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LoPiccolo J, Gusev A, Christiani DC, Jänne PA. Lung cancer in patients who have never smoked - an emerging disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:121-146. [PMID: 38195910 PMCID: PMC11014425 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Although smoking-related lung cancers continue to account for the majority of diagnoses, smoking rates have been decreasing for several decades. Lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked (LCINS) is estimated to be the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2023, preferentially occurring in women and Asian populations. As smoking rates continue to decline, understanding the aetiology and features of this disease, which necessitate unique diagnostic and treatment paradigms, will be imperative. New data have provided important insights into the molecular and genomic characteristics of LCINS, which are distinct from those of smoking-associated lung cancers and directly affect treatment decisions and outcomes. Herein, we review the emerging data regarding the aetiology and features of LCINS, particularly the genetic and environmental underpinnings of this disease as well as their implications for treatment. In addition, we outline the unique diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms of LCINS and discuss future directions in identifying individuals at high risk of this disease for potential screening efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn LoPiccolo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- The Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Urrutia-Pereira M, Chatkin JM, Chong-Neto HJ, Solé D. Radon exposure: a major cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers. J Bras Pneumol 2023; 49:e20230210. [PMID: 38055388 PMCID: PMC10760439 DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20230210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to radon can impact human health. This is a nonsystematic review of articles written in English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese published in the last decade (2013-2023), using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and SciELO. Search terms selected were radon, human health, respiratory diseases, children, and adults. After analyzing the titles and abstracts, the researchers initially identified 47 studies, which were subsequently reduced to 40 after excluding reviews, dissertations, theses, and case-control studies. The studies have shown that enclosed environments such as residences and workplaces have higher levels of radon than those outdoors. Moreover, radon is one of the leading causes of lung cancer, especially in nonsmokers. An association between exposure to radon and development of other lung diseases, such as asthma and COPD, was also observed. It is crucial to increase public awareness and implement governmental control measures to reduce radon exposure. It is essential to quantify radon levels in all types of buildings and train professionals to conduct such measurements according to proven efficacy standards. Health care professionals should also be informed about this threat and receive adequate training to deal with the effects of radon on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Urrutia-Pereira
- . Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA - Uruguaiana (RS) Brasil
| | - José Miguel Chatkin
- . Disciplina de Medicina Interna e Pneumologia, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS - Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil
| | | | - Dirceu Solé
- . Disciplina de Pediatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo (SP) Brasil
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3
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Wang P, Li T, Fang L, Chen D, Qi H, Gu C. UPF1 regulates FOXO1 protein expression by promoting PBK transcription in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 666:10-20. [PMID: 37167719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1) is essential for nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay (NMD). It is best known for its cytoprotective role in degrading aberrant and specific RNAs. UPF1 is dysregulated in multiple tumors, which correlates with poor prognosis and low overall survival.However,the role of UPF1 in lung cancer remains unclear.Current study shows that UPF1 could be a potential target for oncology therapies. The results also demonstrated the potential efficiency of UPF1 in regulating the proliferation and metastasis of lung cancer. Our findings suggest that those functions can be attributed to the inhibition of the stability of FOXO1 protein. In addition, PBK participates in the regulation of FOXO1 by UPF1.This result provides a new therapeutic strategy for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China; Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China; Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China; Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Di Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Huan Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Chundong Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China; Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
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Padinharayil H, Varghese J, John MC, Rajanikant GK, Wilson CM, Al-Yozbaki M, Renu K, Dewanjee S, Sanyal R, Dey A, Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Gopalakrishnan AV, George A. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): Implications on molecular pathology and advances in early diagnostics and therapeutics. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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5
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McCullough LE, Maliniak ML, Amin AB, Baker JM, Baliashvili D, Barberio J, Barrera CM, Brown CA, Collin LJ, Freedman AA, Gibbs DC, Haddad MB, Hall EW, Hamid S, Harrington KRV, Holleman AM, Kaufman JA, Khan MA, Labgold K, Lee VC, Malik AA, Mann LM, Marks KJ, Nelson KN, Quader ZS, Ross-Driscoll K, Sarkar S, Shah MP, Shao IY, Smith JP, Stanhope KK, Valenzuela-Lara M, Van Dyke ME, Vyas KJ, Lash TL. Epidemiology beyond its limits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3328. [PMID: 35675391 PMCID: PMC9176748 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, journalist Gary Taubes published an article in Science titled "Epidemiology faces its limits," which questioned the utility of nonrandomized epidemiologic research and has since been cited more than 1000 times. He highlighted numerous examples of research topics he viewed as having questionable merit. Studies have since accumulated for these associations. We systematically evaluated current evidence of 53 example associations discussed in the article. Approximately one-quarter of those presented as doubtful are now widely viewed as causal based on current evaluations of the public health consensus. They include associations between alcohol consumption and breast cancer, residential radon exposure and lung cancer, and the use of tanning devices and melanoma. This history should inform current debates about the reproducibility of epidemiologic research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. McCullough
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maret L. Maliniak
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Avnika B. Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julia M. Baker
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Davit Baliashvili
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie Barberio
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chloe M. Barrera
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Lindsay J. Collin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexa A. Freedman
