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Tempone AG, Pieper P, Borborema SET, Thevenard F, Lago JHG, Croft SL, Anderson EA. Marine alkaloids as bioactive agents against protozoal neglected tropical diseases and malaria. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:2214-2235. [PMID: 34913053 PMCID: PMC8672869 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2021Natural products are an important resource in drug discovery, directly or indirectly delivering numerous small molecules for potential development as human medicines. Among the many classes of natural products, alkaloids have a rich history of therapeutic applications. The extensive chemodiversity of alkaloids found in the marine environment has attracted considerable attention for such uses, while the scarcity of these natural materials has stimulated efforts towards their total synthesis. This review focuses on the biological activity of marine alkaloids (covering 2000 to up to 2021) towards Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) caused by protozoan parasites, and malaria. Chemotherapy represents the only form of treatment for Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and malaria, but there is currently a restricted arsenal of drugs, which often elicit severe adverse effects, show variable efficacy or resistance, or are costly. Natural product scaffolds have re-emerged as a focus of academic drug discovery programmes, offering a different resource to discover new chemical entities with new modes of action. In this review, the potential of a range of marine alkaloids is analyzed, accompanied by coverage of synthetic efforts that enable further studies of key antiprotozoal natural product scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre G Tempone
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Pauline Pieper
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Samanta E T Borborema
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Thevenard
- Centre of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Sao Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Joao Henrique G Lago
- Centre of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Sao Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Simon L Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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2
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Mitra AK. Sesquicentennial birth anniversary of carbazole, a multifaceted wonder molecule: a revisit to its synthesis, photophysical and biological studies. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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3
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Heravi MM, Abedian‐Dehaghani N, Zadsirjan V, Rangraz Y. Catalytic Function of Cu (I) and Cu (II) in Total Synthesis of Alkaloids. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid M. Heravi
- Department of Chemistry School of Physics and Chemistry Alzahra University, PO.Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran
| | - Neda Abedian‐Dehaghani
- Department of Chemistry School of Physics and Chemistry Alzahra University, PO.Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry School of Physics and Chemistry Alzahra University, PO.Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran
| | - Yalda Rangraz
- Department of Chemistry School of Physics and Chemistry Alzahra University, PO.Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran
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4
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Chambers GE, Sayan AE, Brown RCD. The synthesis of biologically active indolocarbazole natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1794-1820. [PMID: 33666619 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00096e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020The indolocarbazoles, in particular indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole derivatives, are an important class of natural products that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. There has been a plethora of synthetic approaches to this family of natural products, leading to advances in chemical methodology, as well as affording access to molecular scaffolds central to protein kinase drug discovery programmes. In this review, we compile and summarise the synthetic approaches to the indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole derivatives, spanning the period from their isolation in 1980 up to 2020. The selected natural products include indolocarbazoles not functionalised at indolic nitrogen, pyranosylated indolocarbazoles, furanosylated indolocarbazoles and disaccharideindolocarbazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Chambers
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - A Emre Sayan
- University of Southampton Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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5
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Lam AYF, Vuong D, Jex AR, Piggott AM, Lacey E, Emery-Corbin SJ. TriTOX: A novel Trichomonas vaginalis assay platform for high-throughput screening of compound libraries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 15:68-80. [PMID: 33601283 PMCID: PMC7897990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a neglected urogenital parasitic protist that causes 170 million cases of trichomoniasis annually, making it the most prevalent non-viral, sexually transmitted disease. Trichomoniasis treatment relies on nitroheterocyclics, such as metronidazole. However, with increasing drug-resistance, there is an urgent need for novel anti-trichomonals. Little progress has been made to translate anti-trichomonal research into commercialised therapeutics, and the absence of a standardised compound-screening platform is the immediate stumbling block for drug-discovery. Herein, we