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Obsa Terfa T, Abera Kebede F, Kitessa Beyene M, Tesfaye Abebe T, Basazn Mekuria A, Seid Yesuf J. Evaluation of In Vivo Antidiarrheal Activities of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Peels of Colocasia esculenta (Araceae). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2024; 2024:2728282. [PMID: 39035348 PMCID: PMC11259501 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2728282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is the common gastrointestinal disorder accounting for 2.5 billion episodes and 1.5 million deaths annually. Limitations and inaccessibility of currently available medications are the main problem associated with treatment of diarrhea. Hence, medicinal plants are usually preferred to manage diarrhea because they may contain constituents with high activity and fewer side effects. Even though the dose, safety, and efficacy of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott are not substantiated scientifically, several societies use it for the treatment of diarrhea. Objective This study was targeted at exploring the in vivo antidiarrheal activities of 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of peels of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in Swiss albino mice. Methods The plant was collected and extracted with 80% methanol, followed by fractionation with distilled water, chloroform, and diethyl ether. Castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and motility tests were used to evaluate antidiarrheal activity. The test groups received graded doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg. Negative controls received 10 ml/kg of 2% Tween 80 while positive controls received loperamide (3 mg/kg) or atropine (5 mg/kg). Results The crude and solvent fractions of the plant extract have induced significant effects in reduction of the number and weight of wet stools at all tested doses. However, delay in onset of diarrhea was observed only at 400 mg/kg (P < 0.001) for both crude extract and solvent fractions. In antienteropooling test, 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions have significantly reduced the weight and volume of intestinal contents, especially at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Regarding the antimotility test, the crude extract reduced motility at all tested doses, whereas the solvent fractions reduced intestinal motility mainly at 400 mg/kg (P < 0.001). Conclusion The study has revealed that the 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of the plant possess antidiarrheal activities supporting the traditional antidiarrheal claims of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Obsa Terfa
- Department of MedicineCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesJigjiga University, P. O. Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Abera Kebede
- Department of NursingCollege of Health SciencesOda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia
| | - Monas Kitessa Beyene
- School of PharmacyCollege of Health and Medical SciencesHaramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Tesfaye Abebe
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesAmbo University, P.O. Box 251, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Basazn Mekuria
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Jibril Seid Yesuf
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Van Nederveen V, Melton-Celsa A. Extracellular components in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli biofilm and impact of treatment with proteinase K, DNase or sodium metaperiodate. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1379206. [PMID: 38938878 PMCID: PMC11209426 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1379206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is a major cause of diarrhea worldwide. EAEC are highly adherent to cultured epithelial cells and make biofilms. Both adherence and biofilm formation rely on the presence of aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF). We compared biofilm formation from two EAEC strains of each of the five AAF types. We found that AAF type did not correlate with the level of biofilm produced. Because the composition of the EAEC biofilm has not been fully described, we stained EAEC biofilms to determine if they contained protein, carbohydrate glycoproteins, and/or eDNA and found that EAEC biofilms contained all three extracellular components. Next, we assessed the changes to the growing or mature EAEC biofilm mediated by treatment with proteinase K, DNase, or a carbohydrate cleavage agent to target the different components of the matrix. Growing biofilms treated with proteinase K had decreased biofilm staining for more than half of the strains tested. In contrast, although sodium metaperiodate only altered the biofilm in a quantitative way for two strains, images of biofilms treated with sodium metaperiodate showed that the EAEC were more spread out. Overall, we found variability in the response of the EAEC strains to the treatments, with no one treatment producing a biofilm change for all strains. Finally, once formed, mature EAEC biofilms were more resistant to treatment than biofilms grown in the presence of those same treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Van Nederveen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Angela Melton-Celsa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Asad A, Jahan I, Munni MA, Begum R, Mukta MA, Saif K, Faruque SN, Hayat S, Islam Z. Multidrug-resistant conjugative plasmid carrying mphA confers increased antimicrobial resistance in Shigella. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6947. [PMID: 38521802 PMCID: PMC10960829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a common gastrointestinal disease mostly in children < 5 years of age in developing countries. Azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide, is currently the first-line treatment for shigellosis in Bangladesh; ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ceftriaxone (CRO) are also used frequently. We aimed to evaluate the current epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mechanism(s) of increasing macrolide resistance in Shigella in Bangladesh. A total of 2407 clinical isolates of Shigella from 2009 to 2016 were studied. Over the study period, Shigella sonnei was gradually increasing and become predominant (55%) over Shigella flexneri (36%) by 2016. We used CLSI-guided epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) for AZM in Shigella to set resistance breakpoints (zone-diameter ≤ 15 mm for S. flexneri and ≤ 11 mm for S. sonnei). Between 2009 and 2016, AZM resistance increased from 22% to approximately 60%, CIP resistance increased by 40%, and CRO resistance increased from zero to 15%. The mphA gene was the key macrolide resistance factor in Shigella; a 63MDa conjugative middle-range plasmid was harboring AZM and CRO resistance factors. Our findings show that, especially after 2014, there has been a rapid increase in resistance to the three most effective antibiotics. The rapid spread of macrolide (AZM) resistance genes among Shigella are driven by horizontal gene transfer rather than direct lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaduzzaman Asad
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Jahan
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Moriam Akter Munni
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ruma Begum
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Morium Akter Mukta
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Saif
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Nayeem Faruque
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shoma Hayat
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Zhahirul Islam
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
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Schiaffino F, Parker CT, Paredes Olortegui M, Pascoe B, Manzanares Villanueva K, Garcia Bardales PF, Mourkas E, Huynh S, Peñataro Yori P, Romaina Cachique L, Gray HK, Salvatierra G, Silva Delgado H, Sheppard SK, Cooper KK, Kosek MN. Genomic resistant determinants of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter spp. isolates in Peru. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 36:309-318. [PMID: 38272215 PMCID: PMC11092888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Campylobacter is a global health threat; however, there is limited information on genomic determinants of resistance in low- and middle-income countries. We evaluated genomic determinants of AMR using a collection of whole genome sequenced Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates from Iquitos, Peru. METHODS Campylobacter isolates from two paediatric cohort studies enriched with isolates that demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin were sequenced and mined for AMR determinants. RESULTS The gyrA mutation leading to the Thr86Ile amino acid change was the only gyrA mutation associated with fluoroquinolone resistance identified. The A2075G mutation in 23S rRNA was present, but three other 23S rRNA mutations previously associated with macrolide resistance were not identified. A resistant-enhancing variant of the cmeABC efflux pump genotype (RE-cmeABC) was identified in 36.1% (35/97) of C. jejuni genomes and 17.9% (12/67) of C. coli genomes. Mutations identified in the CmeR-binding site, an inverted repeat sequence in the cmeABC promoter region that increases expression of the operon, were identified in 24/97 C. jejuni and 14/67 C. coli genomes. The presence of these variants, in addition to RE-cmeABC, was noted in 18 of the 24 C. jejuni and 9 of the 14 C. coli genomes. CONCLUSIONS Both RE-cmeABC and mutations in the CmeR-binding site were strongly associated with the MDR phenotype in C. jejuni and C. coli. This is the first report of RE-cmeABC in Peru and suggests it is a major driver of resistance to the principal therapies used to treat human campylobacteriosis in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schiaffino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Craig T Parker
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, California
| | | | - Ben Pascoe
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Evangelos Mourkas
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Huynh
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, California
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Asociacion Benefica Prisma, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Hannah K Gray
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guillermo Salvatierra
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Samuel K Sheppard
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry K Cooper
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Asociacion Benefica Prisma, Iquitos, Peru.