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David C. Gibbs
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maryam B. Haddad
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric W. Hall
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sarah Hamid
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Aaron M. Holleman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John A. Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammed A. Khan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katie Labgold
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Veronica C. Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amyn A. Malik
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura M. Mann
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristin J. Marks
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristin N. Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zerleen S. Quader
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Monica P. Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Iris Y. Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Smith
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaitlyn K. Stanhope
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marisol Valenzuela-Lara
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miriam E. Van Dyke
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kartavya J. Vyas
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy L. Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Sorrentina Peninsula: Geographical Distribution of the Indoor Radon Concentrations in Dwellings—Gini Index Application. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11177975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The radon isotope (222Rn, half-life 3.8 days) is a radioactive byproduct of the 238U decay chain. Because radon is the second biggest cause of lung cancer after smoking, dense maps of indoor radon concentration are required to implement effective locally based risk reduction strategies. In this regard, we present an innovative method for the construction of interpolated maps (kriging) based on the Gini index computation to characterize the distribution of Rn concentration. The Gini coefficient variogram has been shown to be an effective predictor of radon concentration inhomogeneity. It allows for a better constraint of the critical distance below which the radon geological source can be considered uniform, at least for the investigated length scales of variability; it also better distinguishes fluctuations due to environmental predisposing factors from those due to random spatially uncorrelated noise. This method has been shown to be effective in finding larger-scale geographical connections that can subsequently be connected to geological characteristics. It was tested using real dataset derived from indoor radon measurements conducted in the Sorrentina Peninsula in Campania, Italy. The measurement was carried out in different residences using passive detectors (CR-39) for two consecutive semesters, beginning in September–November 2019 and ending in September–November 2020, to estimate the yearly mean radon concentration. The measurements and analysis were conducted in accordance with the quality control plan. Radon concentrations ranged from 25 to 722 Bq/m3 before being normalized to ground level, and from 23 to 933 Bq/m3 after being normalized, with a geometric mean of 120 Bq/m3 and a geometric standard deviation of 1.35 before data normalization, and 139 Bq/m3 and a geometric standard deviation of 1.36 after data normalization. Approximately 13% of the tests conducted exceeded the 300 Bq/m3 reference level set by Italian Legislative Decree 101/2020. The data show that the municipalities under investigation had no influence on indoor radon levels. The geology of the monitored location is interesting, and because soil is the primary source of Rn, risk assessment and mitigation for radon exposure cannot be undertaken without first analyzing the local geology. This research examines the spatial link among radon readings using the mapping based on the Gini method (kriging).
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Nugraha ED, Hosoda M, Kusdiana, Untara, Mellawati J, Nurokhim, Tamakuma Y, Ikram A, Syaifudin M, Yamada R, Akata N, Sasaki M, Furukawa M, Yoshinaga S, Yamaguchi M, Miura T, Kashiwakura I, Tokonami S. Comprehensive exposure assessments from the viewpoint of health in a unique high natural background radiation area, Mamuju, Indonesia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14578. [PMID: 34272409 PMCID: PMC8285509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mamuju is one of the regions in Indonesia which retains natural conditions but has relatively high exposure to natural radiation. The goals of the present study were to characterize exposure of the entire Mamuju region as a high natural background radiation area (HNBRA) and to assess the existing exposure as a means for radiation protection of the public and the environment. A cross-sectional study method was used with cluster sampling areas by measuring all parameters that contribute to external and internal radiation exposures. It was determined that Mamuju was a unique HNBRA with the annual effective dose between 17 and 115 mSv, with an average of 32 mSv. The lifetime cumulative dose calculation suggested that Mamuju residents could receive as much as 2.2 Sv on average which is much higher than the average dose of atomic bomb survivors for which risks of cancer and non-cancer diseases are demonstrated. The study results are new scientific data allowing better understanding of health effects related to chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposure and they can be used as the main input in a future epidemiology study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Djatnika Nugraha
- Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jl Lebak Bulus Raya No 49, Jakarta Selatan, DKI Jakarta, 12440, Indonesia
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hosoda
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kusdiana
- Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jl Lebak Bulus Raya No 49, Jakarta Selatan, DKI Jakarta, 12440, Indonesia
| | - Untara
- Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jl Lebak Bulus Raya No 49, Jakarta Selatan, DKI Jakarta, 12440, Indonesia
| | - June Mellawati
- Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jl Lebak Bulus Raya No 49, Jakarta Selatan, DKI Jakarta, 12440, Indonesia
| | - Nurokhim
- Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jl Lebak Bulus Raya No 49, Jakarta Selatan, DKI Jakarta, 12440, Indonesia
| | - Yuki Tamakuma
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Abarrul Ikram
- Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jl Lebak Bulus Raya No 49, Jakarta Selatan, DKI Jakarta, 12440, Indonesia
| | - Mukh Syaifudin
- Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jl Lebak Bulus Raya No 49, Jakarta Selatan, DKI Jakarta, 12440, Indonesia
| | - Ryohei Yamada
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 4-33, Muramatsu, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, 319-1194, Japan
| | - Naofumi Akata
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Michiya Sasaki
- Japan Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1, Iwadokita, Komae, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan
| | - Masahide Furukawa
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshinaga
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masaru Yamaguchi
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kashiwakura
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Shinji Tokonami
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan.