describe a simple, cost-effective growth assay for T. vaginalis and the related Tritrichomonas foetus. Tracking changes in pH were a valid indicator of trichomonad growth (T. vaginalis and T. foetus), allowing development of a miniaturised, chromogenic growth assay based on the phenol red indicator in 96- and 384-well microtiter plate formats. The outputs of this assay can be quantitatively and qualitatively assessed, with consistent dynamic ranges based on Z' values of 0.741 and 0.870 across medium- and high-throughput formats, respectively. We applied this high-throughput format within the largest pure-compound microbial metabolite screen (812 compounds) for T. vaginalis and identified 43 hit compounds. We compared these identified compounds to mammalian cell lines, and highlighted extensive overlaps between anti-trichomonal and anti-tumour activity. Lastly, observing nanomolar inhibition of T. vaginalis by fumagillin, and noting this compound has reported activity in other protists, we performed in silico analyses of the interaction of fumagillin with its molecular target methionine aminopeptidase 2 for T. vaginalis, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, highlighting potential for fumagillin as a broad-spectrum anti-protistal against microaerophilic protists. Together, this new platform will accelerate drug-discovery efforts, underpin drug-resistance screening in trichomonads, and contributing to a growing body of evidence highlighting the potential of microbial natural products as novel anti-protistals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y F Lam
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Vuong
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Piggott
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, Australia; Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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6
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An account of synthetic strategies towards indolocarbazole alkaloids: Arcyriaflavin A and staurosporinone. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Khosravi Babadi Z, Ebrahimipour G, Wink J, Narmani A, Risdian C. Isolation and identification of Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk, a good producer of Staurosporine and some derivatives. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:206-218. [PMID: 33058293 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, strain Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk was isolated based on a method developed for the isolation of myxobacteria. Due to the low efficiency of the majority of conventional DNA extraction techniques, for molecular identification of the strain Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk, a new technique for DNA extraction of Actinobacteria was developed. In order to explore potential bioactivities of the strain, extracts of the fermented broth culture were prepared by an organic solvent (i.e. ethyl acetate) extraction method using. These ethyl acetate extracts were subjected to HPLC fractionation against standard micro-organisms, followed by LC/MS analysis. Based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence data, strain Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk is likely to be a new species of Streptomyces, close to Streptomyces genecies and Streptomyces roseolilacinus. Antimicrobial assay indicated high antifungal activity as well as antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Gram-positive bacteria for the new strain. HPLC and LC/MS analyses of the extracts led to the identification of three different compounds and confirmed our hypothesis that the interesting species of the genus Streptomyces being a good producer of staurosporine and some derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Khosravi Babadi
- Department of Microbiology & Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University GC, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Strain Collection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - G Ebrahimipour
- Department of Microbiology & Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University GC, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Wink
- Microbial Strain Collection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Narmani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C Risdian
- Microbial Strain Collection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.,Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, Indonesia
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8
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Baudoin O. Mehrfache katalytische C‐H‐Bindungsfunktionalisierungen in der Naturstoffsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Baudoin
- University of Basel Department of Chemistry St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Schweiz
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9
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Baudoin O. Multiple Catalytic C-H Bond Functionalization for Natural Product Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17798-17809. [PMID: 32220111 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, multiple catalytic C-H bond functionalization has been successfully applied in natural product synthesis as a strategy to reduce the number of steps, increase overall yield and employ more easily available starting materials. This minireview presents selected examples making use of multiple C-H bond functionalization in conceptually different ways. First, linear syntheses are discussed, wherein multiple C-H functionalization is employed either from simple (hetero)cyclic cores, at a late stage, or to build polycyclic systems. Second, the use of multiple C-H functionalization as a strategic tool in convergent synthesis to access and couple complex fragments is discussed. Information on the scalability of the employed methods is provided when available. The presented cases indicate that multiple C-H functionalization strategies should play a great role to shape the future synthesis of functional complex molecules with improved sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Baudoin
