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de Vries LE, Lunghi M, Krishnan A, Kooij TWA, Soldati-Favre D. Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis in Apicomplexa and their promise as antiparasitic drug targets. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010124. [PMID: 34969059 PMCID: PMC8717973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apicomplexa phylum comprises thousands of distinct intracellular parasite species, including coccidians, haemosporidians, piroplasms, and cryptosporidia. These parasites are characterized by complex and divergent life cycles occupying a variety of host niches. Consequently, they exhibit distinct adaptations to the differences in nutritional availabilities, either relying on biosynthetic pathways or by salvaging metabolites from their host. Pantothenate (Pan, vitamin B5) is the precursor for the synthesis of an essential cofactor, coenzyme A (CoA), but among the apicomplexans, only the coccidian subgroup has the ability to synthesize Pan. While the pathway to synthesize CoA from Pan is largely conserved across all branches of life, there are differences in the redundancy of enzymes and possible alternative pathways to generate CoA from Pan. Impeding the scavenge of Pan and synthesis of Pan and CoA have been long recognized as potential targets for antimicrobial drug development, but in order to fully exploit these critical pathways, it is important to understand such differences. Recently, a potent class of pantothenamides (PanAms), Pan analogs, which target CoA-utilizing enzymes, has entered antimalarial preclinical development. The potential of PanAms to target multiple downstream pathways make them a promising compound class as broad antiparasitic drugs against other apicomplexans. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the Pan and CoA biosynthesis pathways, and the suitability of these pathways as drug targets in Apicomplexa, with a particular focus on the cyst-forming coccidian, Toxoplasma gondii, and the haemosporidian, Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matteo Lunghi
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aarti Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Taco W. A. Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Butman HS, Kotzé TJ, Dowd CS, Strauss E. Vitamin in the Crosshairs: Targeting Pantothenate and Coenzyme A Biosynthesis for New Antituberculosis Agents. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:605662. [PMID: 33384970 PMCID: PMC7770189 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.605662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of dedicated research, there remains a dire need for new drugs against tuberculosis (TB). Current therapies are generations old and problematic. Resistance to these existing therapies results in an ever-increasing burden of patients with disease that is difficult or impossible to treat. Novel chemical entities with new mechanisms of action are therefore earnestly required. The biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) has long been known to be essential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB. The pathway has been genetically validated by seminal studies in vitro and in vivo. In Mtb, the CoA biosynthetic pathway is comprised of nine enzymes: four to synthesize pantothenate (Pan) from l-aspartate and α-ketoisovalerate; five to synthesize CoA from Pan and pantetheine (PantSH). This review gathers literature reports on the structure/mechanism, inhibitors, and vulnerability of each enzyme in the CoA pathway. In addition to traditional inhibition of a single enzyme, the CoA pathway offers an antimetabolite strategy as a promising alternative. In this review, we provide our assessment of what appear to be the best targets, and, thus, which CoA pathway enzymes present the best opportunities for antitubercular drug discovery moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey S. Butman
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Timothy J. Kotzé
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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3
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Fraley AE, Tran HT, Kelly SP, Newmister SA, Tripathi A, Kato H, Tsukamoto S, Du L, Li S, Williams RM, Sherman DH. Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenases NotI and NotI' Mediate Spiro-Oxindole Formation in Biosynthesis of the Notoamides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2449-2454. [PMID: 32246875 PMCID: PMC7483341 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The fungal indole alkaloids are a unique class of complex molecules that have a characteristic bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring and frequently contain a spiro-oxindole moiety. While various strains produce these compounds, an intriguing case involves the formation of individual antipodes by two unique species of fungi in the generation of the potent anticancer agents (+)- and (-)-notoamide A. NotI and NotI' have been characterized as flavin-dependent monooxygenases that catalyze epoxidation and semi-pinacol rearrangement to form the spiro-oxindole center within these molecules. This work elucidates a key step in the biosynthesis of the notoamides and provides an evolutionary hypothesis regarding a common ancestor for production of enantiopure notoamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Fraley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hong T Tran