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Kiiru S, Maina J, Mwaniki JN, Songoro E, Kariuki S. Enteric bacterial agents associated with diarrhea and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in children under 5 years from mukuru informal settlement, Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:237. [PMID: 38388369 PMCID: PMC10882725 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Kenya, diarrhoeal disease is the third leading cause of child mortality after malaria and pneumonia, accounting for nearly 100 deaths daily. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Mukuru informal settlements to determine the bacteria associated with diarrhea and their ASTs to provide data essential for implementing appropriate intervention measures. METHODS Diarrheagenic children (≤ 5 years) were purposively recruited from outpatient clinics of Municipal City Council, Mukuru kwa Reuben, Medical Missionaries of Mary, and Mama Lucy Kibaki Hospital, Nairobi. A total of 219 stool samples were collected between May 2021 and August 2021. Stool culture was done on MacConkey and Salmonella Shigella agar, while the recovered bacteria were identified using VITEK®2GNID and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for E. coli pathotyping. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing was done using VITEK®2AST-GN83. RESULTS At least one bacterial organism was recovered from each of the 213 (97%) participants, with 115 (56%) participants having only one bacterial type isolated, 90 (43%) with two types of bacteria, and 2 (1%) with three types of bacteria recovered. The most predominant bacteria recovered was 85% (93/109) non-pathogenic E.coli and 15% (16/109)of pathogenic E.coli, with 2 (1%) were Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC), 6 (3%) were Enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC), and 8 (4%) were Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC). Other potentially pathogenic bacteria included Enterobacter sp (27.8%), Klebsiella sp 33(11%), and Citrobacter sp 15(4.7%). Pathogenic isolates such as Salmonella 7 (2%), Proteus mirabilis 16 (6%), Providencia alcalifaciens 1 (0.3%), and Shigella 16 (4.7%) were detected. Isolates such as Pantoea spp 2(0.67%), Raoultella planticola 1(0.33%), and Kluyvera 6(2%) rarely reported but implicated with opportunistic diarrhoeal disease were also recovered. Ampicillin, cefazolin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were the least effective antimicrobials at 64%, 57%, and 55% resistance, respectively, while meropenem (99%), amikacin (99%), tazobactam piperacillin (96%), and cefepime (95%) were the most effective. Overall, 33(21%) of all enterics recovered were multidrug-resistant. CONCLUSION The study documented different bacteria potentially implicated with childhood diarrhea that were not limited to E. coli, Shigella, and Salmonella, as previously observed in Kenya. The strains were resistant to the commonly used antibiotics, thus narrowing the treatment options for diarrheal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kiiru
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, JKUAT, Juja, Kenya.
| | - John Maina
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Njeru Mwaniki
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edinah Songoro
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, JKUAT, Juja, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Chavda VP, Vuppu S, Mishra T, Kamaraj S, Sharma N, Punetha S, Sairam A, Vaghela D, Dargahi N, Apostolopoulos V. Combatting infectious diarrhea: innovations in treatment and vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:246-265. [PMID: 38372023 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2295015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The escalating prevalence of infectious diseases is an important cause of concern in society. Particularly in several developing countries, infectious diarrhea poses a major problem, with a high fatality rate, especially among young children. The condition is divided into four classes, namely, acute diarrhea, invasive diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea, and chronic diarrhea. Various pathogenic agents, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and helminths, contribute to the onset of this condition. AREAS COVERED The review discusses the scenario of infectious diarrhea, the prevalent types, as well as approaches to management including preventive, therapeutic, and vaccination strategies. The vaccination techniques are extensively discussed including the available vaccines, their advantages as well as limitations. EXPERT OPINION There are several approaches available to develop new-improved vaccines. In addition, route of immunization is important and aerosols/nasal sprays, oral route, skin patches, powders, and liquid jets to minimize needles can be used. Plant-based vaccines, such as rice, might save packing and refrigeration costs by being long-lasting, non-refrigerable, and immunogenic. Future research should utilize predetermined PCR testing intervals and symptom monitoring to identify persistent pathogens after therapy and symptom remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Suneetha Vuppu
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Toshika Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathvika Kamaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swati Punetha
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Sairam
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dixa Vaghela
- Pharmacy Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Immunology Program, Sunshine Hospital Campus, Saint Albans, Victoria, Australia
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Azeem M, Hanif M, Mahmood K, Siddique F, Hashem HE, Aziz M, Ameer N, Abid U, Latif H, Ramzan N, Rawat R. Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, in-vitro antibacterial evaluation and in-silico analysis of polycaprolactone containing chitosan-quercetin microspheres. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7084-7103. [PMID: 36069131 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2119602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim of present study was to synthesize a novel chitosan-quercetin (CTS-QT) complex by making a carbodiimide linkage using maleic anhydride as cross-linker and to investigate its enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activities as compare to pure CTS and QT. Equimolar concentration of QT and maleic anhydride were used to react with 100 mg CTS to form CTS-QT complex. For this purpose, three bacterial strains namely E. Coli, S. Aureus and P. Aeruginosa were used for in-vitro antibacterial analysis (ZOI, MIC, MBC, checker board and time kill assay). Later molecular docking studies were performed on protein structure of E. Coli to assess binding affinity of pure QT and CTS-QT complex. MD simulations with accelerated settings were used to explore the protein-ligand complex's binding interactions and stability. Antioxidant profile was determined by performing DPPH• radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total reducing power (TRP) assays. Delivery mechanism to CTS-QT complex was improved by synthesizing polycaprolactone containing microspheres (CTS-QT-PCL-Levo-Ms) using Levofloxacin as model drug to enhance their antibacterial profile. Resulted microspheres were evaluated by particle size, charge, surface morphology, in-vitro drug release and hemolytic profile and are all were found within limits. Antibacterial assay revealed that CTS-QT-PCL-Levo-Ms showed more than two folds increased bactericidal activity against E. Coli and P. Aeruginosa, while 1.5 folds against S. Aureus. Green colored formation of phosphate molybdate complexes with highest 85 ± 1.32% TAC confirmed its antioxidant properties. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed that CTS-QT was embedded nicely within the active pocket of UPPS with binding energy greater than QT with RSMD value of below 1.5. Conclusively, use of maleic acid, in-vitro and in-silico antimicrobial studies confirm the emergence of CTS-QT complex containing microspheres as novel treatment strategy for all types of bacterial infections.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Siddique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Heba E Hashem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mubashir Aziz
