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Pierre HC, Amrine CSM, Doyle MG, Salvi A, Raja HA, Chekan JR, Huntsman AC, Fuchs JR, Liu K, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Verticillins: fungal epipolythiodioxopiperazine alkaloids with chemotherapeutic potential. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38629495 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1970 through June of 2023Verticillins are epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) alkaloids, many of which possess potent, nanomolar-level cytotoxicity against a variety of cancer cell lines. Over the last decade, their in vivo activity and mode of action have been explored in detail. Notably, recent studies have indicated that these compounds may be selective inhibitors of histone methyltransferases (HMTases) that alter the epigenome and modify targets that play a crucial role in apoptosis, altering immune cell recognition, and generating reactive oxygen species. Verticillin A (1) was the first of 27 analogues reported from fungal cultures since 1970. Subsequent genome sequencing identified the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for producing verticillins, allowing a putative pathway to be proposed. Further, molecular sequencing played a pivotal role in clarifying the taxonomic characterization of verticillin-producing fungi, suggesting that most producing strains belong to the genus Clonostachys (i.e., Bionectria), Bionectriaceae. Recent studies have explored the total synthesis of these molecules and the generation of analogues via both semisynthetic and precursor-directed biosynthetic approaches. In addition, nanoparticles have been used to deliver these molecules, which, like many natural products, possess challenging solubility profiles. This review summarizes over 50 years of chemical and biological research on this class of fungal metabolites and offers insights and suggestions on future opportunities to push these compounds into pre-clinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herma C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - Chiraz Soumia M Amrine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences. Arkansas Tech University, 1701 N. Boulder Ave., Russellville, Arkansas 72801, USA
| | - Michael G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - Amrita Salvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave (M/C 870), Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Chekan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | - Andrew C Huntsman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave (M/C 870), Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | | | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
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Goher SS, Abdrabo WS, Veerakanellore GB, Elgendy B. 2,5-Diketopiperazines (DKPs): Promising Scaffolds for Anticancer Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:597-623. [PMID: 38343054 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128291798240201112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
2,5-Diketopiperazine (2,5-DKP) derivatives represent a family of secondary metabolites widely produced by bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and marine organisms. Many natural products with DKP scaffolds exhibited various pharmacological activities such as antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and antitumor. 2,5-DKPs are recognized as privileged structures in medicinal chemistry, and compounds that incorporate the 2,5-DKP scaffold have been extensively investigated for their anticancer properties. This review is a thorough update on the anti-cancer activity of natural and synthesized 2,5-DKPs from 1997 to 2022. We have explored various aspects of 2,5-DKPs modifications and summarized their structure-activity relationships (SARs) to gain insight into their anticancer activities. We have also highlighted the novel approaches to enhance the specificity and pharmacokinetics of 2,5-DKP-based anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa S Goher
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
- Nanotechnology Research Centre (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), Suez Desert Road, El Sherouk City, Cairo 1183, Egypt
| | - Wessam S Abdrabo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Giri Babu Veerakanellore
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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3
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Huber EM. Epipolythiodioxopiperazine-Based Natural Products: Building Blocks, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200341. [PMID: 35997236 PMCID: PMC10086836 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are fungal secondary metabolites that share a 2,5-diketopiperazine scaffold built from two amino acids and bridged by a sulfide moiety. Modifications of the core and the amino acid side chains, for example by methylations, acetylations, hydroxylations, prenylations, halogenations, cyclizations, and truncations create the structural diversity of ETPs and contribute to their biological activity. However, the key feature responsible for the bioactivities of ETPs is their sulfide moiety. Over the last years, combinations of genome mining, reverse genetics, metabolomics, biochemistry, and structural biology deciphered principles of ETP production. Sulfurization via glutathione and uncovering of the thiols followed by either oxidation or methylation crystallized as fundamental steps that impact expression of the biosynthesis cluster, toxicity and secretion of the metabolite as well as self-tolerance of the producer. This article showcases structure and activity of prototype ETPs such as gliotoxin and discusses the current knowledge on the biosynthesis routes of these exceptional natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Huber
- Chair of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
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4