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samantha P Kelly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean A Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hikaru Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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4
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Domingo R, van der Westhuyzen R, Hamann AR, Mostert KJ, Barnard L, Paquet T, Tjhin ET, Saliba KJ, van Otterlo WAL, Strauss E. Overcoming synthetic challenges in targeting coenzyme A biosynthesis with the antimicrobial natural product CJ-15,801. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:2118-2125. [PMID: 32206243 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the essential metabolic cofactor coenzyme A (CoA) has been receiving increasing attention as a new target that shows potential to counter the rising resistance to established antimicrobials. In particular, phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPCS)-the second CoA biosynthesis enzyme that is found as part of the bifunctional CoaBC protein in bacteria, but is monofunctional in eukaryotes-has been validated as a target through extensive genetic knockdown studies in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Moreover, it has been identified as the molecular target of the fungal natural product CJ-15,801 that shows selective activity against Staphylococcus aureus and the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. As such, CJ-15,801 and 4'-phospho-CJ-15,801 (its metabolically active form) are excellent tool compounds for use in the development of new antimicrobial PPCS inhibitors. Unfortunately, further study and analysis of CJ-15,801 is currently being hampered by several unique challenges posed by its synthesis. In this study we describe how these challenges were overcome by using a robust palladium-catalyzed coupling to form the key N-acyl vinylogous carbamate moiety with retention of stereochemistry, and by extensive investigation of protecting groups suited to the labile functional group combinations contained in this molecule. We also demonstrate that using TBAF for deprotection causes undesired off-target effects related to the presence of residual tertiary ammonium salts. Finally, we provide a new method for the chemoenzymatic preparation of 4'-phospho-CJ-15,801 on multi-milligram scale, after showing that chemical synthesis of the molecule is not practical. Taken together, the results of this study advances our pursuit to discover new antimicrobials that specifically target CoA biosynthesis and/or utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa .
| | - Renier van der Westhuyzen
- Department of Biochemistry , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa .
| | - Anton R Hamann
- Department of Biochemistry , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa .
| | - Konrad J Mostert
- Department of Biochemistry , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa .
| | - Leanne Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa .
| | - Tanya Paquet
- Department of Biochemistry , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa .
| | - Erick T Tjhin
- Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT , Australia
| | - Kevin J Saliba
- Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT , Australia.,Medical School , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT , Australia
| | - Willem A L van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland 7602 , South Africa .
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5
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Duncan D, Auclair K. The coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway: A new tool for prodrug bioactivation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 672:108069. [PMID: 31404525 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs account for more than 5% of pharmaceuticals approved worldwide. Over the past decades several prodrug design strategies have been firmly established; however, only a few functional groups remain amenable to this approach. The aim of this overview is to highlight the use of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic enzymes as a recently explored bioactivation scheme and provide information about its scope of utility. This emerging tool is likely to have a strong impact on future medicinal and biological studies as it offers promiscuity, orthogonal selectivity, and the capability of assembling exceptionally large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada.