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Nabeela Ameer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Usman Abid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Latif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Ramzan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ravi Rawat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Haryana, India
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Abdoulahi MII, Yanick Kevin MD, Lauve Rachel TY, Habibou HH, Sahabi B, Abdelkader AS, Boyom FF, Tidjani IA. Antibacterial Activity of Eight Medicinal Plants from the Traditional Pharmacopoeia of Niger. J Trop Med 2023; 2023:6120255. [PMID: 37529122 PMCID: PMC10390259 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6120255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug bacterial resistance poses a great public health problem and requires a constant search for new antibacterial agents. However, Niger's flora possesses several medicinal plants used in traditional medicine to cure infectious diseases and can be used as sources of bioactive ingredients. This current study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of eight plants used in the traditional pharmacopeia of Niger. The extracts were prepared by maceration using ethanol, methanol, and distilled water. The obtained extracts were screened against Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Escherichia coli using the microdilution method coupled with a resazurin-based assay. Phytochemical screening was performed using colorimetry, while the quantification of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and total tannins was determined by spectrophotometry. Out of the eight plants obtained, five named Cassia italica, Limeum pterocarpum, Phyllanthus pentandrus, Strychnos innocua, and Ximenia americanum exhibited antibacterial activity with MICs ranging from 500 μg/mL to 2000 μg/mL. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, saponosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenes/sterols, quinones, and polyphenols. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of X. americana contained important quantities of total polyphenols, with 43.59 ± 0.15 and 41.97 ± 0.02 mg EAG/100 mg of extract, respectively. These extracts showed the highest contents of total tannins at 46.49 g/L and 45.52 g/L, respectively. For total flavonoids, the highest content was obtained with the methanolic extract of P. pentandrus, with 3.12 ± 0.01 mg QE/100 mg of extract. These findings justify the uses of these plants in traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases such as diarrhea and can be used as starting points for the development of phytodrugs against infectious diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamane Idi Issa Abdoulahi
- Laboratory of Natural Substances and Organic Synthesis, FAST, Abdou Moumouni University, BP 10662, Niamey, Niger
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), B.P. 6163, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Melogmo Dongmo Yanick Kevin
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Hama Hamadou Habibou
- Laboratory of Natural Substances and Organic Synthesis, FAST, Abdou Moumouni University, BP 10662, Niamey, Niger
| | - Bakasso Sahabi
- Laboratory of Natural Substances and Organic Synthesis, FAST, Abdou Moumouni University, BP 10662, Niamey, Niger
| | - Alio Sanda Abdelkader
- Laboratory for Management and Valorization of Biodiversity in Sahel, Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdou Moumouni University, BP 10662 Niamey, Niger
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ilagouma Amadou Tidjani
- Laboratory of Natural Substances and Organic Synthesis, FAST, Abdou Moumouni University, BP 10662, Niamey, Niger
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Asad A, Jahan I, Munni MA, Begum R, Mukta MA, Saif K, Faruque SN, Hayat S, Islam Z. Increasing trend of antibiotic resistance in Shigella in Bangladesh: a plasmid-mediated transfer of mphA macrolide resistance gene. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3080386. [PMID: 37461575 PMCID: PMC10350201 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3080386/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a common gastrointestinal disease mostly in children <5 years of age in developing countries. Azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide, is currently the first-line treatment for shigellosis in Bangladesh; ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ceftriaxone (CRO) are also used frequently. We aimed to evaluate the current epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mechanism(s) of increasing macrolide resistance in Shigella in Bangladesh. A total of 2407 clinical isolates of Shigella from 2009 to 2016 were studied. Over the study period, Shigella sonnei was gradually increasing and become predominant (55%) over Shigella flexneri (36%) by 2016. We used CLSI-guided epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) for AZM in Shigella to set resistance breakpoints (zone-diameter ≤ 15 mm for S. flexneri and ≤ 11 mm for S. sonnei). Between 2009 and 2016, AZM resistance increased from 22% to approximately 60%, CIP resistance increased by 40%, and CRO resistance increased from zero to 15%. The mphA gene was the key macrolide resistance factor in Shigella; a 63MDa conjugative middle-range plasmid was harboring AZM and CRO resistance factors. Our findings show that, especially after 2014, there has been a rapid increase in resistance to the three most effective antibiotics. The rapid spread of macrolide (AZM) resistance genes among Shigella are driven by horizontal gene transfer rather than direct lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israt Jahan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Ruma Begum
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Kazi Saif
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Shoma Hayat
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
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10
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Morita D, Arai H, Isobe J, Maenishi E, Kumagai T, Maruyama F, Kuroda T. Whole-Genome and Plasmid Comparative Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni from Human Patients in Toyama, Japan, from 2015 to 2019. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0265922. [PMID: 36622198 PMCID: PMC9927224 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02659-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major causative agent of food poisoning, and increasing antimicrobial resistance is a concern. This study investigated 116 clinical isolates of C. jejuni from Toyama, Japan, which were isolated from 2015 to 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were used for phenotypic and genotypic characterization to compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and phylogenic linkage. The multilocus sequence typing approach identified 37 sequence types (STs) and 15 clonal complexes (CCs), including 7 novel STs, and the high frequency CCs were CC21 (27.7%), CC48 (10.9%), and CC354 (9.9%). The AMR profiles and related resistant factors were as follows: fluoroquinolones (51.7%), mutation in quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDRs) (GyrA T86I); tetracyclines (27.6%), acquisition of tet(O); ampicillin (7.8%), harboring blaOXA184 or a promoter mutation in blaOXA193; aminoglycosides (1.7%), acquisition of ant(6)-Ia and aph(3')-III; chloramphenicol (0.9%), acquisition of cat. The acquired resistance genes tet(O), ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, and cat were located on pTet family plasmids. Furthermore, three pTet family plasmids formed larger plasmids that incorporated additional genes such as the type IV secretion system. Sequence type 4526 (ST4526; 10.9%), which is reported only in Japan, was the most predominant, suggesting continued prevalence. This study reveals the sequences of the pTet family plasmids harbored by C. jejuni in Japan, which had been unclear, and the acquisition of the insertion sequences in a part of the pTet family plasmids. Because pTet family plasmids can be horizontally transmitted and are a major factor in acquired resistance in Campylobacter, the risk of spreading pTet that has acquired further resistance should be considered. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is among the major causes of enteritis and diarrhea in humans in many countries. Drug-resistant Campylobacter is increasing in both developing and developed countries, and in particular, fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter was one of the species included on the priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Campylobacter drug resistance surveillance is important and has been conducted worldwide. In this study, we performed whole-genome analysis of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from diarrhea patients at a hospital in Toyama, Japan. This revealed the continued prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni ST4526, which has been reported to be prevalent in Japan, and the acquisition of resistance and virulence factors in the pTet family plasmids. The diversity of pTet family plasmids, the major resistance transmission factor, is expected to potentially increase the risk of Campylobacter. The usefulness of whole-genome sequencing in Campylobacter surveillance was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Morita
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Arai
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Takanori Kumagai
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Section of Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Teruo Kuroda
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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Ashbaugh H, Pomeroy CD, Baishya M, Creppage K, Bazaco S, Johnson M, Matsumoto K, Bhattarai U, Seliga N, Graf P, Chukwuma U. Antimicrobial resistance of enteric pathogens in the Military Health System, 2009 - 2019. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2300. [PMID: 36482429 PMCID: PMC9733093 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhea (AD) can have significant impacts on military troop readiness. Medical providers must understand current trends of enteropathogen antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in service members (SMs) to inform proper, timely treatment options. However, little is known of enteric pathogen profiles across the Military Health System (MHS). The primary objectives of this study were to identify gaps in enteric pathogen surveillance within the MHS, describe the epidemiology of AMR in enteric pathogens, and identify trends across the MHS both within the Continental United States (CONUS) and outside of the Continental United States (OCONUS). METHODS Health Level 7 (HL7)-formatted laboratory data were queried for all specimens where Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter species, as well as Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) (STEC) were isolated and certified between 1 January 2009 - 31 December 2019. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) results were queried and summarized where available. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each organism by specimen source, year, and susceptibility testing availability. RESULTS Among a total of 13,852 enteric bacterial isolates, 11,877 (86%) were submitted from CONUS locations. Out of 1479 Shigella spp. and 6755 Salmonella spp. isolates, 1221 (83%) and 5019 (74%), respectively, reported any susceptibility results through the MHS. Overall, only 15% of STEC and 4% of Campylobacter spp. specimens had AST results available. Comparing AST reporting at CONUS versus OCONUS locations, AST was reported for 1175 (83%) and 46 (78%) of Shigella isolates at CONUS and OCONUS locations, respectively, and for 4591 (76%) and 428 (63%) of Salmonella isolates at CONUS and OCONUS locations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed inconsistent enteropathogen AST conducted across the MHS, with differing trends between CONUS and OCONUS locations. Additional work is needed to assess pathogen-specific gaps in testing and reporting to develop optimal surveillance that supports the health of the force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Ashbaugh
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate-Georgia, 99 Kakheti Highway, 0198 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Connor D. Pomeroy
- grid.410547.30000 0001 1013 9784Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Defense Centers for Public Health - Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Suite 1100, Portsmouth, VA 23704 USA
| | - Mona Baishya
- grid.410547.30000 0001 1013 9784Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Defense Centers for Public Health - Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Suite 1100, Portsmouth, VA 23704 USA
| | - Kathleen Creppage
- Public Health Directorate, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, 11800 Tech Road, Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA
| | - Sara Bazaco
- Public Health Directorate, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, 11800 Tech Road, Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA
| | - Myles Johnson
- Deloitte Consulting LLP, 1919 N Lynn St Suite 1500, Rosslyn, VA 22209 USA
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Defense Centers for Public Health - Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United States
| | - Upendra Bhattarai
- ManTech International Corporation, Defense Centers for Public Health - Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United States
| | - Nicholas Seliga
- Defense Centers for Public Health - Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Suite 1100, Portsmouth, VA 23704 USA
| | - Paul Graf
- grid.415874.b0000 0001 2292 6021Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA USA ,Present Address: Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Uzo Chukwuma
- Defense Centers for Public Health - Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Suite 1100, Portsmouth, VA 23704 USA
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12
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Functional Role of YnfA, an Efflux Transporter in Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents in Shigella flexneri. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0029322. [PMID: 35727058 PMCID: PMC9295541 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00293-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri has become a significant public health concern accounting for the majority of shigellosis cases worldwide. Even though a multitude of efforts is being made into the development of a vaccine to prevent infections, the absence of a licensed global vaccine compels us to enormously depend on antibiotics as the major treatment option. The extensive-unregulated use of antibiotics for treatment along with natural selection in bacteria has led to the rising of multidrug-resistance Shigella strains. Out of the various mechanisms employed by bacteria to gain resistance, efflux transporters are considered to be one of the principal contributors to antimicrobial resistance. The small multidrug-resistance family consists of unique small proteins that act as efflux pumps and are involved in extruding various antimicrobial compounds. The present study aims to demonstrate the role of an efflux transporter YnfA belonging to the SMR family and its functional involvement in promoting antimicrobial resistance in S. flexneri. Employing various genetic, computational, and biochemical techniques, we show how disrupting the YnfA transporter, renders the mutant Shigella strain more susceptible to some antimicrobial compounds tested in this study, and significantly affects the overall transport activity of the bacteria against ethidium bromide and acriflavine when compared with the wild-type Shigella strain. We also assessed how mutating some of the conserved amino acid residues of YnfA alters the resistance profile and efflux activity of the mutant YnfA transporter. This study provides a functional understanding of an uncharacterized SMR transporter YnfA of Shigella.