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Bispyrrolidinoindoline Epi(poly)thiodioxopiperazines (BPI-ETPs) and Simplified Mimetics: Structural Characterization, Bioactivities, and Total Synthesis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217585. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the 2,5-dioxopiperazine-containing natural products generated by “head-to-tail” cyclization of peptides, those derived from tryptophan allow further structural diversification due to the rich chemical reactivity of the indole heterocycle, which can generate tetracyclic fragments of hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole or pyrrolidinoindoline skeleton fused to the 2,5-dioxopiperazine. Even more complex are the dimeric bispyrrolidinoindoline epi(poly)thiodioxopiperazines (BPI-ETPs), since they feature transannular (poly)sulfide bridges connecting C3 and C6 of their 2,5-dioxopiperazine rings. Homo- and heterodimers composed of diastereomeric epi(poly)thiodioxopiperazines increase the complexity of the family. Furthermore, putative biogenetically generated downstream metabolites with C11 and C11’-hydroxylated cores, as well as deoxygenated and/or oxidized side chain counterparts, have also been described. The isolation of these complex polycyclic tryptophan-derived alkaloids from the classical sources, their structural characterization, the description of the relevant biological activities and putative biogenetic routes, and the synthetic efforts to generate and confirm their structures and also to prepare and further evaluate structurally simple analogs will be reported.
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5
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Ma Z, Zhou A, Xia C. Strategies for total synthesis of bispyrrolidinoindoline alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1015-1044. [PMID: 35297915 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering up to 2021Complex cyclotryptamine alkaloids with a bispyrrolidino[2,3-b]indoline (BPI) skeleton are an intriguing family of natural products, exhibiting wide systematic occurrences, large structural diversity, and multiple biological activities. Based on their structural characteristics, BPI alkaloids can be classified into chimonanthine-type BPI alkaloids, BPI diketopiperazines, and BPI epipolythiodiketopiperazines. These intricate molecules have captivated great attention soon after their isolation and identification in the 1960s. Due to the structural complexity, the total synthesis of these cyclotryptamine alkaloids is challenging. Nevertheless, remarkable progress has been achieved in the last six decades; in particular, several methods have been successfully established for the construction of vicinal all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. In this review, the structural diversity and chemical synthesis of these BPI alkaloids were summarized. BPI alkaloids are mainly synthesized by the methods of oxidative dimerization, reductive dimerization, and alkylation of bisoxindole. The purpose of this review is to present overall strategies for assembling the BPI skeleton and efforts towards controlling the stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Ankun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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6
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Li E, Hou B, Gao Q, Xu Y, Zhang C, Liu X, Jiang X, Che Y. Disulfide Cleavage in a Dimeric Epipolythiodioxopiperazine Natural Product Diminishes Its Apoptosis-Inducing Effect but Enhances Autophagy in Tumor Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:601-609. [PMID: 31944123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gliocladicillin C (3) is a cytotoxic epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) isolated from the Ophiocordyceps-associated fungus Clonostachys rogersoniana. Although the disulfides/polysulfides in ETPs are believed to account for their cytotoxicity, and 11'-deoxyverticillin A was demonstrated to induce apoptosis and autophagy, how they mediate apoptosis and autophagy remained unknown. Here, we revealed that 3 activated caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in human tumor cells, while the prepared disulfide-cleavage product failed to induce reactive oxygen species production and PARP cleavage, but further enhanced the autophagic flux compared to 3. Gliocladicillin C and its derivative also increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and stimulated autophagy by affecting the glycolytic pathway. These results demonstrated that the disulfides played an essential role in inducing apoptosis, but not autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Bolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Caining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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7
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Amrine CSM, Long JL, Raja HA, Kurina SJ, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Engineering Fluorine into Verticillins (Epipolythiodioxopiperazine Alkaloids) via Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:3104-3110. [PMID: 31633350 PMCID: PMC6996222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Precursor-directed biosynthesis was used to generate a series of fluorinated verticillins. The biosynthesis of these epipolythiodioxopiperazine alkaloids was monitored in situ via the droplet liquid microjunction surface sampling probe (droplet probe), and a suite of NMR and mass spectrometry data were used for their characterization. All analogues demonstrated nanomolar IC50 values vs a panel of cancer cell lines. This approach yielded new compounds that would be difficult to generate via synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Soumia M Amrine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Jessica L Long
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Steven J Kurina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Cedric J Pearce