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Landi MT, Synnott NC, Rosenbaum J, Zhang T, Zhu B, Shi J, Zhao W, Kebede M, Sang J, Choi J, Mendoza L, Pacheco M, Hicks B, Caporaso NE, Abubakar M, Gordenin DA, Wedge DC, Alexandrov LB, Rothman N, Lan Q, Garcia-Closas M, Chanock SJ. Tracing Lung Cancer Risk Factors Through Mutational Signatures in Never-Smokers. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:962-976. [PMID: 33712835 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies often rely on questionnaire data, exposure measurement tools, and/or biomarkers to identify risk factors and the underlying carcinogenic processes. An emerging and promising complementary approach to investigate cancer etiology is the study of somatic "mutational signatures" that endogenous and exogenous processes imprint on the cellular genome. These signatures can be identified from a complex web of somatic mutations thanks to advances in DNA sequencing technology and analytical algorithms. This approach is at the core of the Sherlock-Lung study (2018-ongoing), a retrospective case-only study of over 2,000 lung cancers in never-smokers (LCINS), using different patterns of mutations observed within LCINS tumors to trace back possible exposures or endogenous processes. Whole genome and transcriptome sequencing, genome-wide methylation, microbiome, and other analyses are integrated with data from histological and radiological imaging, lifestyle, demographic characteristics, environmental and occupational exposures, and medical records to classify LCINS into subtypes that could reveal distinct risk factors. To date, we have received samples and data from 1,370 LCINS cases from 17 study sites worldwide and whole-genome sequencing has been completed on 1,257 samples. Here, we present the Sherlock-Lung study design and analytical strategy, also illustrating some empirical challenges and the potential for this approach in future epidemiologic studies.
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Ponciano-Rodríguez G, Gaso MI, Armienta MA, Trueta C, Morales I, Alfaro R, Segovia N. Indoor radon exposure and excess of lung cancer mortality: the case of Mexico-an ecological study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:221-234. [PMID: 32839955 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radon is a radioactive gas that can migrate from soils and rocks and accumulate in indoor areas such as dwellings and buildings. Many studies have shown a strong association between the exposure to radon, and its decay products, and lung cancer (LC), particularly in miners. In Mexico, according to published surveys, there is evidence of radon exposure in large groups of the population, nevertheless, only few attention has been paid to its association as a risk factor for LC. The aim of this ecological study is to evaluate the excess risk of lung cancer mortality in Mexico due to indoor radon exposure. Mean radon levels per state of the Country were obtained from different publications and lung cancer mortality was obtained from the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics for the period 2001-2013. A model proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection to estimate the annual excess risk of LC mortality (per 105 inhabitants) per dose unit of radon was used. The average indoor radon concentrations found rank from 51 to 1863 Bq m-3, the higher average dose exposure found was 3.13 mSv year-1 in the north of the country (Chihuahua) and the mortality excess of LC cases found in the country was 10 ± 1.5 (range 1-235 deaths) per 105 inhabitants. The highest values were found mainly in the Northern part of the country, where numerous uranium deposits are found, followed by Mexico City, the most crowded and most air polluted area in the country. A positive correlation (r = 0.98 p < 0.0001) was found between the excess of LC cases and the dose of radon exposure. Although the excess risk of LC mortality associated with indoor radon found in this study was relatively low, further studies are needed in order to accurately establish its magnitude in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ponciano-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
| | - M I Gaso
- ININ, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, 52750, Ocoyoacac, Edo. México, Mexico
| | - M A Armienta
- IGFUNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - C Trueta
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - I Morales
- IGFUNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - R Alfaro
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - N Segovia
- SNI, Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, Mexico, Mexico
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10