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6
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Gao Y, Wang P, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Liu W, Wang Y. A DFT Study on CuH-Catalyzed Reductive Relay Hydroamination for Synthesis of Remote-Chiral Amine. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Shandong University of Science and Technology; Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123, PR China
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7
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Spry C, Sewell AL, Hering Y, Villa MV, Weber J, Hobson SJ, Harnor SJ, Gul S, Marquez R, Saliba KJ. Structure-activity analysis of CJ-15,801 analogues that interact with Plasmodium falciparum pantothenate kinase and inhibit parasite proliferation. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1139-1147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Liu Y, Cerveri A, De Nisi A, Monari M, Nieto Faza O, Lopez CS, Bandini M. Nickel catalyzed regio- and stereoselective arylation and methylation of allenamides via coupling reactions. An experimental and computational study. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00729b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel Ni-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective condensation of boronic acids/Me2Zn to allenamides is documented and its potential explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Cerveri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Assunta De Nisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
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9
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Gehrke SS, Kumar G, Yokubynas NA, Côté JP, Wang W, French S, MacNair CR, Wright GD, Brown ED. Exploiting the Sensitivity of Nutrient Transporter Deletion Strains in Discovery of Natural Product Antimetabolites. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:955-965. [PMID: 29069544 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Actinomycete secondary metabolites are a renowned source of antibacterial chemical scaffolds. Herein, we present a target-specific approach that increases the detection of antimetabolites from natural sources by screening actinomycete-derived extracts against nutrient transporter deletion strains. On the basis of the growth rescue patterns of a collection of 22 Escherichia coli (E. coli) auxotrophic deletion strains representative of the major nutrient biosynthetic pathways, we demonstrate that antimetabolite detection from actinomycete-derived extracts prepared using traditional extraction platforms is masked by nutrient supplementation. In particular, we find poor sensitivity for the detection of antimetabolites targeting vitamin biosynthesis. To circumvent this and as a proof of principle, we exploit the differential activity of actinomycete extracts against E. coli ΔyigM, a biotin transporter deletion strain versus wildtype E. coli. We achieve more than a 100-fold increase in antimetabolite sensitivity using this method and demonstrate a successful bioassay-guided purification of the known biotin antimetabolite, amiclenomycin. Our findings provide a unique solution to uncover the full potential of naturally derived antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S. Gehrke
- Michael G. DeGroote
Institute of Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Garima Kumar
- Michael G. DeGroote
Institute of Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Nicole A. Yokubynas
- Michael G. DeGroote
Institute of Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Côté
- Michael G. DeGroote
Institute of Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Michael G. DeGroote
Institute of Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Shawn French
- Michael G. DeGroote
Institute of Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Craig R. MacNair
- Michael G. DeGroote
Institute of Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- Michael G. DeGroote
Institute of Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Eric D. Brown
- Michael G. DeGroote
Institute of Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
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10
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Hara Y, Arai MA, Sakai K, Ishikawa N, Gonoi T, Yaguchi T, Ishibashi M. Dehydropropylpantothenamide isolated by a co-culture of Nocardia tenerifensis IFM 10554T in the presence of animal cells. J Nat Med 2017; 72:280-289. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, De Nisi A, Cerveri A, Monari M, Bandini M. Nickel-Catalyzed Synthesis of Stereochemically Defined Enamides via Bi- and Tricomponent Coupling Reaction. Org Lett 2017; 19:5034-5037. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liu
- Department of Chemistry “G.
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - A. De Nisi
- Department of Chemistry “G.
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Cerveri
- Department of Chemistry “G.
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Monari
- Department of Chemistry “G.
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Bandini
- Department of Chemistry “G.
Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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12
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Kuai C, Wang L, Cui H, Shen J, Feng Y, Cui X. Efficient and Selective Synthesis of (E)-Enamides via Ru(II)-Catalyzed Hydroamidation of Internal Alkynes. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Kuai
- Engineering Research Center
of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Xiamen
Marine and Gene Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine and School
of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Engineering Research Center
of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Xiamen
Marine and Gene Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine and School
of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Haoyi Cui
- Engineering Research Center
of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Xiamen
Marine and Gene Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine and School
of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinhai Shen
- Engineering Research Center
of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Xiamen
Marine and Gene Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine and School
of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yadong Feng
- Engineering Research Center
of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Xiamen
Marine and Gene Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine and School
of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Engineering Research Center
of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Xiamen
Marine and Gene Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine and School
of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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13
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Recent advances in targeting coenzyme A biosynthesis and utilization for antimicrobial drug development. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1080-6. [PMID: 25110006 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis and utilization of CoA (coenzyme A), the ubiquitous and essential acyl carrier in all organisms, have long been regarded as excellent targets for the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Moreover, bioinformatics and biochemical studies have highlighted significant differences between several of the bacterial enzyme targets and their human counterparts, indicating that selective inhibition of the former should be possible. Over the past decade, a large amount of structural and mechanistic data has been gathered on CoA metabolism and the CoA biosynthetic enzymes, and this has facilitated the discovery and development of several promising candidate antimicrobial agents. These compounds include both target-specific inhibitors, as well as CoA antimetabolite precursors that can reduce CoA levels and interfere with processes that are dependent on this cofactor. In the present mini-review we provide an overview of the most recent of these studies that, taken together, have also provided chemical validation of CoA biosynthesis and utilization as viable targets for antimicrobial drug development.