- Mycosynthetix Inc. , 505 Meadowlands Drive, Suite 103 , Hillsborough , North Carolina 27278 , United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
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8
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Gomes NGM, Pereira RB, Andrade PB, Valentão P. Double the Chemistry, Double the Fun: Structural Diversity and Biological Activity of Marine-Derived Diketopiperazine Dimers. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100551. [PMID: 31569621 PMCID: PMC6835637 DOI: 10.3390/md17100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While several marine natural products bearing the 2,5-diketopiperazine ring have been reported to date, the unique chemistry of dimeric frameworks appears to remain neglected. Frequently reported from marine-derived strains of fungi, many naturally occurring diketopiperazine dimers have been shown to display a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, particularly within the field of cancer and antimicrobial therapy. While their structures illustrate the unmatched power of marine biosynthetic machinery, often exhibiting unsymmetrical connections with rare linkage frameworks, enhanced binding ability to a variety of pharmacologically relevant receptors has been also witnessed. The existence of a bifunctional linker to anchor two substrates, resulting in a higher concentration of pharmacophores in proximity to recognition sites of several receptors involved in human diseases, portrays this group of metabolites as privileged lead structures for advanced pre-clinical and clinical studies. Despite the structural novelty of various marine diketopiperazine dimers and their relevant bioactive properties in several models of disease, to our knowledge, this attractive subclass of compounds is reviewed here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson G M Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Renato B Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
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Yang YH, Yang DS, Li GH, Pu XJ, Mo MH, Zhao PJ. Antibacterial diketopiperazines from an endophytic fungus Bionectria sp. Y1085. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:752-758. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Media studies to enhance the production of verticillins facilitated by in situ chemical analysis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:1053-1065. [PMID: 30259213 PMCID: PMC6251749 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Verticillins are a group of epipolythiodioxopiperazine alkaloids that have displayed potent cytotoxicity. To evaluate their potential further, a larger supply of these compounds was needed for both in vivo studies and analogue development via semisynthesis. To optimize the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites, their production was analyzed in two different fungal strains (MSX59553 and MSX79542) under a suite of fermentation conditions. These studies were facilitated by the use of the droplet-liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe (droplet probe), which enables chemical analysis in situ directly from the surface of the cultures. These experiments showed that the production of verticillins was greatly affected by growth conditions; a significantly higher quantity of these alkaloids was noted when the fungal strains were grown on an oatmeal-based medium. Using these technologies to select the best among the tested growth conditions, the production of the verticillin analogues was increased while concomitantly decreasing the time required for fermentations from 5 weeks to about 11 days. Importantly, where we could previously supply 5–10 mg every 6 weeks, we are now able to supply 50–150 mg quantities of key analogues per month via laboratory scale fermentation. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10295-018-2083-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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PAAN135, a novel rhizospheric fungus associated with Cholistan desert grass Panicum antidotale, is a species of Saccharomycetales and a new source of cyclo-L-prolylglycine diketopiperazine. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Wang J, Zhu X, Kolli S, Wang H, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH, Phelps MA. Plasma pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of verticillin A following different routes of administration in mice using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:187-192. [PMID: 28284083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Verticillin A is a natural product isolated from fungal cultures and has displayed potent antibiotic, antiviral, nematocidal, and anticancer properties in vitro. While in vivo studies have been limited due to sparse supply, the in vivo efficacy data that does exist demonstrates potent anti-tumor activity in murine cancer models. The current study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of verticillin A in mice to provide guidance for further efficacy assessment in mouse models. A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of verticillin A in mouse plasma. Sample preparation was accomplished through protein precipitation, and chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Zorbax Extend C18 column with a security guard cartridge C8 using a binary gradient with mobile phase A (water/0.1% formic acid) and B (ACN/0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 400μl/min. Elution of verticillin A and internal standard, hesperetin, occurred at 4.87 and 2.06min, respectively. The total chromatographic run time was 8min, and the assay was linear in the concentration range of 1-1000nM. The within- and between day precisions and accuracy were in the range of 2.58-8.71 and 90-105%, respectively. The assay was applied to determine plasma drug concentration in a mouse pharmacokinetic study. It was found that intraperitoneal dosing of 3mg/kg resulted in high systemic exposure and achieved Cmax of 110nM with plasma concentrations sustained above 10nM for the 24-h duration of the study. Intravenous and oral dosing achieved observed Cmax of 73nM and 9nM, respectively. Oral dosing resulted in an approximate 9% bioavailability. Comparing with previously published in vitro studies that demonstrated verticillin A is active in the 20nM to 130nM range, the pharmacokinetic data demonstrate similar levels are achieved in mouse plasma via intravenous or intraperitoneal dosing routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shamala Kolli