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Maier A, Wiedemann J, Rapp F, Papenfuß F, Rödel F, Hehlgans S, Gaipl US, Kraft G, Fournier C, Frey B. Radon Exposure-Therapeutic Effect and Cancer Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010316. [PMID: 33396815 PMCID: PMC7796069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Largely unnoticed, all life on earth is constantly exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation. Radon, an imperceptible natural occurring radioactive noble gas, contributes as the largest single fraction to radiation exposure from natural sources. For that reason, radon represents a major issue for radiation protection. Nevertheless, radon is also applied for the therapy of inflammatory and degenerative diseases in galleries and spas to many thousand patients a year. In either case, chronic environmental exposure or therapy, the effect of radon on the organism exposed is still under investigation at all levels of interaction. This includes the physical stage of diffusion and energy deposition by radioactive decay of radon and its progeny and the biological stage of initiating and propagating a physiologic response or inducing cancer after chronic exposure. The purpose of this manuscript is to comprehensively review the current knowledge of radon and its progeny on physical background, associated cancer risk and potential therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maier
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (J.W.); (F.R.); (F.P.); (G.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Julia Wiedemann
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (J.W.); (F.R.); (F.P.); (G.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Felicitas Rapp
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (J.W.); (F.R.); (F.P.); (G.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Franziska Papenfuß
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (J.W.); (F.R.); (F.P.); (G.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (F.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Stephanie Hehlgans
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (F.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Udo S. Gaipl
- Translational Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Gerhard Kraft
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (J.W.); (F.R.); (F.P.); (G.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.M.); (J.W.); (F.R.); (F.P.); (G.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Translational Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Schabath MB, Cote ML. Cancer Progress and Priorities: Lung Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 28:1563-1579. [PMID: 31575553 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. .,Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michele L Cote
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
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12
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Hunter RF, Murray JM, Coleman HG. The association between recreational screen time and cancer risk: findings from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:97. [PMID: 32746843 PMCID: PMC7398067 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence is suggestive of sedentary behaviour being associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer, but the evidence base is too limited to draw any conclusions for other cancers. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between recreational screen time and site-specific cancer risk. Methods We analysed data from the prospective UK Biobank cohort study. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between daily recreational screen time (including television (TV) viewing time, computer use time and total screen time) and site-specific cancer risk. Partition models and isotemporal substitution models investigated the impact of substituting recreational screen time with physical activity. Results During a mean follow-up of 7.6 years, 28,992 incident cancers were identified among 470,578 adults. A 1-h increase in daily TV viewing time was associated with higher risks of oropharyngeal, oesophago-gastric and colon cancer in fully adjusted models. Participants who reported ≤1, compared with 1- ≤ 3, hours/day of TV viewing time had lower risks of lung, breast, and oesophago-gastric cancer. Findings were inconsistent for daily recreational computer use and daily total recreational screen time. The majority of observed associations were small, and were attenuated after excluding cancers diagnosed within the first two years of follow-up, except for oesophago-gastric and colon cancers (HR 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.10; and HR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.07 per 1-h increase in daily TV viewing time, respectively). However, isotemporal substitution models showed reduced risk of some site-specific (oropharyngeal, lung, breast and colorectal) cancers when replacing 1-h/day of TV viewing with 1-h of moderate-intensity physical activity or walking. Conclusions Our findings show that daily recreational screen time, particularly TV viewing, was associated with small increased risks of oesophago-gastric and colon cancer. Replacing 1-h/day of TV viewing with 1-h of moderate-intensity physical activity or walking was associated with lower risk of oropharyngeal, lung, breast and colorectal cancers. Further research from other large prospective cohort studies is required, while mechanistic research is warranted to enhance the biological plausibility of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth F Hunter
- Centre for Public Health, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT12 6BJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer M Murray
- Centre for Public Health, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT12 6BJ, UK.