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Effect of biannual azithromycin distribution on antibody responses to malaria, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens in Niger. Nat Commun 2022; 13:976. [PMID: 35190534 PMCID: PMC8861117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The MORDOR trial in Niger, Malawi, and Tanzania found that biannual mass distribution of azithromycin to children younger than 5 years led to a 13.5% reduction in all-cause mortality (NCT02048007). To help elucidate the mechanism for mortality reduction, we report IgG responses to 11 malaria, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens using a multiplex bead assay in pre-specified substudy of 30 communities in the rural Niger placebo-controlled trial over a three-year period (n = 5642 blood specimens, n = 3814 children ages 1–59 months). Mass azithromycin reduces Campylobacter spp. force of infection by 29% (hazard ratio = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.89; P = 0.004) but serological measures show no significant differences between groups for other pathogens against a backdrop of high transmission. Results align with a recent microbiome study in the communities. Given significant sequelae of Campylobacter infection among preschool aged children, our results support an important mechanism through which biannual mass distribution of azithromycin likely reduces mortality in Niger. In a randomized placebo-controlled trial in rural Niger, biannual azithromycin distribution to children 1-59 months reduced all-cause mortality. Based on serology, Arzika et al. here report a reduction of Campylobacter infection, supporting one mechanism for the intervention’s impact on mortality.
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14
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Maier N, Riddle MS, Gutiérrez R, Fraser JA, Connor P, Tribble DR, Porter CK. A disease severity scale for the evaluation of vaccine and other preventive or therapeutic interventions for travellers' diarrhoea. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6365136. [PMID: 34490456 PMCID: PMC8763125 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Travellers' diarrhoea (TD) is the most common travel-related illness with an estimated 10 million people afflicted annually. Outcome measures to assess the efficacy of primary and secondary TD interventions were historically based on diarrhoea frequency with ≥1 associated gastrointestinal symptom. Furthermore, efficacy determination is often made on the presence or absence of TD, rather than on TD illness severity. Current severity classifications are based on subjective consideration of impact of illness on activity. We sought to develop a standardized scoring system to characterize TD severity to potentially apply as a secondary outcome in future field studies. METHODS Data on multiple signs and symptoms were obtained from a previously published multisite TD treatment trial conducted by the US Department of Defense (TrEAT TD). Correlation, regression and multiple correspondence analyses were performed to assess impact on activity and a TD severity score was established. RESULTS Numerous signs and symptoms were associated with impaired function, with malaise and nausea most strongly associated [odds ratio (OR) 5.9-44.3, P < 0.0001 and OR 2.8-37.1, P < 0.0001, respectively). Based on co-varying symptomatology, a TD severity score accounting for diarrhoea frequency in addition to several signs and symptoms was a better predictor of negative impact on function than any single sign/symptom (X2 = 127.16, P < 0.001). Additionally, there was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the mean TD severity score between those with acute watery diarrhoea (3.9 ± 1.9) and those with dysentery or acute febrile illness (6.2 ± 2.0). CONCLUSIONS The newly developed disease severity score better predicted a negative impact on activity due to TD than did any single sign or symptom. Incorporating multiple parameters into the TD severity score better captures illness severity and moves the field towards current recommendations for TD management by considering symptoms with high functional impact. Further validation of this score is needed in non-military travellers and other settings.
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15
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Lee T, Gutiérrez RL, Maciel M, Poole S, Testa KJ, Trop S, Duplessis C, Lane A, Riddle MS, Hamer M, Alcala A, Prouty M, Maier N, Erdem R, Louis Bourgeois A, Porter CK. Safety and immunogenicity of intramuscularly administered CS6 subunit vaccine with a modified heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Vaccine 2021; 39:5548-5556. [PMID: 34419306 PMCID: PMC8461560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common cause of infectious diarrhoea and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children living in resource-limited settings. It is also the leading cause of travellers' diarrhoea among civilian and military travellers. Its dual importance in global public health and travel medicine highlights the need for an effective vaccine. ETEC express colonization factors (CFs) that mediate adherence to the small intestine. An epidemiologically prevalent CF is coli surface antigen 6 (CS6). We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a CS6-targeted candidate vaccine, CssBA, co-administered intramuscularly with the double-mutant heat-labile enterotoxin, dmLT [LT(R192G/L211A)]. METHODS This was an open-label trial. Fifty subjects received three intramuscular injections (Days 1, 22 and 43) of CssBA alone (5 µg), dmLT alone (0.1 µg) or CssBA (5, 15, 45 µg) + dmLT (0.1 and 0.5 µg). Subjects were actively monitored for adverse events for 28 days following the third vaccination. Antibody responses (IgG and IgA) were characterized in the serum and from lymphocyte supernatants (ALS) to CS6 and the native ETEC heat labile enterotoxin, LT. RESULTS Across all dose cohorts, the vaccine was safe and well-tolerated with no vaccine-related severe or serious adverse events. Among vaccine-related adverse events, a majority (98%) were mild with 79% being short-lived vaccine site reactions. Robust antibody responses were induced in a dose-dependent manner with a clear dmLT adjuvant effect. Response rates in subjects receiving 45 µg CssBA and 0.5 µg dmLT ranged from 50 to 100% across assays. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate the safety and immunogenicity of CssBA and/or dmLT administered intramuscularly. Co-administration of the two components induced robust immune responses to CS6 and LT, paving the way for future studies to evaluate the efficacy of this vaccine target and development of a multivalent, subunit ETEC vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tida Lee
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, United States
| | - Ramiro L Gutiérrez
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, United States
| | - Milton Maciel
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, United States; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, United States
| | - Steven Poole
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, United States; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, United States
| | - Kayla J Testa
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, United States; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, United States
| | - Stefanie Trop
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, United States; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, United States
| | | | - Alison Lane
- Uniformed Services University, United States
| | | | - Melinda Hamer
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, United States; Uniformed Services University, United States
| | - Ashley Alcala
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, United States; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, United States
| | - Michael Prouty
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, United States
| | | | | | | | - Chad K Porter
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, United States.
