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Baron SW, Wai JM, Aloezos C, Cregin R, Ceresnak J, Dekhtyar J, Southern WN. Improving thiamine prescribing in alcohol use disorder using electronic decision support in a large urban academic medical center: A pre-post intervention study. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 166:209485. [PMID: 39153734 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thiamine is the only therapy for prevention and treatment of Wernicke Encephalopathy among patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Despite this fact, up to 75 % of inpatients with AUD are not prescribed thiamine during hospitalization. Even fewer patients are prescribed high-dose thiamine which many experts recommend should be standard of care. Previous attempts to improve thiamine prescribing for inpatients have had limited success. METHODS We conducted an evaluation of thiamine prescribing in the year before and year after an intervention to increase high-dose thiamine prescribing. Pre-post study analysis occurred on two distinct study cohorts: those with alcohol-related diagnoses and those with elevated alcohol levels. The intervention was new electronic health record-based decision support which encouraged high-dose thiamine when any thiamine order was sought. No educational support was provided. The primary outcome was prescription of high-dose thiamine before versus after intervention. Of those with alcohol-related diagnoses, the monthly percentage of thiamine treatment courses including high-dose thiamine were graphed on a control chart. RESULTS We examined 5307 admissions with alcohol-related diagnoses (2285 pre- and 3022 post-intervention) and 698 admissions with elevated alcohol levels (319 pre- and 379 post-intervention). Among admissions with alcohol-related diagnoses, the intervention was associated with a higher proportion of admissions receiving high-dose thiamine prescriptions in the first 24 h (4.7 % vs. 1.1 %, adjusted odds ratio 4.50, CI 2.93 to 6.89, p < 0.001). A similar difference in high-dose thiamine was seen post-intervention among admissions with elevated alcohol levels (14.3 % vs. 2.5 %, adjusted odds ratio 6.43, CI 3.05 to 13.53, p < 0.001). The control chart among those with an alcohol-related diagnosis demonstrated special cause variation: the median percentage of thiamine treatment courses including high-dose thiamine improved from 8.2 % to 13.0 %. CONCLUSIONS Electronic decision support without educational interventions increased the use of high-dose thiamine among patients with alcohol-related diagnoses and with elevated alcohol levels during hospitalization. This increase occurred immediately in the month after the intervention and was sustained in the year-long study period after.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Baron
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Wai
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Regina Cregin
- Department of Pharmacy, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ceresnak
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Dekhtyar
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William N Southern
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Brothers TN, Furtado M, Al-Mamun MA. Thiamine utilization and the lack of prescribing standardization: A critical examination. Alcohol 2024; 117:11-19. [PMID: 37979843 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thiamine is often prescribed for thiamine deficiency during hospitalization despite the lack of US-based clinical guidelines. This study aims to evaluate thiamine prescribing patterns and key characteristics associated with the deficiency to address gaps in care. METHODS Data were obtained from electronic health records of hospitalized patients between September 1, 2021, and March 30, 2022. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) was defined by a positive Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment score or a positive serum alcohol level upon admission. Geriatric patients were defined as age ≥65. Cohort 1 was defined as: AUD, albumin <4 g/L, INR >1.5, and total bilirubin >3 mg/dL. Cohort 2 was defined as: age >65, albumin <4 g/L, hemoglobin <15 g/dL, and folate <4 ng/mL. A multivariable LASSO regression model was used to identify characteristics associated with higher thiamine dosing (>100 mg/day). RESULTS Among 780 patients, 520 (66.7%) were identified as AUD, of which 265 (50.1%) were between the ages of 45-64 years. The AUD cohort was significantly different (p < 0.05) in the mean serum albumin 4.16 g/L (IQR: 3.8-4.5), AST 73.55 U/L (23.75-82.00), ALT 52.57 U/L (17.00-57.00), total bilirubin 0.98 (0.3-1.0), and INR 1.1 (0.99-1.12), compared to non-AUD patients with a mean serum albumin 3.75 g/L (3.3-4.2), AST 35.07 U/L (11.00-42.00), ALT 32.77 U/L (5.00-34.00), total bilirubin 0.89 (0.2-0.9), and INR 1.21 (1.0-1.22). In the geriatric cohort, 136 patients (17%) had a mean serum albumin 3.77 g/L (3.4-4.2), AST 38.66 U/L (14.0-41.0), ALT 29.36 U/L (9.0-37.0), total bilirubin 0.62 mg/dL (0.30-0.90), and direct bilirubin 0.12 mg/dL (0.00-0.20), compared to the non-geriatric cohort with a mean serum albumin 4.10 g/L (3.8-4.40), AST 66.44 U/L (21.0-75.0), ALT 50.03 U/L (16.00-53.75), total bilirubin 1.02 mg/dL (0.30-1.00), and direct bilirubin 0.31 mg/dL (0.00-0.20). In cohort 1, 40.6% patients were between 51 and 64 years old, (66.5%) male, and had a BMI <25 (36.4%). In cohort 2, 52.6% were between 65 and 70 years old, (57.9%) male, and had a BMI <25 (57.9%). Cohort 1 were prescribed a dose of 100 mg (47.7 %), oral (63.5%), intramuscular (18.2%), daily (58.9%), one-day duration (49.4%) most frequently. Cohort 2 were prescribed a dose of 100 mg (56.0%), oral (77.2%), daily (77.2%), one-day duration (29.8%) most frequently. The AUD was significantly associated with having a higher dosage (e.g., >100 mg) of thiamine prescribed per day OR 1.62 (1.11-2.37) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that thiamine prescribing patterns vary during hospitalization and suggest specific laboratory findings may aid in identifying cohorts associated with the deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd N Brothers
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States; Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States.