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Centre for Public Health and Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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13
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Bersimbaev R, Pulliero A, Bulgakova O, Asia K, Aripova A, Izzotti A. Radon Biomonitoring and microRNA in Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2154. [PMID: 32245099 PMCID: PMC7139524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radon is the number one cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. microRNA expression in human bronchial epithelium cells is altered by radon, with particular reference to upregulation of miR-16, miR-15, miR-23, miR-19, miR-125, and downregulation of let-7, miR-194, miR-373, miR-124, miR-146, miR-369, and miR-652. These alterations alter cell cycle, oxidative stress, inflammation, oncogene suppression, and malignant transformation. Also DNA methylation is altered as a consequence of miR-29 modification induced by radon. Indeed miR-29 targets DNA methyltransferases causing inhibition of CpG sites methylation. Massive microRNA dysregulation occurs in the lung due to radon expose and is functionally related with the resulting lung damage. However, in humans this massive lung microRNA alterations only barely reflect onto blood microRNAs. Indeed, blood miR-19 was not found altered in radon-exposed subjects. Thus, microRNAs are massively dysregulated in experimental models of radon lung carcinogenesis. In humans these events are initially adaptive being aimed at inhibiting neoplastic transformation. Only in case of long-term exposure to radon, microRNA alterations lead towards cancer development. Accordingly, it is difficult in human to establish a microRNA signature reflecting radon exposure. Additional studies are required to understand the role of microRNAs in pathogenesis of radon-induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhmet Bersimbaev
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Akmola 010008, Kazakhstan; (R.B.); (O.B.); (K.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Alessandra Pulliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, I-16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Olga Bulgakova
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Akmola 010008, Kazakhstan; (R.B.); (O.B.); (K.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Kussainova Asia
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Akmola 010008, Kazakhstan; (R.B.); (O.B.); (K.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Akmara Aripova
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Akmola 010008, Kazakhstan; (R.B.); (O.B.); (K.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, I-16132 Genoa, Italy;
- IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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14
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Li C, Wang C, Yu J, Fan Y, Liu D, Zhou W, Shi T. Residential Radon and Histological Types of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Case‒Control Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041457. [PMID: 32102460 PMCID: PMC7068370 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on residential radon exposure and the risk of histological types of lung cancer have yielded inconsistent results. We conducted a meta-analysis on this topic and updated previous related meta-analyses. We searched the databases of Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure for papers published up to 13 November 2018. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed and random effects models. Subgroup and dose‒response analyses were also conducted. This study was registered with PROSPERO (No. CRD42019127761). A total of 28 studies, which included 13,748 lung cancer cases and 23,112 controls, were used for this meta-analysis. The pooled OR indicated that the highest residential radon exposure was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.26–1.73). All histological types of lung cancer were associated with residential radon. Strongest association with small-cell lung carcinoma (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.52–2.71) was found, followed by adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.31–1.91), other histological types (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.11–2.15) and squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.18–1.74). With increasing residential radon levels per 100 Bq/m3, the risk of lung cancer, small-cell lung carcinoma and adenocarcinoma increased by 11%, 19% and 13%, respectively. This meta-analysis provides new evidence for a potential relationship between residential radon and all histological types of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (C.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (C.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (C.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (C.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Duanya Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; (C.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Wenshan Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China;
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Tingming Shi
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China;
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (T.S.)
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15
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Lorenzo-González M, Torres-Durán M, Barbosa-Lorenzo R, Provencio-Pulla M, Barros-Dios JM, Ruano-Ravina A. Radon exposure: a major cause of lung cancer. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:839-850. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1645599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Lorenzo-González
- Service of Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Complex of Ourense, Ourense, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Juan Miguel Barros-Dios
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- 5CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Service of Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Ruano-Ravina
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- 5CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive material that is formed as the decay product of uranium and thorium, and is estimated to contribute to approximately half of the average annual natural background radiation. When inhaled, it damages the lungs during radioactive decay and affects the human body. Through many epidemiological studies regarding occupational exposure among miners and residential exposure among the general population, radon has been scientifically proven to cause lung cancer, and radon exposure is the second most common cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoking. However, it is unclear whether radon exposure causes diseases other than lung cancer. Media reports have often dealt with radon exposure in relation to health problems, although public attention has been limited to a one-off period. However, recently in Korea, social interest and concern about radon exposure and its health effects have increased greatly due to mass media reports of high concentrations of radon being released from various close-to-life products, such as mattresses and beauty masks. Accordingly, this review article is intended to provide comprehensive scientific information regarding the health effects of radon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyu Kang