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cedric J Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., 505 Meadowlands Dr., Suite 103, Hillsborough, NC 27278, United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Ma YM, Liang XA, Kong Y, Jia B. Structural Diversity and Biological Activities of Indole Diketopiperazine Alkaloids from Fungi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6659-6671. [PMID: 27538469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Indole diketopiperazine alkaloids are secondary metabolites of microorganisms that are widely distributed in filamentous fungi, especially in the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium of the phylum Ascomycota or sac fungi. These alkaloids represent a group of natural products characterized by diversity in both chemical structures and biological activities. This review aims to summarize 166 indole diketopiperazine alkaloids from fungi published from 1944 to mid-2015. The emphasis is on diverse chemical structures within these alkaloids and their relevant biological activities. The aim is to assess which of these compounds merit further study for purposes of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Min Ma
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi-Ai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
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14
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Otto A, Laub A, Porzel A, Schmidt J, Wessjohann L, Westermann B, Arnold N. Isolation and Total Synthesis of Albupeptins A-D: 11-Residue Peptaibols from the FungusGliocladium album. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Welch TR, Williams RM. Epidithiodioxopiperazines. occurrence, synthesis and biogenesis. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1376-404. [PMID: 24816491 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70097f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidithiodioxopiperazine alkaloids possess an astonishing array of molecular architecture and generally exhibit potent biological activity. Nearly twenty distinct families have been isolated and characterized since the seminal discovery of gliotoxin in 1936. Numerous biosynthetic investigations offer a glimpse at the relative ease with which Nature is able to assemble this class of molecules, while providing synthetic chemists inspiration for the development of more efficient syntheses. Herein, we discuss the isolation and characterization, proposed fungal biogeneses, and total syntheses of epidithiodioxopiperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Welch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Reategui R, Rhea J, Adolphson J, Waikins K, Newell R, Rabenstein J, Mocek U, Luche M, Carr G. Leporizines A-C: epithiodiketopiperazines isolated from an Aspergillus species. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1523-1527. [PMID: 24050204 DOI: 10.1021/np300894y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three new compounds named leporizines A-C have been isolated from an Aspergillus sp. strain. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Leporizines A and B were isolated during dereplication of hits from a high-throughput screening campaign for correctors of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and leporizine C was isolated while preparing additional material for characterization of leporizines A and B. CFTR activity observed for leporizines A and B was highly correlated with cell toxicity and was determined to be a nonspecific effect. Leporizine C was not cytotoxic to cells and did not elicit a response in the CFTR assays. To the best of our knowledge, leporizines A-C represent the first examples of this unusual epithiodiketopiperazine skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Reategui
- AMRI, Bothell Research Center, 22215 26th Avenue SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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Gu B, He S, Yan X, Zhang L. Tentative biosynthetic pathways of some microbial diketopiperazines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8439-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cytotoxic epipolythiodioxopiperazine alkaloids from filamentous fungi of the Bionectriaceae. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2012; 65:559-64. [PMID: 22968289 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioactivity-directed fractionation of the organic extracts of two filamentous fungi of the Bionectriaceae, strains MSX 64546 and MSX 59553 from the Mycosynthetix library, led to the isolation of a new dimeric epipolythiodioxopiperazine alkaloid, verticillin H (1), along with six related analogs, Sch 52900 (2), verticillin A (3), gliocladicillin C (4), Sch 52901 (5), 11'-deoxyverticillin A (6) and gliocladicillin A (7). The structures of compounds 1-7 were determined by extensive NMR and HRMS analyses, as well as by comparisons to the literature. All compounds (1-7) were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a panel of human cancer cell lines, displaying IC(50) values ranging from 1.2 μM to 10 nM. Compounds 1-5 were examined for activity in the NF-κB assay, where compounds 2 and 3 revealed activity in the sub-micromolar range. Additionally, compounds 1, 3 and 4 were tested for EGFR inhibition using an enzymatic assay, while compound 3 was examined against an overexpressing EGFR(+ve) cancer cell line.