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14
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Maity B, Gooßen LJ, Koley D. Computational study of the mechanism and selectivity of ruthenium-catalyzed hydroamidations of terminal alkynes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2532-2552. [PMID: 28808524 PMCID: PMC5539791 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03906h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were performed to elucidate the mechanism of the ruthenium-catalyzed hydroamidation of terminal alkynes, a powerful and sustainable method for the stereoselective synthesis of enamides. The results provide an explanation for the puzzling experimental finding that with tri-n-butylphosphine (P(Bu)3) as the ligand, the E-configured enamides are obtained, whereas the stereoselectivity is inverted in favor of the Z-configured enamides with (dicyclohexylphosphino)methane (dcypm) ligands. Using the addition of pyrrolidinone to 1-hexyne as a model reaction, various pathways were investigated, among which a catalytic cycle turned out to be most advantageous for both ligand systems that consists of: (a) oxidative addition, (b) alkyne coordination, (c) alkyne insertion (d) vinyl-vinylidene rearrangement, (e) nucleophilic transfer and finally (f) reductive elimination. The stereoselectivity of the reaction is decided in the nucleophilic transfer step. For the P( n Bu)3 ligand, the butyl moiety is oriented anti to the incoming 2-pyrolidinyl unit during the nucleophilic transfer step, whereas for the dcypm ligand, steric repulsion between the butyl and cyclohexyl groups turns it into a syn orientation. Overall, the formation of E-configured product is favorable by 4.8 kcal mol-1 (Δ‡GSDL) for the catalytic cycle computed with P(Bu)3 as ancillary ligand, whereas for the catalytic cycle computed with dcypm ligands, the Z-product is favored by 7.0 kcal mol-1 (Δ‡GSDL). These calculations are in excellent agreement with experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Maity
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India .
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Fachbereich Chemie , TU Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Straβe 54 , D-67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany .
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India .
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15
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Nandi GC, Kota SR, Wakchaure PB, Chinthakindi PK, Govender T, Kruger HG, Naicker T, Arvidsson PI. Pd-catalyzed C–N coupling of vinylbromides and sulfonimidamides: a facile synthesis of N′-vinylsulfonimidamides. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N′-Vinyl sulfonimidamides were synthesized through Pd-catalyzed C–N coupling; the product's utility were further demonstrated by preparing N′-alkyl sulfonimidamides through hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh C. Nandi
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
- Organic Chemistry Section
| | - Sudhakar R. Kota
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Prasad B. Wakchaure
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala Biomedical Center
- Uppsala University
- 751 23 Uppsala
| | | | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Hendrick G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Per I. Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
- Science for Life Laboratory
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16
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Chohnan S, Murase M, Kurikawa K, Higashi K, Ogata Y. Antimicrobial activity of pantothenol against staphylococci possessing a prokaryotic type II pantothenate kinase. Microbes Environ 2014; 29:224-6. [PMID: 24759689 PMCID: PMC4103530 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantothenol is a provitamin of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) that is widely used in healthcare and cosmetic products. This analog of pantothenate has been shown to markedly inhibit the phosphorylation activity of the prokaryotic type II pantothenate kinase of Staphylococcus aureus, which catalyzes the first step of the coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway. Since type II enzymes are found exclusively in staphylococci, pantothenol suppresses the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus, which inhabit the skin of humans. Therefore, the addition of this provitamin to ointment and skincare products may be highly effective in preventing infections by opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Chohnan
- Department of Bioresource Science, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3–21–1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300–0393, Japan
- Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
| | - Misa Murase
- Department of Bioresource Science, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3–21–1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300–0393, Japan
| | - Kota Kurikawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3–21–1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300–0393, Japan
| | - Kodai Higashi
- Department of Bioresource Science, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3–21–1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300–0393, Japan
| | - Yuta Ogata
- Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
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17
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Jiang J, Wang Y, Zhang X. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Acetylamino Acrylosulfones: A Practical Approach to Chiral β-Amido Sulfones. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 People’s Republic of China
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18
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Lone AM, Bhat BA. Metal free stereoselective synthesis of functionalized enamides. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:242-6. [PMID: 24264738 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41847b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and expeditious DABCO-mediated synthesis of functionalized enamides from alkenes is delineated. The reaction proceeds through an unprecedented cascade involving an Aza-Michael addition/α-bromination/elimination and a Morita-Baylis-Hillman type reaction to generate functionalized enamides in a regio- & stereoselective fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohd Lone
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India.