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16
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Angamuthu S, R. Ramaswamy C, Thangaswamy S, Sadhasivam DR, Nallaswamy VD, Subramanian R, Ganesan R, Raju A. Metabolic annotation, interactions and characterization of natural products of mango (Mangifera indica L.): 1H NMR based chemical metabolomics profiling. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Patchanee P, Chokesajjawatee N, Santiyanont P, Chuammitri P, Deeudom M, Monteith W, Sheppard SK, Pascoe B, Prasertsee T. Characterisation of Salmonella enterica clones carrying mcr-1 plasmids in meat products and patients in Northern Thailand using long read sequencing. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 358:109314. [PMID: 34176647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is an important foodborne pathogen associated with consumption of contaminated food, especially food of livestock origin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella has been reported globally and increasing AMR in food production is a major public health issue worldwide. The objective of this study was to describe the genetic relatedness among Salmonella enterica isolates, which displayed identical DNA fingerprint profiles. Ten S. enterica isolates were selected from meat and human cases with an identical rep-PCR profile of serovars Rissen (n = 4), Weltevreden (n = 4), and Stanley (n = 2). We used long-read whole genome sequencing (WGS) on the MinION sequencing platform to type isolates and investigate in silico the presence of specific AMR genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was tested by disk diffusion and gradient diffusion method to corroborate the AMR phenotype. Multidrug resistance and resistance to more than one antimicrobial agent were observed in eight and nine isolates, respectively. Resistance to colistin with an accompanying mcr-1 gene was observed among the Salmonella isolates. The analysis of core genome and whole genome MLST revealed that the Salmonella from meat and human salmonellosis were genetically related. Hence, it could be concluded that meat is one of the important sources for Salmonella infection in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapas Patchanee
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Nipa Chokesajjawatee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pannita Santiyanont
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Manu Deeudom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - William Monteith
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7BA, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7BA, United Kingdom; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7BA, United Kingdom; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Teerarat Prasertsee
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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18
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Johnson RC, Van Nostrand JD, Tisdale M, Swierczewski B, Simons MP, Connor P, Fraser J, Melton-Celsa AR, Tribble DR, Riddle MS. Fecal Microbiota Functional Gene Effects Related to Single-Dose Antibiotic Treatment of Travelers' Diarrhea. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab271. [PMID: 34189178 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is common among military personnel deployed to tropical and subtropical regions. It remains unclear how TD and subsequent antibiotic treatment impact the resident microflora within the gut, especially given increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance among enteric pathogens and acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms. We examined functional properties of the fecal microflora in response to TD, along with subsequent antibiotic treatment. Methods Fecal samples from US and UK military service members deployed to Djibouti, Kenya, and Honduras who presented with acute watery diarrhea were collected. A sample was collected at acute presentation to the clinic (day 0, before antibiotics), as well as 7 and/or 21 days following a single dose of antibiotics (azithromycin [500 mg], levofloxacin [500 mg], or rifaximin [1650 mg], all with loperamide). Each stool sample underwent culture and TaqMan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses for pathogen and antibiotic resistance gene detection. Purified DNA from each sample was analyzed using the HumiChip3.1 functional gene array. Results In total, 108 day 1 samples, 50 day 7 samples, and 94 day 21 samples were available for analysis from 119 subjects. Geographic location and disease severity were associated with distinct functional compositions of fecal samples. There were no overt functional differences between pre- and postantibiotic treatment samples, nor was there increased acquisition of antibiotic resistance determinants for any of the antibiotic regimens. Conclusions These results indicate that single-dose antibiotic regimens may not drastically alter the functional or antibiotic resistance composition of fecal microflora, which should inform clinical practice guidelines and antimicrobial stewardship. Clinical Trials Registration Number NCT01618591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michele Tisdale
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Mark P Simons
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Connor
- Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defense Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jamie Fraser
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela R Melton-Celsa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark S Riddle
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
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19
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Myers AG, Clark RB. Discovery of Macrolide Antibiotics Effective against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1635-1645. [PMID: 33691070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrolides are among the most widely prescribed antibiotics, particularly for bacterial lung infections, due to their favorable safety, oral bioavailability, and spectrum of activity against Gram-positive pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. Their utility against Gram-negative bacteria is extremely limited and does not include the Enterobacteriaceae or other ESKAPE pathogens. With the increasing development of resistance to current therapies and the lack of safe, oral options to treat Gram-negative infections, extended-spectrum macrolides have the potential to provide valuable treatment options. While the bacterial ribosome, the target of macrolides, is highly conserved across Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, traditional macrolides do not possess the proper physicochemical properties to cross the polar Gram-negative outer membrane and are highly susceptible to efflux. As with most natural product-derived compounds, macrolides are generally prepared through semisynthesis, which is limited in scope and lacks the ability to make the drastic physicochemical property changes necessary to overcome these hurdles.By using a fully synthetic platform technology to greatly expand structural diversity, novel macrolides were prepared with a focus on lowering the MW and increasing the polarity to achieve a physicochemical property profile more similar to that of traditional Gram-negative drug classes. In addition to the removal of lipophilic groups, a critical structural feature for obtaining Gram-negative activity in the macrolide class proved to be the introduction of small secondary or tertiary amines to yield polycationic species potentially capable of self-promoted uptake. Within the azithromycin-like 15-membered azalides, potent activity was seen when small alkyl amines were introduced at the 6'-position of desosamine. The biggest gains, however, were made by replacing the entire C10-C13 fragment of the macrolactone ring with commercially available or readily synthesized 1,2-aminoalcohols, leading to 13-membered azalides. The introduction of a tethered basic amine at the C10-position and systematic optimization of substitution and tether length and flexibility ultimately provided new macrolides that for the first time exhibit clinically relevant antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. A retrospective computational analysis of >1800 fully synthetic macrolides prepared during this effort identified key drivers and optimum ranges for improving permeability and avoiding efflux. In contrast to standard Gram-negative drugs which generally have MWs below 600 and clogD7.4 values below 0, we found that the ideal ranges for Gram-negative macrolides were MW between 600 and 720 and cLogD7.4 between -1 and 3. A total charge of between 2.5 and 3 was also required to provide optimal permeability and efflux avoidance. Thus, Gram-negative macrolides occupy a unique physicochemical property space that lies between traditional Gram-negative drug classes and Gram-positive macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Roger B. Clark
