodrug delivery systems in dynamic cellular environments. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4966-72. [PMID: 22540867 PMCID: PMC3383922 DOI: 10.1021/nn300516g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoformulations have shown great promise for delivering chemotherapeutics and hold tremendous clinical relevance. However nuclear mapping of the chemodrugs is important to predict the success of the nanoformulation. In this study fluorescence microscopy and a subcellular tracking algorithm were used to map the diffusion of chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer cells. Positively charged nanoparticles efficiently carried the chemodrug across the cell membrane. The algorithm helped map free drug and drug-loaded nanoparticles, revealing a varying nuclear diffusion pattern of the chemotherapeutics in drug-sensitive and -resistant cells in a live dynamic cellular environment. While the drug-sensitive cells showed an exponential uptake of the drug with time, resistant cells showed random and asymmetric drug distribution. Moreover nanoparticles carrying the drug remained in the perinuclear region, while the drug accumulated in the cell nuclei. The tracking approach has enabled us to predict the therapeutic success of different nanoscale formulations of doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwinkumar A. Bhirde
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ankur Kapoor
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gang Liu
- Center for Molecular imaging and translational medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Albert Jin
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20982, USA
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20982, USA
| | - Ruijun Xing
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seulki Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard D. Leapman
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20982, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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