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Zenkov RG, Ektova LV, Vlasova OА, Belitskiy GА, Yakubovskaya MG, Kirsanov KI. Indolo[2,3-a]carbazoles: diversity, biological properties, application in antitumor therapy. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Guan H, Li Y, Zheng J, Liu N, Zhang J, Tan H. Important role of a LAL regulator StaR in the staurosporine biosynthesis and high-production of Streptomyces fradiae CGMCC 4.576. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1638-1654. [PMID: 31820200 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Staurosporine, belonging to indolocarbazole compounds, is regarded as an excellent lead compound for synthesizing antitumor agents as a potent inhibitor against various protein kinases. In this study, two separate clusters (cluster A and cluster B), corresponding to biosyntheses of K-252c (staurosporine aglycone) and sugar moiety, were identified in Streptomyces fradiae CGMCC 4.576 and heterologously expressed in Streptomyces coelicolor M1146 separately or together. StaR, a cluster-situated LAL family regulator, activates staurosporine biosynthesis by binding to the promoter regions of staO-staC and staG-staN. The conserved sequences GGGGG and GCGCG were found through gradually truncating promoters of staO and staG, and further determined by mutational experiments. Overexpression of staR with the supplementation of 0.01 g L-1 FeSO4 increased staurosporine production to 5.2-fold compared with that of the parental strain Streptomyces fradiae CGMCC 4.576 in GYM medium. Our results provided an approach for improvement of staurosporine production mediated by a positive regulator and established the basis for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of other indolocarbazole compounds with clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanye Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jiazhen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huarong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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Singh S, Samineni R, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. A General Carbazole Synthesis via Stitching of Indole–Ynones with Nitromethanes: Application to Total Synthesis of Carbazomycin A, Calothrixin B, and Staurosporinone. Org Lett 2019; 21:3372-3376. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ramesh Samineni
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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13
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14
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Deka SJ, Roy A, Manna D, Trivedi V. Integrating virtual screening and biochemical experimental approach to identify potential anti-cancer agents from drug databank. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2018; 16:1850002. [PMID: 29566637 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720018500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical libraries constitute a reservoir of pharmacophoric molecules to identify potent anti-cancer agents. Virtual screening of heterocyclic compound library in conjugation with the agonist-competition assay, toxicity-carcinogenicity analysis, and string-based structural searches enabled us to identify several drugs as potential anti-cancer agents targeting protein kinase C (PKC) as a target. Molecular modeling study indicates that Cinnarizine fits well within the PKC C2 domain and exhibits extensive interaction with the protein residues. Molecular dynamics simulation of PKC-Cinnarizine complex at different temperatures (300, 325, 350, 375, and 400[Formula: see text]K) confirms that Cinnarizine fits nicely into the C2 domain and forms a stable complex. The drug Cinnarizine was found to bind PKC with a dissociation constant Kd of [Formula: see text]M. The breast cancer cells stimulated with Cinnarizine causes translocation of PKC-[Formula: see text] to the plasma membrane as revealed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence studies. Cinnarizine also dose dependently reduced the viability of MDAMB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells with an IC[Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]g/mL, respectively. It is due to the disturbance of cell cycle of breast cancer cells with reduction of S-phase and accumulation of cells in G1-phase. It disturbs mitochondrial membrane potentials to release cytochrome C into the cytosol and activates caspase-3 to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. The cell death was due to induction of apoptosis involving mitochondrial pathway. Hence, the current study has assigned an additional role to Cinnarizine as an activator of PKC and potentials of the approach to identify new molecules for anti-cancer therapy. Thus, in silico screening along with biochemical experimentation is a robust approach to assign additional roles to the drugs present in the databank for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Jyoti Deka
- * Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ashalata Roy
- † Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Debasis Manna
- † Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- * Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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15