| | | | - Mohammad A Al-Mamun
- School of Pharmacy, University of West Virginia, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Skrifvars MB. How can we interpret the unexpected results in two pilot trials comparing thiamine to placebo after cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 2024; 198:110190. [PMID: 38522734 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus B Skrifvars
- Department of Emergency Care and Services, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Novo-Veleiro I, Mateos-Díaz AM, Rosón-Hernández B, Medina-García JA, Muga R, Fernández-Solá J, Martín-González MC, Seco-Hernández E, Suárez-Cuervo C, Monte-Secades R, Machado-Prieto B, Puerta-Louro R, Prada-González C, Fernández-Rial Á, Sabio-Repiso P, Vázquez-Vigo R, Antolí-Royo AC, Gomila-Grange A, Felipe-Pérez NC, Sanvisens-Bergé A, Antúnez-Jorge E, Fernández-Rodríguez CM, Alvela-Suárez L, Fidalgo-Navarro A, Castro J, Polvorosa-Gómez MA, Valle-Sánchez MD, López-Castro J, Chamorro AJ, Marcos M. Treatment variability and its relationships to outcomes among patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy: A multicenter retrospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 252:110961. [PMID: 37748425 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite guidelines and recommendations, Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) treatment lacks evidence, leading to clinical practice variability. AIMS Given the overall lack of information on thiamine use for WE treatment, we analyzed data from a large, well-characterized multicenter sample of patients with WE, examining thiamine dosages; factors associated with the use of different doses, frequencies, and routes; and the influence of differences in thiamine treatment on the outcome. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted with data from 443 patients from 21 centers obtained from a nationwide registry of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (from 2000 to 2012). Discharge codes and Caine criteria were applied for WE diagnosis, and treatment-related (thiamine dosage, frequency, and route of administration) demographic, clinical, and outcome variables were analyzed. RESULTS We found marked variability in WE treatment and a low rate of high-dose intravenous thiamine administration. Seventy-eight patients out of 373 (20.9%) received > 300mg/day of thiamine as initial dose. Patients fulfilling the Caine criteria or presenting with the classic WE triad more frequently received parenteral treatment. Delayed diagnosis (after 24h hospitalization), the fulfillment of more than two Caine criteria at diagnosis, mental status alterations, and folic acid deficiency were associated significantly with the lack of complete recovery. Malnutrition, reduced consciousness, folic acid deficiency, and the lack of timely thiamine treatment were risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly show extreme variability in thiamine dosages and routes used in the management of WE. Measures should be implemented to ensure adherence to current guidelines and to correct potential nutritional deficits in patients with alcohol use disorders or other risk factors for WE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Novo-Veleiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ana-M Mateos-Díaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Virgen del Puerto, Plasencia, Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | | | - Roberto Muga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | - Elena Seco-Hernández
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain.
| | | | - Rafael Monte-Secades
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Begoña Machado-Prieto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | - Rocío Vázquez-Vigo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Ana-C Antolí-Royo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Asistencial de Ávila, Ávila, Spain.
| | | | | | - Arantza Sanvisens-Bergé
- Epidemiology Unit and Girona Cancer Registry, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Pla Director d'Oncologia, Girona, Spain.
| | | | | | - Lucia Alvela-Suárez
- Department of Internal Medicine, HM Rosaleda Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio-J Chamorro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Morris NA, Sarwal A. Neurologic Complications of Critical Medical Illness. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:848-886. [PMID: 37341333 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews the neurologic complications encountered in patients admitted to non-neurologic intensive care units, outlines various scenarios in which a neurologic consultation can add to the diagnosis or management of a critically ill patient, and provides advice on the best diagnostic approach in the evaluation of these patients. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Increasing recognition of neurologic complications and their adverse impact on long-term outcomes has led to increased neurology involvement in non-neurologic intensive care units. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of having a structured clinical approach to neurologic complications of critical illness as well as the critical care management of patients with chronic neurologic disabilities. ESSENTIAL POINTS Critical illness is often accompanied by neurologic complications. Neurologists need to be aware of the unique needs of critically ill patients, especially the nuances of the neurologic examination, challenges in diagnostic testing, and neuropharmacologic aspects of commonly used medications.