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19
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van der Westhuyzen R, Hammons JC, Meier JL, Dahesh S, Moolman WJA, Pelly SC, Nizet V, Burkart MD, Strauss E. The antibiotic CJ-15,801 is an antimetabolite that hijacks and then inhibits CoA biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:559-71. [PMID: 22633408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The natural product CJ-15,801 is an inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus, but not other bacteria. Its close structural resemblance to pantothenic acid, the vitamin precursor of coenzyme A (CoA), and its Michael acceptor moiety suggest that it irreversibly inhibits an enzyme involved in CoA biosynthesis or utilization. However, its mode of action and the basis for its specificity have not been elucidated to date. We demonstrate that CJ-15,801 is transformed by the uniquely selective S. aureus pantothenate kinase, the first CoA biosynthetic enzyme, into a substrate for the next enzyme, phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase, which is inhibited through formation of a tight-binding structural mimic of its native reaction intermediate. These findings reveal CJ-15,801 as a vitamin biosynthetic pathway antimetabolite with a mechanism similar to that of the sulfonamide antibiotics and highlight CoA biosynthesis as a viable antimicrobial drug target.
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20
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21
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Pasqua AE, Crawford JJ, Long DL, Marquez R. Protecting Group Free, Stereocontrolled Synthesis of β-Halo-enamides. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2149-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202130e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adele E. Pasqua
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - De-Liang Long
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Rodolfo Marquez
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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22
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Kashinath K, Swaroop PS, Reddy DS. A green synthetic route to antimalarial and antibacterial agent CJ-15,801 and its isomer cis-CJ-15,801. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Arndt M, Salih KSM, Fromm A, Goossen LJ, Menges F, Niedner-Schatteburg G. Mechanistic Investigation of the Ru-Catalyzed Hydroamidation of Terminal Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7428-49. [DOI: 10.1021/ja111389r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Arndt
- Fachbereich Chemie and State Reaserch Center OPTIMAS, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52−54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kifah S. M. Salih
- Fachbereich Chemie and State Reaserch Center OPTIMAS, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52−54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andreas Fromm
- Fachbereich Chemie and State Reaserch Center OPTIMAS, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52−54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lukas J. Goossen
- Fachbereich Chemie and State Reaserch Center OPTIMAS, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52−54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Fabian Menges
- Fachbereich Chemie and State Reaserch Center OPTIMAS, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52−54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Fachbereich Chemie and State Reaserch Center OPTIMAS, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52−54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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24
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Min GK, Hernández D, Lindhardt AT, Skrydstrup T. Enamides Accessed from Aminothioesters via a Pd(0)-Catalyzed Decarbonylative/β-Hydride Elimination Sequence. Org Lett 2010; 12:4716-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101620r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geanna K. Min
- Center of Insoluble Protein Structures (InSpin), Department of Chemistry, and Interdispliscinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Center of Insoluble Protein Structures (InSpin), Department of Chemistry, and Interdispliscinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Anders T. Lindhardt
- Center of Insoluble Protein Structures (InSpin), Department of Chemistry, and Interdispliscinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Center of Insoluble Protein Structures (InSpin), Department of Chemistry, and Interdispliscinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
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25
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Guan ZH, Huang K, Yu S, Zhang X. Synthesis of Enamides via Rh/C-Catalyzed Direct Hydroacylation of Ketoximes. Org Lett 2008; 11:481-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol802665v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hui Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kexuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shichao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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26
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Abstract