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Mowery P, Banales Mejia F, Franceschi CL, Kean MH, Kwansare DO, Lafferty MM, Neerukonda ND, Rolph CE, Truax NJ, Pelkey ET. Synthesis and evaluation of the anti-proliferative activity of diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones and fused analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:191-195. [PMID: 27916489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Analogs containing a central 3-pyrrolin-2-one core with different methoxyphenyl and/or indole substituents were prepared and tested for anti-proliferative activity in U-937 cells. The most efficacious analogs were non-rigid, (non-fused) contained methoxyaryl groups located at the 4-position, and contained either methoxyaryl or indole groups located at the 3-position. Both the number of methoxy groups contained in the substituents and the particular location of the indole rings with respect to the lactam carbonyl had significant affects on anti-proliferative activity. This work provides a framework to better understand structure-activity relationships for inducing anti-proliferative activity in diaryl heterocyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mowery
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
| | | | | | - Maeve H Kean
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Deborah O Kwansare
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Megan M Lafferty
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Namita D Neerukonda
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Carly E Rolph
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Nathanyal J Truax
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Erin T Pelkey
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
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16
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O'Connor NR, Wood JL, Stoltz BM. Synthetic Applications and Methodological Developments of Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes and Related Compounds. Isr J Chem 2016; 56:431-444. [PMID: 31118539 PMCID: PMC6527366 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201500089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor cyclopropanes are convenient precursors to reactive and versatile 1,3-dipoles, and have found application in the synthesis of a variety of carbo- and heterocyclic scaffolds. This perspective review details our laboratory's use of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes as intermediates toward the total synthesis of various natural products. We also discuss our work in the development of novel cycloadditions and rearrangements of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes and aziridines, as well as an example of an aryne insertion proceeding via fragmentation of a transient donor-acceptor cyclobutane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R O'Connor
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - John L Wood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798 (USA)
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
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17
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Fox JC, Gilligan RE, Pitts AK, Bennett HR, Gaunt MJ. The total synthesis of K-252c (staurosporinone) via a sequential C-H functionalisation strategy. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2706-2710. [PMID: 28660044 PMCID: PMC5477024 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthesis of the bioactive indolocarbazole alkaloid K-252c (staurosporinone) via a sequential C-H functionalisation strategy is reported. The route exploits direct functionalisation reactions around a simple arene core and comprises of two highly-selective copper-catalysed C-H arylations, a copper-catalysed C-H amination and a palladium-catalysed C-H carbonylation, which build up the structural complexity of the natural product framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fox
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - R E Gilligan
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - A K Pitts
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - H R Bennett
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - M J Gaunt
- Department of Chemistry , Department of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
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18
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Elshahawi SI, Shaaban KA, Kharel MK, Thorson JS. A comprehensive review of glycosylated bacterial natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7591-697. [PMID: 25735878 PMCID: PMC4560691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of all naturally-occurring glycosylated bacterial secondary metabolites reported in the scientific literature up through early 2013 is presented. This comprehensive analysis of 15 940 bacterial natural products revealed 3426 glycosides containing 344 distinct appended carbohydrates and highlights a range of unique opportunities for future biosynthetic study and glycodiversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madan K Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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19
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Bennur T, Ravi Kumar A, Zinjarde S, Javdekar V. Nocardiopsis
species: a potential source of bioactive compounds. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 120:1-16. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Bennur
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology; Savitribai Phule Pune University; Pune India
| | - A. Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology; Savitribai Phule Pune University; Pune India
| | - S.S. Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology; Savitribai Phule Pune University; Pune India
| | - V. Javdekar
- Department of Biotechnology; Abasaheb Garware College; Pune India
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20