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Sioud S, Karray-Rebai I, Aouissaoui H, Aigle B, Bejar S, Mellouli L. Targeted Gene Disruption of the Cyclo (L-Phe, L-Pro) Biosynthetic Pathway in Streptomyces sp. US24 Strain. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2007:91409. [PMID: 17710112 PMCID: PMC1940057 DOI: 10.1155/2007/91409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously isolated a new actinomycete strain from Tunisian soil called Streptomyces sp. US24, and have shown that it produces two bioactive molecules including a Cyclo (L-Phe, L-Pro) diketopiperazine (DKP). To identify the structural genes responsible for the synthesis of this DKP derivative, a PCR amplification (696 bp) was carried out using the Streptomyces sp. US24 genomic DNA as template and two degenerate oligonucleotides designed by analogy with genes encoding peptide synthetases (NRPS). The detection of DKP derivative biosynthetic pathway of the Streptomyces sp. US24 strain was then achieved by gene disruption via homologous recombination using a suicide vector derived from the conjugative plasmid pSET152 and containing the PCR product. Chromatography analysis, biological tests and spectroscopic studies of supernatant cultures of the wild-type Streptomyces sp. US24 strain and three mutants obtained by this gene targeting disruption approach showed that the amplified DNA fragment is required for Cyclo (L-Phe, L-Pro) biosynthesis in Streptomyces sp. US24 strain. This DKP derivative seems to be produced either directly via a nonribosomal pathway or as a side product in the course of nonribosomal synthesis of a longer peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiha Sioud
- Laboratory of Prokaryotic Enzymes and Metabolites, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box K, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ines Karray-Rebai
- Laboratory of Prokaryotic Enzymes and Metabolites, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box K, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Aouissaoui
- Laboratory of Prokaryotic Enzymes and Metabolites, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box K, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bertrand Aigle
- Laboratory of Genetics and Microbiology, UMR/INRA 1128, IFR 110, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Henri Poincaré, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Samir Bejar
- Laboratory of Prokaryotic Enzymes and Metabolites, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box K, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Mellouli
- Laboratory of Prokaryotic Enzymes and Metabolites, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box K, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
- *Lotfi Mellouli:
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Cho JY, Kang JY, Hong YK, Baek HH, Shin HW, Kim MS. Isolation and structural determination of the antifouling diketopiperazines from marine-derived Streptomyces praecox 291-11. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1116-21. [PMID: 22790932 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Marine derived actinomycetes constituting 185 strains were screened for their antifouling activity against the marine seaweed, Ulva pertusa, and fouling diatom, Navicula annexa. Strain 291-11 isolated from the seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, rhizosphere showed the highest antifouling activity and was identified as Streptomyces praecox based on a 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain 291-11 was therefore named S. praecox 291-11. The antifouling compounds from S. praecox 291-11 were isolated, and their structures were analyzed. The chemical constituents representing the antifouling activity were identified as (6S,3S)-6-benzyl-3-methyl-2,5-diketopiperazine (bmDKP) and (6S,3S)-6-isobutyl-3-methyl-2,5-diketopiperazine (imDKP) by interpreting the nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectroscopy data. Approximately 4.8 mg of bmDKP and 3.1 mg of imDKP were isolated from 1.2 g of the S. praecox 291-11 crude extract. Eight different compositions of culture media were investigated for culture, the TBFeC medium being best for bmDKP and TCGC being the optimum for imDKP production. Two compounds respectively showed a 17.7 and 21 therapeutic ratio (LC50/EC50) to inhibit zoospores, and two compounds respectively showed a 263 and 120.2 therapeutic ratio to inhibit diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Cho
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Soon Chun Hyang University, Asan, Korea.