- Dongnam Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Busan, Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
| | - Songwon Seo
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Woo Jin
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Gogna P, Narain TA, O'Sullivan DE, Villeneuve PJ, Demers PA, Hystad P, Brenner DR, Friedenreich CM, King WD. Estimates of the current and future burden of lung cancer attributable to residential radon exposure in Canada. Prev Med 2019; 122:100-108. [PMID: 31078163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Radon is widely recognized as a human carcinogen and findings from epidemiologic studies support a causal association between residential radon exposure and lung cancer risk. Our aim was to derive population attributable risks (PAR) to estimate the numbers of incident lung cancer due to residential radon exposure in Canada in 2015. Potential impact fractions for 2042 were estimated based on a series of counterfactuals. A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the relative risk of lung cancer per 100 Becquerels (Bq)/m3 increase in residential radon exposure, with a pooled estimate of 1.16 (95% CI: 1.07-1.24). The population distribution of annual residential radon exposure was estimated based on a national survey with adjustment for changes in the population distribution over time, the proportion of Canadians living in high-rise buildings, and to reflect annual rather than winter levels. An estimated 6.9% of lung cancer cases in 2015 were attributable to exposure to residential radon, accounting for 1741 attributable cases. If mitigation efforts were to reduce all residential radon exposures that are above current Canadian policy guidelines of 200 Bq/m3 (3% of Canadians) to 50 Bq/m3, 293 cases could be prevented in 2042, and 2322 cumulative cases could be prevented between 2016 and 2042. Our results show that mitigation that exclusively targets Canadian homes with radon exposures above current Canadian guidelines may not greatly alleviate the future projected lung cancer burden. Mitigation of residential radon levels below current guidelines may be required to substantially reduce the overall lung cancer burden in the Canadian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gogna
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Tasha A Narain
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Dylan E O'Sullivan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Will D King
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
| | -
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Seo S, Ha WH, Kang JK, Lee D, Park S, Kwon TE, Jin YW. Health effects of exposure to radon: implications of the radon bed mattress incident in Korea. Epidemiol Health 2019; 41:e2019004. [PMID: 30754959 PMCID: PMC6446066 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2019004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive material formed by the slow decay of uranium and thorium found in the earth's crust or construction materials. Internal exposure to radon accounts for about half of the natural background radiation dose to which humans are exposed annually. Radon is a carcinogen and is the second leading cause of lung cancer following smoking. An association between radon and lung cancer has been consistently reported in epidemiological studies on mine workers and the general population with indoor radon exposure. However, associations have not been clearly established between radon and other diseases, such as leukemia and thyroid cancer. Radiation doses are assessed by applying specific dose conversion coefficients according to the source (e.g., radon or thoron) and form of exposure (e.g., internal or external). However, regardless of the source or form of exposure, the effects of a given estimated dose on human health are identical, assuming that individuals have the same sensitivity to radiation. Recently, radiation exceeding the annual dose limit of the general population (1 mSv/yr) was detected in bed mattresses produced by D company due to the use of a monazite-based anion powder containing uranium and thorium. This has sparked concerns about the health hazards for mattress users caused by radiation exposure. In light of this event, this study presents scientific information about the assessment of radon and thoron exposure and its human implications for human health, which have emerged as a recent topic of interest and debate in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwon Seo
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wi-Ho Ha
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Kang
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dalnim Lee
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Kwon
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Woo Jin
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Seo S, Kang JK, Lee D, Jin YW. Health effects and consultations about radon exposure. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2019. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2019.62.7.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Songwon Seo
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Kang
- Dongnam Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
| | - Dalnim Lee
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Woo Jin
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Liu XD, Xie DF, Wang YL, Guan H, Huang RX, Zhou PK. Integrated analysis of lncRNA–mRNA co-expression networks in the α-particle induced carcinogenesis of human branchial epithelial cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 95:144-155. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1539880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, PR China
| | - Da-Fei Xie
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yi-Long Wang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rui-Xue Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Heath, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory, School of Public Health, Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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21
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Dobrzyński L, Fornalski KW, Reszczyńska J. Meta-analysis of thirty-two case-control and two ecological radon studies of lung cancer. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:149-163. [PMID: 29186473 PMCID: PMC5950923 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A re-analysis has been carried out of thirty-two case-control and two ecological studies concerning the influence of radon, a radioactive gas, on the risk of lung cancer. Three mathematically simplest dose-response relationships (models) were tested: constant (zero health effect), linear, and parabolic (linear-quadratic). Health effect end-points reported in the analysed studies are odds ratios or relative risk ratios, related either to morbidity or mortality. In our preliminary analysis, we show that the results of dose-response fitting are qualitatively (within uncertainties, given as error bars) the same, whichever of these health effect end-points are applied. Therefore, we deemed it reasonable to aggregate all response data into the so-called Relative Health Factor and jointly analysed such mixed data, to obtain better statistical power. In the second part of our analysis, robust Bayesian and classical methods of analysis were applied to this combined dataset. In this part of our analysis, we selected different subranges of radon concentrations. In view of substantial differences between the methodology used by the authors of case-control and ecological studies, the mathematical relationships (models) were applied mainly to the thirty-two case-control studies. The degree to which the two ecological studies, analysed separately, affect the overall results when combined with the thirty-two case-control studies, has also been evaluated. In all, as a result of our meta-analysis of the combined cohort, we conclude that the analysed data concerning radon concentrations below ~1000 Bq/m3 (~20 mSv/year of effective dose to the whole body) do not support the thesis that radon may be a cause of any statistically significant increase in lung cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwik Dobrzyński
