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Jowais JJ, Yazdi S, Golluscio A, Olivier-Meo V, Liin SI, Larsson HP. Mechanistic understanding of KCNQ1 activating polyunsaturated fatty acid analogs. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202313339. [PMID: 37526928 PMCID: PMC10394376 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The KCNQ1 channel is important for the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. Loss of function mutations in KCNQ1 can cause long QT syndrome (LQTS), which can lead to cardiac arrythmia and even sudden cardiac death. We have previously shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and PUFA analogs can activate the cardiac KCNQ1 channel, making them potential therapeutics for the treatment of LQTS. PUFAs bind to KCNQ1 at two different binding sites: one at the voltage sensor (Site I) and one at the pore (Site II). PUFA interaction at Site I shifts the voltage dependence of the channel to the left, while interaction at Site II increases maximal conductance. The PUFA analogs, linoleic-glycine and linoleic-tyrosine, are more effective than linoleic acid at Site I, but less effective at Site II. Using both simulations and experiments, we find that the larger head groups of linoleic-glycine and linoleic-tyrosine interact with more residues than the smaller linoleic acid at Site I. We propose that this will stabilize the negatively charged PUFA head group in a position to better interact electrostatically with the positively charges in the voltage sensor. In contrast, the larger head groups of linoleic-glycine and linoleic-tyrosine compared with linoleic acid prevent a close fit of these PUFA analogs in Site II, which is more confined. In addition, we identify several KCNQ1 residues as critical PUFA-analog binding residues, thereby providing molecular models of specific interactions between PUFA analogs and KCNQ1. These interactions will aid in future drug development based on PUFA-KCNQ1 channel interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Jowais
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Samira Yazdi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alessia Golluscio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa Olivier-Meo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sara I. Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - H. Peter Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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2
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Sveinbjornsson G, Benediktsdottir BD, Sigfusson G, Norland K, Davidsson OB, Thorolfsdottir RB, Tragante V, Arnadottir GA, Jensson BO, Katrinardottir H, Fridriksdottir R, Gudmundsdottir H, Aegisdottir HM, Fridriksson B, Thorgeirsson G, Magnusson V, Oddsson A, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Holm H, Arnar DO, Stefansson K. Screening for Rare Coding Variants That Associate With the QTc Interval in Iceland. J Am Heart Assoc 2023:e029845. [PMID: 37449562 PMCID: PMC10382112 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac repolarization abnormality that can lead to sudden cardiac death. The most common causes are rare coding variants in the genes KCNQ1, KCNH2, and SCN5A. The data on LQTS epidemiology are limited, and information on expressivity and penetrance of pathogenic variants is sparse. Methods and Results We screened for rare coding variants associated with the corrected QT (QTc) interval in Iceland. We explored the frequency of the identified variants, their penetrance, and their association with severe events. Twelve variants were associated with the QTc interval. Five in KCNQ1, 3 in KCNH2, 2 in cardiomyopathy genes MYBPC3 and PKP2, and 2 in genes where coding variants have not been associated with the QTc interval, ISOC1 and MYOM2. The combined carrier frequency of the 8 variants in the previously known LQTS genes was 530 per 100 000 individuals (1:190). p.Tyr315Cys and p.Leu273Phe in KCNQ1 were associated with having a mean QTc interval longer than 500 ms (P=4.2×10-7; odds ratio [OR], 38.6; P=8.4×10-10, OR, 26.5; respectively), and p.Leu273Phe was associated with sudden cardiac death (P=0.0034; OR, 2.99). p.Val215Met in KCNQ1 was carried by 1 in 280 Icelanders, had a smaller effect on the QTc interval (P=1.8×10-44; effect, 22.8 ms), and did not associate with severe clinical events. Conclusions The carrier frequency of associating variants in LQTS genes was higher than previous estimates of the prevalence of LQTS. The variants have variable effects on the QTc interval, and carriers of p.Tyr315Cys and p.Leu273Phe have a more severe disease than carriers of p.Val215Met. These data could lead to improved identification, risk stratification, and a more precise clinical approach to those with QTc prolongation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bara D Benediktsdottir
- Internal Medicine, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Gunnlaugur Sigfusson
- Children's Medical Center Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vidar Magnusson
- The Capital District Fire and Rescue Service Reykjavik Iceland
- Department of Anesthesia, Landspitali The National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
| | | | | | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
| | - David O Arnar
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc. Reykjavik Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
- Cardiovascular Center, Landspitali The National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
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3
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Erlandsdotter LM, Giammarino L, Halili A, Nikesjö J, Gréen H, Odening KE, Liin SI. Long-QT mutations in KCNE1 modulate the 17β-estradiol response of Kv7.1/KCNE1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7109. [PMID: 36921038 PMCID: PMC10017040 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol (17[Formula: see text]-E2) is implicated in higher arrhythmia risk of women with congenital or acquired long-QT syndrome (LQTS) compared to men. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, and little is known about the impact of LQTS-associated mutations. We show that 17[Formula: see text]-E2 inhibits the human cardiac Kv7.1/KCNE1 channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We find that the 17[Formula: see text]-E2 effect depends on the Kv7.1 to KCNE1 stoichiometry, and we reveal a critical function of the KCNE1 carboxyl terminus for the effect. LQTS-associated mutations in the KCNE1 carboxyl terminus show a range of responses to 17[Formula: see text]-E2, from a wild-type like response to impaired or abolished response. Together, this study increases our understanding of the mechanistic basis for 17[Formula: see text]-E2 inhibition of Kv7.1/KCNE1 and demonstrates mutation-dependent responses to 17[Formula: see text]-E2. These findings suggest that the 17[Formula: see text]-E2 effect on Kv7.1/KCNE1 might contribute to the higher arrhythmia risk of women, particularly in carriers with specific LQTS-associated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucilla Giammarino