- Zikani Therapeutics, 480 Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
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20
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Tóth AG, Csabai I, Maróti G, Jerzsele Á, Dubecz A, Patai ÁV, Judge MF, Nagy SÁ, Makrai L, Bányai K, Szita G, Solymosi N. A glimpse of antimicrobial resistance gene diversity in kefir and yoghurt. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22458. [PMID: 33384459 PMCID: PMC7775456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat gaining more and more practical significance every year. The main determinants of AMR are the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Since bacteria can share genetic components via horizontal gene transfer, even non-pathogenic bacteria may provide ARG to any pathogens which they become physically close to (e.g. in the human gut). In addition, fermented food naturally contains bacteria in high amounts. In this study, we examined the diversity of ARG content in various kefir and yoghurt samples (products, grains, bacterial strains) using a unified metagenomic approach. We found numerous ARGs of commonly used fermenting bacteria. Even with the strictest filter restrictions, we identified ARGs undermining the efficacy of aminocoumarins, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, cephamycins, diaminopyrimidines, elfamycins, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycins, glycylcyclines, lincosamides, macrolides, monobactams, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles, penams, penems, peptides, phenicols, rifamycins, tetracyclines and triclosan. In the case of gene lmrD, we detected genetic environment providing mobility of this ARG. Our findings support the theory that during the fermentation process, the ARG content of foods can grow due to bacterial multiplication. The results presented suggest that the starting culture strains of fermented foods should be monitored and selected in order to decrease the intake of ARGs via foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Gréta Tóth
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - István Csabai
- Department of Phyisics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,Faculty of Water Sciences, University of Public Service, Baja, 6050, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Attila Dubecz
- Department of Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, 90419, Germany
| | - Árpád V Patai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1088, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Gastroenterology (IGA) Working Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Maura Fiona Judge
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Sára Ágnes Nagy
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - László Makrai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Géza Szita
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary. .,Department of Phyisics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
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21
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Williams C, Cumming O, Grignard L, Rumedeka BB, Saidi JM, Grint D, Drakeley C, Jeandron A. Prevalence and diversity of enteric pathogens among cholera treatment centre patients with acute diarrhea in Uvira, Democratic Republic of Congo. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:741. [PMID: 33036564 PMCID: PMC7547509 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera remains a major global health challenge. Uvira, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), has had endemic cholera since the 1970's and has been implicated as a possible point of origin for national outbreaks. A previous study among this population, reported a case confirmation rate of 40% by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) among patients at the Uvira Cholera Treatment Centre (CTC). This study considers the prevalence and diversity of 15 enteric pathogens in suspected cholera cases seeking treatment at the Uvira CTC. METHODS We used the Luminex xTAG® multiplex PCR to test for 15 enteric pathogens, including toxigenic strains of V. cholerae in rectal swabs preserved on Whatman FTA Elute cards. Results were interpreted on MAGPIX® and analyzed on the xTAG® Data Analysis Software. Prevalence of enteric pathogens were calculated and pathogen diversity was modelled with a Poisson regression. RESULTS Among 269 enrolled CTC patients, PCR detected the presence of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in 38% (103/269) of the patients, which were considered to be cholera cases. These strains were detected as the sole pathogen in 36% (37/103) of these cases. Almost half (45%) of all study participants carried multiple enteric pathogens (two or more). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (36%) and Cryptosporidium (28%) were the other most common pathogens identified amongst all participants. No pathogen was detected in 16.4% of study participants. Mean number of pathogens was highest amongst boys and girls aged 1-15 years and lowest in women aged 16-81 years. Ninety-three percent of toxigenic V. cholerae strains detected by PCR were found in patients having tested positive for V. cholerae O1 by RDT. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports previous results from DRC and other cholera endemic areas in sub-Sahara Africa with less than half of CTC admissions positive for cholera by PCR. More research is required to determine the causes of severe acute diarrhea in these low-resource, endemic areas to optimize treatment measures. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is part of the impact evaluation study entitled: "Impact Evaluation of Urban Water Supply Improvements on Cholera and Other Diarrheal Diseases in Uvira, Democratic Republic of Congo" registered on 10 October 2016 at clinicaltrials.gov Identification number: NCT02928341 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Williams
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Lynn Grignard
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Baron Bashige Rumedeka
- Ministère de la Santé Publique, Division Provinciale de la Santé Publique, District Sanitaire d'Uvira, Uvira, Sud-Kivu, Congo
| | - Jaime Mufitini Saidi
- Ministère de la Santé Publique, Division Provinciale de la Santé Publique, District Sanitaire d'Uvira, Uvira, Sud-Kivu, Congo
| | - Daniel Grint
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Aurelie Jeandron
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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22
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Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:45-58. [PMID: 32929595 PMCID: PMC7489455 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Shigella sonnei is the emerging pathogen globally, as it is the second common infectious species of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the leading one in developed world. The multifactorial processes and novel mechanisms have been identified in S. sonnei, that are collectively playing apart a substantial role in increasing its prevalence, while replacing the S. flexneri and other Gram-negative gut pathogens niche occupancy. Recently, studies suggest that due to improvement in sanitation S. sonnei has reduced cross-immunization from Plesiomonas shigelliodes (having same O-antigen as S. sonnei) and also found to outcompete the two major species of Enterobacteriaceae family (Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli), due to encoding of type VI secretion system (T6SS). This review aimed to highlight S. sonnei as an emerging pathogen in the light of recent research with pondering aspects on its epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, this paper aimed to review S. sonnei disease pattern and related complications, symptoms, and laboratory diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the available treatment reigns and antibiotic-resistance patterns of S. sonnei are also discussed, as the ciprofloxacin and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei has already intensified the global spread and burden of antimicrobial resistance. In last, prevention and controlling strategies are briefed to limit and tackle S. sonnei and possible future areas are also explored that needed more research to unravel the hidden mysteries surrounding S. sonnei.