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), ul. A. Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
- Corresponding author. National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), ul. A. Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland. Tel: +48-22-273-1612; Fax: +48-22-77-93-481;
| | - Krzysztof W Fornalski
- PGE EJ 1, ul. Mysia 2, 00-496 Warszawa, Poland
- Ex-Polon Laboratory, ul. Podleśna 81a, 05-552 Łazy, Poland
| | - Joanna Reszczyńska
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), ul. A. Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
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22
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23
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Krstić G. Radon versus other lung cancer risk factors: How accurate are the attribution estimates? JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:261-266. [PMID: 27687978 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1240725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This notebook paper provides a brief overview of attribution estimates for some key lung cancer risk factors, focusing on indoor radon gas exposure in the U.S., UK, and Canada. Tobacco smoking represents the primary cause of lung cancer worldwide. Radon is regarded as the second leading lung cancer risk factor in the U.S. and Canada. It can be observed, however, that the reported estimates appear not to add up to the maximum cumulative attribution of 100%. IMPLICATIONS Limitations and uncertainties associated with published epidemiological studies and the observed lack of consistency in lung cancer attribution estimates for radon and other non-smoking lung cancer risk factors should be taken into consideration by policy makers in setting population health protection priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Krstić
- a Fraser Health, Environmental Health Services , New Westminster , British Columbia , Canada
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24
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Barregard L, Andersson EM, Axelsson G. Response to Fornalski et al. Cancer Causes Control 2015. [PMID: 26210680 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Barregard
- Department Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - E M Andersson
- Department Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - G Axelsson
- Department Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Li CM, Chu WY, Wong DL, Tsang HF, Tsui NBY, Chan CML, Xue VWW, Siu PMF, Yung BYM, Chan LWC, Wong SCC. Current and future molecular diagnostics in non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1061-74. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1063420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Axelsson G, Andersson EM, Barregard L. Lung cancer risk from radon exposure in dwellings in Sweden: how many cases can be prevented if radon levels are lowered? Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:541-7. [PMID: 25677843 PMCID: PMC4365178 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Residential exposure to radon is considered to be the second cause of lung cancer after smoking. The purpose of this study was to estimate the number of lung cancer cases prevented from reducing radon exposure in Swedish dwellings. Methods Measurements of indoor radon are available from national studies in 1990 and 2008 with 8992 and 1819 dwellings, considered representative of all Swedish dwellings. These data were used to estimate the distribution of radon in Swedish dwellings. Lung cancer risk was assumed to increase by 16 % per 100 becquerels per cubic meter (Bq/m3) indoor air radon. Estimates of future and saved cases of lung cancer were performed at both constant and changed lung cancer incidence rates over time. Results The arithmetic mean concentration of radon was 113 Bq/m3 in 1990 and 90 Bq/m3 in 2008. Approximately 8 % of the population lived in houses with >200 Bq/m3. The estimated current number of lung cancer cases attributable to previous indoor radon exposure was 591 per year, and the number of future cases attributable to current exposure was 473. If radon levels above 100 Bq/m3 are lowered to 100 Bq/m3, 183 cases will be prevented. If levels >200 Bq/m3 are lowered to 140 Bq/m3 (mean in the present stratum 100–200 Bq/m3), 131 cases per year will be prevented.
Conclusions Although estimates are somewhat uncertain, 35–40 % of the radon attributed lung cancer cases can be prevented if radon levels >100 Bq/m3 are lowered to 100 Bq/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gösta Axelsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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Singh CR, Kathiresan K. Molecular understanding of lung cancers-A review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:S35-41. [PMID: 25183110 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered to be the most common cancer in the world. The purpose of this paper is to review scientific evidence, particularly epidemiologic evidence of overall lung cancer burden in the world. And molecular understanding of lung cancer at various levels by dominant and suppressor oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnappan Ravinder Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandasamy Kathiresan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lung cancer mortality and radon concentration in a chronically exposed neighborhood in Chihuahua, Mexico: a geospatial analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:935380. [PMID: 25165752 PMCID: PMC4138886 DOI: 10.1155/2014/935380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study correlated lung cancer (LC) mortality with statistical data obtained from government public databases. In order to asses a relationship between LC deaths and radon accumulation in dwellings, indoor radon concentrations were measured with passive detectors randomly distributed in Chihuahua City. Kriging (K) and Inverse-Distance Weighting (IDW) spatial interpolations were carried out. Deaths were georeferenced and Moran's I correlation coefficients were calculated. The mean values (over n = 171) of the interpolation of radon concentrations of deceased's dwellings were 247.8 and 217.1 Bq/m3, for K and IDW, respectively. Through the Moran's I values obtained, correspondingly equal to 0.56 and 0.61, it was evident that LC mortality was directly associated with locations with high levels of radon, considering a stable population for more than 25 years, suggesting spatial clustering of LC deaths due to indoor radon concentrations.