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Liu F, Liu Q, Yang D, Bollag WB, Robertson K, Wu P, Liu K. Verticillin A overcomes apoptosis resistance in human colon carcinoma through DNA methylation-dependent upregulation of BNIP3. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6807-16. [PMID: 21911457 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major cause of failure in cancer chemotherapy. Therefore, identification and combined use of adjuvant compounds that can overcome drug resistance may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. We screened extracts of Verticillium species-infected mushrooms for antitumor compounds and identified the compound Verticillin A as an inducer of hepatoma cell apoptosis in vitro and an inhibitor of tumor xenograft growth in vivo. Verticillin A exhibited a potent apoptosis-sensitizing activity in human colon carcinoma cells exposed to TRAIL or Fas in vitro. Furthermore, Verticillin A effectively sensitized metastatic human colon carcinoma xenograft to TRAIL-mediated growth inhibition in vivo. At the molecular level, we observed that Verticillin A induces cell-cycle arrest in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle in human colon carcinoma cells, markedly upregulating BNIP3 in both hepatoma and colon carcinoma cells. Notably, silencing BNIP3 decreased the sensitivity of tumor cells to Verticillin A-induced apoptosis in the absence or presence of TRAIL. We found that the BNIP3 promoter is methylated in both human hepatoma and colon carcinoma cells and tumor specimens. Verticillin A upregulated the expression of a panel of genes known to be regulated at the level of DNA methylation, in support of the concept that Verticillin A may act by demethylating the BNIP3 promoter to upregulate BNIP3 expression. Taken together, our findings identify Verticillin A as a potent apoptosis sensitizer with great promise for further development as an adjuvant agent to overcome drug resistance in human cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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22
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Abstract
Diketopiperazines (DKPs), which are cyclic dipeptides, have been detected in a variety of natural resources. Recently, the interest in these compounds increased significantly because of their remarkable bioactivity. This review deals with the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, and biological activities of DKPs from marine microorganisms, sponges, sea stars, tunicates (ascidians), and red algae. The literature has been covered up to December 2008, and a total 124 DKPs from 104 publications have been discussed and reviewed. Some of these compounds have been found to possess various bioactivities including cytotoxicity, and antibacterial, antifungal, antifouling, plant-growth regulatory, and other activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riming Huang
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P R China
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23
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Bertinetti BV, Rodriguez MA, Godeas AM, Cabrera GM. 1H,1′H-[3,3′]biindolyl from the terrestrial fungus Gliocladium catenulatum. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:681-3. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Li Z, Peng C, Shen Y, Miao X, Zhang H, Lin H. l,l-Diketopiperazines from Alcaligenes faecalis A72 associated with South China Sea sponge Stelletta tenuis. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Che Y, Liu X. Epicoccins A-D, epipolythiodioxopiperazines from a Cordyceps-colonizing isolate of Epicoccum nigrum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:1522-5. [PMID: 17711348 DOI: 10.1021/np070239u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Epicoccins A-D (1-4), four unique epipolythiodioxopiperazines possessing unusual sulfur bridges, have been isolated from cultures of a Cordyceps-colonizing isolate of Epicoccum nigrum. The structures of these compounds were determined mainly by analysis of their NMR spectroscopic data. The relative and absolute configuration of epicoccin A (1) was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Epicoccin A (1) showed modest antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, and Center for Bio-Energy and Industrial Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, People's Republic of China
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26