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Saha S, Halder M, Mookerjee S, Palit A. Preponderance of Multidrug-resistant, Toxigenic, and Thermotolerant Enteropathogenic Bacteria in Raw and Cooked Seafood of Indo-Gangetic Basin and Associated Health Risks. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2020.1813858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suvajit Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Beliaghata, India
| | - Madhumanti Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Beliaghata, India
| | - Subham Mookerjee
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Beliaghata, India
| | - Anup Palit
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Beliaghata, India
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24
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Shakoor S, Platts-Mills JA, Hasan R. Antibiotic-Resistant Enteric Infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:1105-1123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Schiaffino F, Colston JM, Paredes-Olortegui M, François R, Pisanic N, Burga R, Peñataro-Yori P, Kosek MN. Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter Species in a Pediatric Cohort Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e01911-18. [PMID: 30420482 PMCID: PMC6355604 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01911-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the phenotypic patterns of antibiotic resistance and the epidemiology of drug-resistant Campylobacter spp. from a low-resource setting. A birth cohort of 303 patients was followed until 5 years of age. Stool samples from asymptomatic children (n = 10,008) and those with diarrhea (n = 3,175) were cultured for Campylobacter Disk diffusion for ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), erythromycin (ERY), azithromycin (AZM), tetracycline (TE), gentamicin (GM), ampicillin (AMP), amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (AMC), ceftriaxone (CRO), chloramphenicol (C), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) was determined. Antibiotic resistances in Campylobacter jejuni and non-C. jejuni isolates from surveillance and diarrhea samples were compared, and the association between personal macrolide exposure and subsequent occurrence of a macrolide-resistant Campylobacter spp. was assessed. Of 917 Campylobacter isolates, 77.4% of C. jejuni isolates and 79.8% of non-C. jejuni isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, while 4.9% of C. jejuni isolates and 24.8% of non-C. jejuni isolates were not susceptible to azithromycin. Of the 303 children, 33.1% had been diagnosed with a Campylobacter strain nonsusceptible to both azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. Personal macrolide exposure did not affect the risk of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (94.0%) was one of the antibiotics with the highest rates of susceptibility. There is a high incidence of quinolone- and macrolide-resistant Campylobacter infections in infants under 24 months of age. Given the lack of association between personal exposure to macrolides and a subsequent Campylobacter infection resistant to macrolides, there is a need to evaluate the source of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Campylobacter This study provides compelling evidence to propose amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as a treatment for campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schiaffino
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Josh M Colston
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ruthly François
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosa Burga
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Pablo Peñataro-Yori
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
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26
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Karl JP, Hatch AM, Arcidiacono SM, Pearce SC, Pantoja-Feliciano IG, Doherty LA, Soares JW. Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2013. [PMID: 30258412 PMCID: PMC6143810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, a ubiquitous part of daily human life, has varied biological effects which are increasingly recognized as including modulation of commensal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota influences the host stress response and associated sequelae, thereby implicating the gut microbiota as an important mediator of host health. This narrative review aims to summarize evidence concerning the impact of psychological, environmental, and physical stressors on gut microbiota composition and function. The stressors reviewed include psychological stress, circadian disruption, sleep deprivation, environmental extremes (high altitude, heat, and cold), environmental pathogens, toxicants, pollutants, and noise, physical activity, and diet (nutrient composition and food restriction). Stressors were selected for their direct relevance to military personnel, a population that is commonly exposed to these stressors, often at extremes, and in combination. However, the selected stressors are also common, alone or in combination, in some civilian populations. Evidence from preclinical studies collectively indicates that the reviewed stressors alter the composition, function and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, but that effects vary across stressors, and can include effects that may be beneficial or detrimental to host health. Translation of these findings to humans is largely lacking at present. This gap precludes concluding with certainty that transient or cumulative exposures to psychological, environmental, and physical stressors have any consistent, meaningful impact on the human gut microbiota. However, provocative preclinical evidence highlights a need for translational research aiming to elucidate the impact of stressors on the human gut microbiota, and how the gut microbiota can be manipulated, for example by using nutrition, to mitigate adverse stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Adrienne M. Hatch
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Steven M. Arcidiacono
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Sarah C. Pearce
- Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Ida G. Pantoja-Feliciano
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Laurel A. Doherty
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Jason W. Soares
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
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27
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Treatment of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Diarrhea in Cancer Patients: A Series of Three Cases. Case Rep Infect Dis 2018; 2018:8438701. [PMID: 29850308 PMCID: PMC5933037 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8438701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a common cause of watery diarrhea in children in the developing world and an infrequent cause of significant diarrhea in adult patients. EPEC diarrhea, while not commonly seen in cancer patients, can cause significant distress to patients, and antimicrobial choice for this condition in this patient population is not clearly delineated in the literature. We report 3 cases of EPEC diarrhea in cancer patients and discuss the use of azithromycin for successful treatment of these patients. Positive outcomes were seen while using azithromycin in our first two patients and ciprofloxacin in our third patient.
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28
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Frickmann H, Hagen RM, Geiselbrechtinger F, Hoysal N. Infectious diseases during the European Union training mission Mali (EUTM MLI) - a four-year experience. Mil Med Res 2018; 5:19. [PMID: 29848381 PMCID: PMC5977544 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-018-0166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Union Training Mission Mali (EUTM MLI) is a multinational military training deployment to the Western African tropical nation of Mali. Based on routinely collected disease and non-battle injury surveillance data, this study quantifies the true impact of infectious diseases for this tropical mission and potential seasonal variations in infectious disease threats. METHODS Categorized health events during the EUTM MLI mission and associated lost working days were reported using the EpiNATO-2 report. Infection-related health events were descriptively analyzed for a 4-year period from the 12th week in 2013 to the 13th week in 2017. Aggregated EpiNATO-2 data collected from all missions other than EUTM MLI were used as a comparator. RESULTS Among the infectious diseases reported by EUTM MLI, non-severe upper respiratory infections and gastrointestinal diseases dominated quantitatively, accounting for 1.65 and 1.42 consultations per 100 person-weeks, respectively. The number of recorded infectious disease-associated lost working days during the whole study interval was 723. Seasonal changes in disease frequency were detectable. More gastrointestinal infections were seen in the rainy season, and more respiratory infections occurred in the dry season; these were associated with peaks of more than 2.5 consultations per 100 person-weeks for both categories. CONCLUSIONS Despite initial concerns focused on tropical infectious diseases during this mission in tropical Mali, upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections predominate. The relatively low number of reported lost working days may indicate that these infections are at the milder end of the spectrum of infectious diseases despite a likely reporting bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Geiselbrechtinger
- NATO Center of Excellence for Military Medicine (MilMedCOE), Deployment Health Surveillance Capability (DHSC), Dachauer Str. 128, 80637, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Marchionini-Str. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nagpal Hoysal
- NATO Center of Excellence for Military Medicine (MilMedCOE), Deployment Health Surveillance Capability (DHSC), Dachauer Str. 128, 80637, Munich, Germany
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