Pantothenic acid, a precursor of coenzyme A (CoA), is essential for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Since the structure of pantothenic acid was determined, many analogues of this essential metabolite have been prepared. Several have been demonstrated to exert an antimicrobial effect against a range of microorganisms by inhibiting the utilization of pantothenic acid, validating pantothenic acid utilization as a potential novel antimicrobial drug target. This review commences with an overview of the mechanisms by which various microorganisms acquire the pantothenic acid they require for growth, and the universal CoA biosynthesis pathway by which pantothenic acid is converted into CoA. A detailed survey of studies that have investigated the inhibitory activity of analogues of pantothenic acid and other precursors of CoA follows. The potential of inhibitors of both pantothenic acid utilization and biosynthesis as novel antibacterial, antifungal and antimalarial agents is discussed, focusing on inhibitors and substrates of pantothenate kinase, the enzyme catalysing the rate-limiting step of CoA biosynthesis in many organisms. The best strategies are considered for identifying inhibitors of pantothenic acid utilization and biosynthesis that are potent and selective inhibitors of microbial growth and that may be suitable for use as chemotherapeutic agents in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Spry
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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27
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Villa MVJ, Targett SM, Barnes JC, Whittingham WG, Marquez R. An efficient approach to the stereocontrolled synthesis of enamides. Org Lett 2007; 9:1631-3. [PMID: 17391040 DOI: 10.1021/ol070336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A fast, flexible, and efficient approach for the stereocontrolled synthesis of enamides has been developed starting from lactams and amides through the use of imides. This new approach provides access to enamide systems not easily or currently accessible through other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew V J Villa
- WestCHEM, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
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28
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Nicolaou KC, Mathison CJN. Synthesis of imides, N-acyl vinylogous carbamates and ureas, and nitriles by oxidation of amides and amines with Dess-Martin periodinane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:5992-7. [PMID: 16124020 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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29
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Nicolaou KC, Mathison CJN. Synthesis of Imides,N-Acyl Vinylogous Carbamates and Ureas, and Nitriles by Oxidation of Amides and Amines with Dess-Martin Periodinane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Saliba KJ, Kirk K. CJ-15,801, a fungal natural product, inhibits the intraerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro via an effect on pantothenic acid utilisation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 141:129-31. [PMID: 15811536 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Saliba
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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31
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Dehli JR, Legros J, Bolm C. Synthesis of enamines, enol ethers and related compounds by cross-coupling reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:973-86. [PMID: 15719090 DOI: 10.1039/b415954c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, enamines and related compounds have been used as intermediates in organic synthesis and many methods are known for their preparation. Most of the synthetic protocols, however, require harsh reaction conditions. Recently, a new approach has emerged, inspired by the analogous arylation of amines catalysed by palladium or copper complexes (Buchwald-Hartwig reaction). Simultaneous and independent work from several research groups has led to the development of very powerful protocols for the preparation of enamines and their derivatives that require only readily available starting materials and proceed under very mild reaction conditions. Noteworthy is the fact that in less than five years an almost unknown reaction has reached such a high level of scope and generality that it is now very frequently applied in total syntheses of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Dehli
- Institut fur Organische Chemie der RWTH Aachen, Professor-Pirlet-Str. 1, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
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32
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Han C, Shen R, Su S, Porco JA. Copper-mediated synthesis of N-acyl vinylogous carbamic acids and derivatives: synthesis of the antibiotic CJ-15,801. Org Lett 2004; 6:27-30. [PMID: 14703342 DOI: 10.1021/ol0360041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Copper(I)-mediated C-N bond formation has been employed to prepare both N-acyl vinylogous carbamic acids and ureas. The novel N-acyl vinylogous carbamic acid antibiotic, CJ-15,801, was synthesized using this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Han
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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