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Raju P, Gobi Rajeshwaran G, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthetic Studies on Indolocarbazoles: A Facile Synthesis of Staurosporinone Analogues. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Shaaban KA, Elshahawi SI, Wang X, Horn J, Kharel MK, Leggas M, Thorson JS. Cytotoxic Indolocarbazoles from Actinomadura melliaura ATCC 39691. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1723-9. [PMID: 26091285 PMCID: PMC4515175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Actinomadura melliaura ATCC 39691, a strain isolated from a soil sample collected in Bristol Cove, California, is a known producer of the disaccharide-substituted AT2433 indolocarbazoles (6-9). Reinvestigation of this strain using new media conditions led to >40-fold improvement in the production of previously reported AT2433 metabolites and the isolation and structure elucidation of the four new analogues, AT2433-A3, A4, A5, and B3 (1-4). The availability of this broader set of compounds enabled a subsequent small antibacterial/fungal/cancer SAR study that revealed disaccharyl substitution, N-6 methylation, and C-11 chlorination as key modulators of bioactivity. The slightly improved anticancer potency of the newly reported N-6-desmethyl 1 (compared to 6) contrasts extensive SAR of monoglycosylated rebeccamycin-type topoisomerase I inhibitors where N-6 alkylation has contributed to improved potency and ADME. Complete 2D NMR assignments for the known metabolite BMY-41219 (5) and (13)C NMR spectroscopic data for the known analogue AT2433-B1 (7) are also provided for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A. Shaaban
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sherif I. Elshahawi
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Xiachang Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jamie Horn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Madan K. Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, United States
| | - Markos Leggas
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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22
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van Loon AA, Holton MK, Downey C, White TM, Rolph CE, Bruening SR, Li G, Delaney KM, Pelkey SJ, Pelkey ET. Preparation of dibenzo[e,g]isoindol-1-ones via Scholl-type oxidative cyclization reactions. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8049-58. [PMID: 25138638 PMCID: PMC4156242 DOI: 10.1021/jo501185f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A flexible synthesis of dibenzo[e,g]isoindol-1-ones has been developed. Dibenzo[e,g]isoindol-1-ones represent simplified benzenoid analogues of biological indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazol-5-ones (indolocarbazoles), compounds that have demonstrated a wide range of biological activity. The synthesis of the title compounds involved tetramic acid sulfonates. Different aryl groups were introduced at C4 of the heterocyclic ring via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Finally, mild Scholl-type oxidative cyclizations mediated by phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) converted some of the latter compounds into the corresponding dibenzo[e,g]isoindol-1-ones. A systematic study of the oxidative cyclization revealed the following reactivity trend: 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl ≫ 3-methoxyphenyl > 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl > 4-methoxyphenyl ≈ phenyl. Overall, the oxidative cyclization required at least two methoxy groups distributed in the aromatic rings, at least one of which had to be located para to the site of the cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. van Loon
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Maeve K. Holton
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Catherine
R. Downey
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Taryn M. White
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Carly E. Rolph
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Stephen R. Bruening
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Guanqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Katherine M. Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Sarah J. Pelkey
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
| | - Erin T. Pelkey
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William
Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United
States
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23
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Bharate SB, Sawant SD, Singh PP, Vishwakarma RA. Kinase inhibitors of marine origin. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6761-815. [PMID: 23679846 DOI: 10.1021/cr300410v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
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24
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Zhu Y, Massen S, Terenzio M, Lang V, Chen-Lindner S, Eils R, Novak I, Dikic I, Hamacher-Brady A, Brady NR. Modulation of serines 17 and 24 in the LC3-interacting region of Bnip3 determines pro-survival mitophagy versus apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1099-113. [PMID: 23209295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BH3-only proteins integrate apoptosis and autophagy pathways, yet regulation and functional consequences of pathway cross-talk are not fully resolved. The BH3-only protein Bnip3 is an autophagy receptor that signals autophagic degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy) via interaction of its LC3-interacting region (LIR) with Atg8 proteins. Here we report that phosphorylation of serine residues 17 and 24 flanking the Bnip3 LIR promotes binding to specific Atg8 members LC3B and GATE-16. Using quantitative multispectral image-based flow cytometry, we demonstrate that enhancing Bnip3-Atg8 interactions via phosphorylation-mimicked LIR mutations increased mitochondrial sequestration, lysosomal delivery, and degradation. Importantly, mitochondria were targeted by mitophagy prior to cytochrome c release, resulting in reduced cellular cytochrome c release capacity. Intriguingly, pro-survival Bcl-x(L) positively regulated Bnip3 binding to LC3B, sequestration, and mitochondrial autophagy, further supporting an anti-apoptotic role for Bnip3-induced mitophagy. The ensemble of these results demonstrates that the phosphorylation state of the Bnip3 LIR signals either the induction of apoptosis or pro-survival mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhu
- Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Bioquant, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Selective kinase inhibitors as tools for neuroscience research. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1227-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Schmidt AW, Reddy KR, Knölker HJ. Occurrence, Biogenesis, and Synthesis of Biologically Active Carbazole Alkaloids. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3193-328. [PMID: 22480243 DOI: 10.1021/cr200447s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arndt W. Schmidt
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kethiri R. Reddy
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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27
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Greger JG, Yoon-Miller SJP, Bechtold NR, Flewelling SA, MacDonald JP, Downey CR, Cohen EA, Pelkey ET. Synthesis of unsymmetrical 3,4-diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones utilizing pyrrole Weinreb amides. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8203-14. [PMID: 21913662 DOI: 10.1021/jo2013516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A regiocontrolled synthesis of unsymmetrical 3,4-diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones has been achieved in three steps from 1,2-diaryl-1-nitroethenes with pyrrole-2-carboxamides (pyrrole Weinreb amides) serving as the key linchpin intermediates. Two different methods for the preparation of the requisite nitroalkenes were investigated: (1) modified Henry reaction between arylnitromethanes and arylimines; and (2) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of 2-aryl-1-bromo-1-nitroethenes with arylboronic acids. Some difficulty was encountered in the preparation of arylnitromethanes, thus leading to the exploration of a cross-coupling strategy that proved more useful. A Barton-Zard pyrrole cyclocondensation reaction between 1,2-diaryl-1-nitroethenes and N-methoxy-N-methyl-2-isocyanoacetamide gave the corresponding pyrrole Weinreb amides, which were then converted into the desired 3-pyrrolin-2-ones in two steps. Overall, this method allowed for the construction of 3,4-diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones with complete regiocontrol of the substituents with respect to the lactam carbonyl. The utility of this synthetic methodology was demonstrated by the preparation of eight unsymmetrical and symmetrical 3,4-diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones including the N-H lactam analogue of the selective COX-II inhibitor, rofecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Greger
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart College, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
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28
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Improgo MRD, Johnson CW, Tapper AR, Gardner PD. Bioluminescence-based high-throughput screen identifies pharmacological agents that target neurotransmitter signaling in small cell lung carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24132. [PMID: 21931655 PMCID: PMC3169587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontline treatment of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) relies heavily on chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy. Though SCLC patients respond well to initial cycles of chemotherapy, they eventually develop resistance. Identification of novel therapies against SCLC is therefore imperative. METHODS AND FINDINGS We have designed a bioluminescence-based cell viability assay for high-throughput screening of anti-SCLC agents. The assay was first validated via standard pharmacological agents and RNA interference using two human SCLC cell lines. We then utilized the assay in a high-throughput screen using the LOPAC(1280) compound library. The screening identified several drugs that target classic cancer signaling pathways as well as neuroendocrine markers in SCLC. In particular, perturbation of dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling inhibits SCLC cell viability. CONCLUSIONS The convergence of our pharmacological data with key SCLC pathway components reiterates the importance of neurotransmitter signaling in SCLC etiology and points to possible leads for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Reina D. Improgo
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Johnson
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Tapper
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Gardner
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Pierce LT, Cahill MM, McCarthy FO. Design and synthesis of novel 5,6-bisindolylpyrimidin-4-ones structurally related to ruboxistaurin (LY333531). Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Roberts AA, Ryan KS, Moore BS, Gulder TA. Total (bio)synthesis: strategies of nature and of chemists. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 297:149-203. [PMID: 21495259 PMCID: PMC3109256 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathways to a number of natural products have been reconstituted in vitro using purified enzymes. Many of these molecules have also been synthesized by organic chemists. Here we compare the strategies used by nature and by chemists to reveal the underlying logic and success of each total synthetic approach for some exemplary molecules with diverse biosynthetic origins.