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Wu ZJ, Li GY, Fang DM, Qi HY, Ren WJ, Zhang GL. Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of epipolythiodioxopiperazines. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:749-60. [PMID: 17492721 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy collision-induced electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry ESI-CID-MS/MS (in the positive ion mode) was used for the structural characterization of a series of five representative epioplythiodioxopipreazines: dethiotetra(methylthio)chemotin, chaetocochins A, B and C, and chemotin isolated from the fungus Chaetomium cochliodes. The fragmentation pathways were elucidated by ESI-IT-MS(n). The elemental compositions of most of the product ions were confirmed by low-energy ESI-CID-QTOF-MS/MS analyses. The loss of the S(2) molecule seems always to be the first when the S--S bond is present. The loss of 77 Da corresponding to the loss of the [CH(3)SCH(2)O]' radical was diagnostic for chaetocochins A and B, in which the two piperazines rings are linked by an acetal group. It was found that a McLafferty rearrangement plays a significant role in the skeleton fragmentation of theses series of studied complex multicyclic piperazine compounds. This MacLafferty rearrangement affords the product ions at m/z 416 and 400, containing the two piperazine rings belonging to the epipolythiodioxopipreazines. In addition, the pentacyclic rearrangement involving the loss of the SMe(.) radical seems to occur in the presence of the unfused ring. Finally the product ions at m/z 635 and 591 seem to be the characteristic ions for chaetocochin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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27
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Zheng CJ, Park SH, Koshino H, Kim YH, Kim WG. Verticillin G, a New Antibacterial Compound from Bionectra byssicola. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2007; 60:61-4. [PMID: 17390590 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new epidithiodioxopiperazine compound named verticillin G along with the known compound verticillin D has been isolated from the mycelium of liquid fermentation cultures of a fungal strain Bionectra byssicola F 120. The structure of verticillin G was determined on the basis of MS and NMR data. Verticillin G inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant and quinolone-resistant S. aureus with MIC (microg/ml) of 3-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-ji Zheng
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 115, Yusong, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
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Isham CR, Tibodeau JD, Jin W, Xu R, Timm MM, Bible KC. Chaetocin: a promising new antimyeloma agent with in vitro and in vivo activity mediated via imposition of oxidative stress. Blood 2006; 109:2579-88. [PMID: 17090648 PMCID: PMC1852204 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-027326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaetocin, a thiodioxopiperazine natural product previously unreported to have anticancer effects, was found to have potent antimyeloma activity in IL-6-dependent and -independent myeloma cell lines in freshly collected sorted and unsorted patient CD138(+) myeloma cells and in vivo. Chaetocin largely spares matched normal CD138(-) patient bone marrow leukocytes, normal B cells, and neoplastic B-CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia) cells, indicating a high degree of selectivity even in closely lineage-related B cells. Furthermore, chaetocin displays superior ex vivo antimyeloma activity and selectivity than doxorubicin and dexamethasone, and dexamethasone- or doxorubicin-resistant myeloma cell lines are largely non-cross-resistant to chaetocin. Mechanistically, chaetocin is dramatically accumulated in cancer cells via a process inhibited by glutathione and requiring intact/unreduced disulfides for uptake. Once inside the cell, its anticancer activity appears mediated primarily through the imposition of oxidative stress and consequent apoptosis induction. Moreover, the selective antimyeloma effects of chaetocin appear not to reflect differential intracellular accumulation of chaetocin but, instead, heightened sensitivity of myeloma cells to the cytotoxic effects of imposed oxidative stress. Considered collectively, chaetocin appears to represent a promising agent for further study as a potential antimyeloma therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crescent R Isham
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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29
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Ben Ameur Mehdi R, Sioud S, Fourati Ben Fguira L, Bejar S, Mellouli L. Purification and structure determination of four bioactive molecules from a newly isolated Streptomyces sp. TN97 strain. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Mehdi-Ben Ameur R, Mellouli L, Chabchoub F, Fotso S, Bejar S. Purification and structure elucidation of two biologically active molecules from a new isolated Streptomyces sp. US 24 strain. Chem Nat Compd 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-005-0023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Lin SL, Le TX, Cowen DS. SptP, a Salmonella typhimurium type III-secreted protein, inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by inhibiting Raf activation. Cell Microbiol 2003; 5:267-75. [PMID: 12675684 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.t01-1-00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella has developed ways to modulate host cellular response in order to survive. Although the steps required for such modulation have been incompletely