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Lin XL, Chen Y, Gong WW, Wu ZF, Zou BB, Zhao JS, Gu H, Jiang JM. Geographic Distribution and Epidemiology of Lung Cancer During 2011 in Zhejiang Province of China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:5299-303. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Hazar N, Karbakhsh M, Yunesian M, Nedjat S, Naddafi K. Perceived risk of exposure to indoor residential radon and its relationship to willingness to test among health care providers in Tehran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:118. [PMID: 25426296 PMCID: PMC4243733 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radon exposure is the second cause of lung cancer after exposure to tobacco smoke and the first cause in nonsmokers. The purpose of this study was to assess perceived risk of exposure to indoor residential radon among health care providers in urban and rural health centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. METHOD In 2012-2013, a survey was carried out on 462 health care providers to assess their awareness and risk perception about exposure to indoor residential radon. Only subjects who had previously heard about radon were asked to answer knowledge-based and risk perception questions and report source of knowledge, willingness to test and willingness to pay for radon test kits. RESULTS About 67% of responders had heard about radon before this study and of these, 83.5 % recognized it as being hazardous and 34.5 % identified lung cancer as the main health outcome of exposure to radon. Overall, 33% of 310 subjects had knowledgeable awareness. Seventy percent of responders who had previously heard about radon, had high perceived risk and they were more willing to test their houses and more willing to pay for radon test kits. CONCLUSION Having knowledge about radon and perceiving it as a risk had a significant association with willing to take relevant health related behaviors. Furthermore, risk perception contributes to willing to spend more money when health is a concern. Education of health care providers seems to be a pre-requisite to public campaigns on radon awareness and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Hazar
- />Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Karbakhsh
- />Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- />Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saharnaz Nedjat
- />Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of public health, knowledge utilization research center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- />Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liu X, Fan Y, Jiang Y, Xiang J, Wang J, Sun Z, Ren G, Yao S, Chang R, Zhao Y, Qiao Y, Zhou Q. [A cohort study on risk factors of lung cancer in Yunnan tin miners]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2013; 16:184-90. [PMID: 23601298 PMCID: PMC6000595 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2013.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 吸烟是肺癌的主要病因, 在矿工肺癌病因的研究中发现, 职业暴露因素也起重要作用。本研究旨在分析氡暴露、吸烟等危险因素对云锡矿工肺癌的影响, 为预防和控制肺癌高发提供科学依据。 方法 利用前瞻性队列研究方法, 对云锡矿工肺癌高危人群暴露因素对肺癌死亡的影响进行Cox多因素分析; 分析矿工肺癌危险与初始氡暴露年龄及氡暴露率的关系, 分析不同吸烟、氡暴露水平下肺癌死亡的危险, 并对吸烟和累积氡暴露量之间的交互作用进行分析。 结果 进入研究时的年龄、吸烟量、累积氡砷暴露、既往慢性支气管炎为云锡矿工肺癌的独立危险因素, 教育程度是矿工肺癌的保护性因素; 肺癌危险与氡暴露率间存在逆剂量率效应, 但与初始氡暴露年龄无明显关联; 吸烟和氡暴露对肺癌危险有显著的相加交互作用。 结论 云锡矿工肺癌高死亡率是多种因素共同作用的结果, 危险因素间的交互作用值得进一步深入研究。
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Peking Union Medical College & Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin 300192, China
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Rauch SA, Henderson SB. A comparison of two methods for ecologic classification of radon exposure in British Columbia: residential observations and the radon potential map of Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2013; 104:e240-5. [PMID: 23823889 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.104.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare ecologic classification of radon exposure from observed residential concentrations in BC with classifications based on a map that shows geological radon potential, with particular attention to high-smoking populations. METHODS First, residential radon measurements from four health agencies were used to classify 74 local health areas (LHAs) as low, moderate, or high exposure based on the number of homes with concentrations greater than 200 and 600 Bq/m³. Second, the Zone 1 (high), Zone 2 (elevated), and Zone 3 (guarded) risk categories of the radon potential map of Canada were used to make the same exposure classifications based on the population-weighted area of each zone in each LHA. Agreement was compared and quantified. Average smoking rates in each LHA were used to further assess agreement for smokers, who are a high-risk group. RESULTS Both methods showed a range of exposure across LHAs. The radon potential map classified more areas as high exposure than the observed radon concentrations, and the methods agreed in 30 of 74 LHAs. The radon potential map identified much of the southern coastal region as high exposure, but 617 of the 621 observed concentrations were ≤200 Bq/m³, and no observations were >600 Bq/m³. An estimated 36% of the BC population and 35% of BC smokers live in the southern coastal region. CONCLUSIONS The radon potential map of Canada may communicate potential radon risk, but it was not designed for epidemiologic exposure assessment. Overall, the potential map classified 34 LHAs as higher than observed, and 10 LHAs as lower than observed. The potential map should only be used to inform exposure assessment in conjunction with observed radon concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rauch
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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