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31
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Chiu HT, Lin YC, Lee MN, Chen YL, Wang MS, Lai CC. Biochemical characterization and substrate specificity of the gene cluster for biosyntheses of K-252a and its analogs by in vitro heterologous expression system of Escherichia coli. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1192-203. [DOI: 10.1039/b912395b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Chiu HT, Chen YL, Chen CY, Jin C, Lee MN, Lin YC. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and functional characterization of the gene cluster for biosynthesis of K-252a and its analogs. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1180-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b905293c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Bisindolylmaleimide derivatives were originally described as protein kinase C inhibitors. However, several studies have shown that bisindolylmaleimides target several other signaling molecules. The review presents bisindolylmaleimide-mediated PKC-dependent and PKC-independent biological effects, such as reversal of MDR and modulation of Wnt signaling through GSK-3b and b-catenin. Importantly, the potent proapoptotic properties of bisindolylmaleimides are also described. Bis-IX appears as the most efficient activator of intrinsic apoptotic pathway and additionally, facilitates extrinsic apoptosis. Presented molecular mechanisms indicate that bisindolylmaleimides could be useful agents in anticancer therapy. They repress uncontrolled proliferation and restore the sensitivity to chemotherapy which allows eradication of cancer cells.
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34
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A facile route to N-acetyl α,β-unsaturated γ-lactam derivatives using ethyl acetamidocyanoacetate and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate in the presence of triphenylphosphine. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Alizadeh A, Rezvanian A, Zhu LG. One-Pot Synthesis of 4-(Alkylamino)-1-(arylsulfonyl)-3-benzoyl-1,5- dihydro-5-hydroxy-5-phenyl-2H-pyrrol-2-onesvia a Multicomponent Reaction. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Rossignol E, Youssef A, Moreau P, Prudhomme M, Anizon F. Synthesis of aminopyrimidylindoles structurally related to meridianins. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Kim SY, Park JS, Chae CS, Hyun CG, Choi BW, Shin J, Oh KB. Genetic organization of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the indolocarbazole K-252a in Nonomuraea longicatena JCM 11136. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:1119-26. [PMID: 17396254 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indolocarbazole metabolite K-252a is a natural product that was previously reported as a potent protein kinase C inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo potency. From a biosynthetic viewpoint, this compound possesses structurally interesting features such as an unusual furanosyl sugar moiety, which are absent in the well-studied staurosporine and rebeccamycin. A cosmid library from genomic DNA of Nonomuraea longicatena JCM 11136 was constructed and screened for the presence of genes to be involved in the biosynthesis of indolocarbazole K-252a. Using as a probe an internal fragment of vioB, a Chromobacterium violaceum gene encoding a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan decarboxylation and condensation reaction in violacein biosynthesis, we isolated a DNA region that directed the biosynthesis of K-252a when introduced into the heterologous expression host Streptomyces albus. Sequence analysis of 45 kb revealed genes for indolocarbazole core formation, glycosylation, and sugar methylation, as well as a regulatory gene and two resistance/secretion genes. The cloned genes should help to elucidate the molecular basis for indolocarbazole biosynthesis and generate new indolocarbazole analogues by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Young Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
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38
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Sánchez C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Indolocarbazole natural products: occurrence, biosynthesis, and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:1007-45. [PMID: 17119643 DOI: 10.1039/b601930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The indolocarbazole family of natural products, including the biosynthetically related bisindolylmaleimides, is reviewed (with 316 references cited). The isolation of indolocarbazoles from natural sources and the biosynthesis of this class of compounds are thoroughly reviewed, including recent developments in molecular genetics, enzymology and metabolic engineering. The biological activities and underlying modes of action displayed by natural and synthetic indolocarbazoles is also presented, with an emphasis on the development of analogs that have entered clinical trials for its future use against cancer or other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional & Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A.), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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39