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Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:59-102. [PMID: 36863425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Translational Sciences, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Thiamine pharmaconutrition in sepsis: Monotherapy, combined therapy, or neither? Current evidence on safety and efficacy. Nutrition 2023; 109:112000. [PMID: 36913862 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by multiorgan dysfunction due to an exaggerated host response to infection associated with a homeostatic failure. In sepsis, different interventions, aimed at improving clinical outcomes, have been tested over the past decades. Among these most recent strategies, intravenous high-dose micronutrients (vitamins and/or trace elements) have been investigated. According to current knowledge, sepsis is characterized by low thiamine levels, which are associated with illness severity, hyperlactatemia, and poor clinical outcomes. However, caution is needed about the clinical interpretation of thiamine blood concentration in critically ill patients, and the inflammatory status, based on C-reactive protein levels, should always be measured. In sepsis, parenteral thiamine has been administered as monotherapy or in combination with vitamin C and corticosteroids. Nevertheless, most of those trials failed to report clinical benefits with high-dose thiamine. The purpose of this review is to summarize the biological properties of thiamine and to examine current knowledge regarding the safety and efficacy of high-dose thiamine as pharmaconutrition strategy when administering singly or in combination with other micronutrients in critically ill adult patients with sepsis or septic shock. Our examination of the most up-to-date evidence concludes that Recommended Daily Allowance supplementation is relatively safe for thiamine-deficient patients. However, current evidence does not support pharmaconutrition with high-dose thiamine as a single therapy or as combination therapy aimed at improving clinical outcomes in critically ill septic patients. The best nutrient combination still needs to be determined, based on the antioxidant micronutrient network and the multiple interactions among different vitamins and trace elements. In addition, a better understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of intravenous thiamine is needed. Future well-designed and powered clinical trials are urgently warranted before any specific recommendations can be made regarding supplementation in the critical care setting.
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Baron SW, Yu PC, Imrey PB, Southern WN, Deshpande A, Rothberg MB. Early treatment with thiamine and mortality among patients with alcohol use disorder who are hospitalized for pneumonia. J Hosp Med 2022; 17:585-593. [PMID: 35729853 DOI: 10.1002/jhm.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paucity of research linking thiamine treatment with improved outcomes may be driving its underutilization among patients at risk for Wernicke encephalopathy. OBJECTIVE To assess relationships of thiamine usage to outcomes of patients hospitalized with alcohol use disorder and pneumonia. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This is a retrospective cohort study of adult patients hospitalized with pneumonia who also have alcohol use disorder and were treated with benzodiazepines during the initial two hospital days, between 2010 and 2015 at hospitals participating in the Premier Healthcare Database. EXPOSURE Any thiamine treatment, and, among those treated, high-dose thiamine treatment, during the initial two hospital days. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES Death on days 3-14 of hospitalization (primary); discharge home; transfer to intensive care unit; length of stay (LOS). We used propensity-weighted models to estimate treatment effects. RESULTS Among 36,732 patients from 625 hospitals, 26,520 (72.2%) patients received thiamine, with mortality of 6.5% and 8.1% among recipients and nonrecipients, respectively. With propensity score adjustment, thiamine was associated with reduced mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-0.85) and more frequent discharges to home (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06-1.14). Other outcomes were similar. Relative to low-dose thiamine, high-dose thiamine was not associated with mortality (adjusted OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.89-1.10), but LOS was longer (ratio of means: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04-1.08), and discharges to home were less frequent (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87-0.97). CONCLUSION Thiamine is not reliably given to patients with pneumonia and alcohol use disorder receiving benzodiazepines. Improving thiamine administration may represent an opportunity to save lives in this high-risk group of inpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Baron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Pei-Chun Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter B Imrey
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William N Southern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Abhishek Deshpande
- Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinical Community Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael B Rothberg
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinical Community Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Hu C, Wu T, Ma S, Huang W, Xu Q, Kashani KB, Hu B, Li J. Association of Thiamine Use with Outcomes in Patients with Sepsis and Alcohol Use Disorder: An Analysis of the MIMIC-III Database. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:771-786. [PMID: 35169996 PMCID: PMC8960538 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The association between thiamine use and clinical outcomes among patients with sepsis and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is unclear. Methods In this retrospective cohort study of patients from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III, version 1.4), we evaluated the association of thiamine use with clinical outcomes in patients with AUD and sepsis. The primary outcome was 28-day survival, and secondary outcomes included ICU, in-hospital, and 90-day mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, duration of vasopressor use, need and duration of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), and dynamic changes for variables up to day 7 after ICU admission. Results A total of 944 patients with sepsis and AUD were included in this cohort [median age, 53.1 years; women, 26.0% (245 of 944)]. Among all patients, 24.6% (233 of 944) received thiamine with a dose of 200 mg (IQR 100–345 mg). The 28-day mortality was 11.2% (26 of 233) in the thiamine use group compared with 18.6% (132 of 711) in the no thiamine use group (P = 0.009). After adjustment for a series of confounders, the mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards models showed that administration of thiamine was associated with a lower risk of 28-day mortality compared with no administration of thiamine. Conclusions In critically ill patients with alcohol use disorder admitted for sepsis, treatment with thiamine may be associated with a decreased risk of death. However, the present results should be interpreted with caution due to the limitations of retrospective design. Additional larger, multicenter randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm our findings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-022-00603-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Siqing Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Weipeng Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Qiancheng Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Kianoush B Kashani
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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