characterized, there is increasing evidence for a role for SptP, a type III secretion protein. In part, the actions of SptP are thought to be mediated through its reported inhibition of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) MAP kinase pathway. In the present studies, a series of transfections were performed in which various constitutively activated components of the MAP kinase pathway were co-transfected with SptP in order to determine the mechanism by which SptP inhibits this MAP kinase activation. SptP was found to inhibit the activation of ERK stimulated by both a constitutively active form of Ras and a partially activated form of Raf-1 containing a phospho-mimetic mutation (Raf Y340D). In contrast, the activation of ERK by constitutively active forms of MAP kinase kinase (MEK) was not inhibited, suggesting that the actions of SptP were mediated by Raf-1. In order to determine how SptP might interfere with activation of Raf, we utilized a membrane-localized form of Raf. Constitutive membrane-localization of Raf (RafCAAX), resulting in partial activation, did not prevent inhibition by SptP. However, introduction of an additional, partially activating (Y340D) phospho-mimetic mutation, to RafCAAX, dramatically reduced the ability of SptP to inhibit Raf action. Comparison of SptP mutants, lacking either GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity or tyrosine phosphatase activity, further suggested that SptP inhibits both the membrane localization and subsequent phosphorylation required for activation of Raf. Both tyrosine phosphatase activity and GAP activity were responsible for SptP inhibition of Raf(Y340D)-induced ERK activation, but only GAP activity was responsible for inhibition of the membrane localized forms of Raf-1. To assess the biological significance of SptP, we examined tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induction following Salmonella infection. SptP gene deletion enhanced the capacity of Salmonella to induce TNF-alpha secretion following infection of J774A.1 macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley L Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Lautru S, Gondry M, Genet R, Pernodet JL. The albonoursin gene Cluster of S noursei biosynthesis of diketopiperazine metabolites independent of nonribosomal peptide synthetases. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:1355-64. [PMID: 12498889 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Albonoursin [cyclo(deltaPhe-DeltaLeu)], an antibacterial peptide produced by Streptomyces noursei, is one of the simplest representatives of the large diketopiperazine (DKP) family. Formation of alpha,beta unsaturations was previously shown to occur on cyclo(L-Phe-L-Leu), catalyzed by the cyclic dipeptide oxidase (CDO). We used CDO peptide sequence information to isolate a 3.8 kb S. noursei DNA fragment that directs albonoursin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lividans. This fragment encompasses four complete genes: albA and albB, necessary for CDO activity; albC, sufficient for cyclic dipeptide precursor formation, although displaying no similarity to non ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes; and albD, encoding a putative membrane protein. This first isolated DKP biosynthetic gene cluster should help to elucidate the mechanism of DKP formation, totally independent of NRPS, and to characterize novel DKP biosynthetic pathways that could be engineered to increase the molecular diversity of DKP derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lautru
- CEA/Saclay, Département d'Ingénierie et d'Etudes des Protéines, F91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Bioactive metabolites from soilborne fungi: natural fungicides and biocontrol agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kohno J, Nishio M, Sakurai M, Kawano K, Hiramatsu H, Kameda N, Kishi N, Yamashita T, Okuda T, Komatsubara S. Isolation and structure determination of TMC-151s: Novel polyketide antibiotics from Gliocladium catenulatum Gilman & Abbott TC 1280. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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35
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Son BW, Jensen PR, Kauffman CA, Fenical W. New Cytotoxic Epidithiodioxopiperazines Related to Verticillin A From A Marine Isolate of the FungusPenicillium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10575639908048788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Naturally Occurring Cyclotryptophans and Cyclotryptamines. ALKALOIDS: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(99)80025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pearce
- MYCOsearch, Oncogene Science Inc. Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
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38
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Ihara M, Fukumoto K. Recent progress in the chemistry of non-monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 1997. [DOI: 10.1039/np9971400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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