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Bellina F, Rossi R. Synthesis and biological activity of pyrrole, pyrroline and pyrrolidine derivatives with two aryl groups on adjacent positions. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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41
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Han XX, Cui CB, Gu QQ, Zhu WM, Liu HB, Gu JY, Osada H. ZHD-0501, a novel naturally occurring staurosporine analog from Actinomadura sp. 007. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.06.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Moffat D, Nichols CJ, Riley DA, Simpkins NS. The synthesis of bioactive indolocarbazoles related to K-252a. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2953-75. [PMID: 16186927 DOI: 10.1039/b506444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of functionalised indolocarbazoles, related to the natural product K-252a, have been prepared, starting from a readily available bridged cyclopentene. Sequences of transformations, involving initial hydroboration-oxidation to give a ketone, or by dihydroxylation and cyclic sulfate formation, enable the preparation of diverse indolocarbazole products. Issues of imide nitrogen protection for the indolocarbazole, and opportunities for asymmetric desymmetrisation of key intermediates were also explored. A novel chiral lithium amide base mediated transformation of a cyclic sulfate intermediate gave the anticipated ketone product in up to 87% ee. A number of compounds, in the form of unprotected imide substituted indolocarbazoles, were screened for biological activity and were found to be potent inhibitors of a number of kinase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moffat
- Celltech Therapeutics Ltd, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 4EN, UK
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43
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Dembitsky VM, Rezanka T, Spízek J, Hanus LO. Secondary metabolites of slime molds (myxomycetes). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:747-769. [PMID: 15797602 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The compounds reported from the slime molds (myxomycetes) species are described. Almost 100 natural compounds including their chemical structures and biological activities are described in this review article. Only metabolites with a well-defined structure are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 39231, Jerusalem 91391, Israel
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44
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive haematological malignancy that is curable in approximately 40% of cases. Activating mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3) are the single most common molecular abnormalities in AML and are associated with a distinctly worse prognosis. In an effort to target this mutation and improve outcomes in this subgroup of AML patients, several novel small-molecule FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently in development. Some of these FLT3 inhibitors are useful only as laboratory tools, while others clearly have clinical potential. These compounds are derived from a wide variety of chemical classes and differ significantly both in their potency and selectivity. This review summarises these developments and examines these novel agents with regard to both the assays used to characterise them and their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Levis
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA
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45
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Santos MM, Lobo AM, Prabhakar S, Marques MB. A new approach to N-protected staurosporinones. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Gossauer A. Monopyrrolic natural compounds including tetramic acid derivatives. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 86:1-188. [PMID: 12899123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6029-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gossauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Chakraborty DP, Roy S. Carbazole alkaloids. IV. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 85:125-230. [PMID: 12602038 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6051-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Hyun CG, Bililign T, Liao J, Thorson JS. The biosynthesis of indolocarbazoles in a heterologous E. coli host. Chembiochem 2003; 4:114-7. [PMID: 12512086 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200390004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gu Hyun
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Hudkins RL, Ho Park C. Synthesis of indeno[2,1-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole lactam regioisomers using ethylcis-β-cyanoacrylate as a dienophile and lactam precursor. J Heterocycl Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Knölker HJ, Reddy KR. Isolation and synthesis of biologically active carbazole alkaloids. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4303-427. [PMID: 12428991 DOI: 10.1021/cr020059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1081] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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