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Azemine Halili
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Nikesjö
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Gréen
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Katja E. Odening
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara I. Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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4
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Klipp RC, Bankston JR. Structural determinants of acid-sensing ion channel potentiation by single chain lipids. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:e202213156. [PMID: 35583813 PMCID: PMC9120901 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are sensitized to activation by inflammatory mediators such as the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA). Previous work has shown that AA can potentiate ASIC currents at subsaturating proton concentrations, but the structural mechanisms of this change in gating are not understood. Here we show that PUFAs cause multiple gating changes in ASIC3, including shifting the pH dependence of activation, slowing the rate of desensitization, and increasing the current even at a saturating pH. The impact on gating depends on the nature of both the head and tail of the lipid, with the head group structure primarily determining the magnitude of the effect on the channel. An N-acyl amino acid (NAAA), arachidonyl glycine (AG), is such a strong regulator that it can act as a ligand at neutral pH. Mutation of an arginine in the outer segment of TM1 (R64) eliminated the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) even at high concentrations, suggesting a potential interaction site for the lipid on the channel. Our results suggest a model in which PUFAs bind to ASICs via both their tail group and an electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged PUFA head group and the positively charged arginine side chain. These data provide the first look at the structural features of lipids that are important for modulating ASICs and suggest a potential binding site for PUFAs on the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Klipp
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - John R. Bankston
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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5
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Willegems K, Eldstrom J, Kyriakis E, Ataei F, Sahakyan H, Dou Y, Russo S, Van Petegem F, Fedida D. Structural and electrophysiological basis for the modulation of KCNQ1 channel currents by ML277. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3760. [PMID: 35768468 PMCID: PMC9243137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The KCNQ1 ion channel plays critical physiological roles in electrical excitability and K+ recycling in organs including the heart, brain, and gut. Loss of function is relatively common and can cause sudden arrhythmic death, sudden infant death, epilepsy and deafness. Here, we report cryogenic electron microscopic (cryo-EM) structures of Xenopus KCNQ1 bound to Ca2+/Calmodulin, with and without the KCNQ1 channel activator, ML277. A single binding site for ML277 was identified, localized to a pocket lined by the S4-S5 linker, S5 and S6 helices of two separate subunits. Several pocket residues are not conserved in other KCNQ isoforms, explaining specificity. MD simulations and point mutations support this binding location for ML277 in open and closed channels and reveal that prevention of inactivation is an important component of the activator effect. Our work provides direction for therapeutic intervention targeting KCNQ1 loss of function pathologies including long QT interval syndrome and seizures. KCNQ1 channels are active in heart, brain and gut. Functional loss causes epilepsy and sudden arrhythmic death. Here, authors describe a key activator drug binding site, explaining isoform and drug selectivity, and point the way for new drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Willegems
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jodene Eldstrom
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Efthimios Kyriakis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fariba Ataei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harutyun Sahakyan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes for Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying Dou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sophia Russo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - David Fedida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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6
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Zhang X, Xu Y, Ma L, Yu K, Niu Y, Xu X, Shi Y, Guo S, Xue X, Wang Y, Qiu S, Cui J, Wang H, Tian X, Miao Y, Meng F, Qiao Y, Yu Y, Wang J. Essential roles of exosome and circRNA_101093 on ferroptosis desensitization in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:287-313. [PMID: 35184419 PMCID: PMC9017758 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to ferroptosis, a regulated cell death caused by iron‐dependent excessive accumulation of lipid peroxides, has recently been linked to lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Intracellular antioxidant systems are required for protection against ferroptosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether and how extracellular system desensitizes LUAD cells to ferroptosis. Methods Established human lung fibroblasts MRC‐5, WI38, and human LUAD H1650, PC9, H1975, H358, A549, and H1299 cell lines, tumor and matched normal adjacent tissues of LUAD, and plasma from healthy individuals and LUAD patients were used in this study. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to analyze protein expression, and quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR was used to analyze mRNA expression. Cell viability, cell death, and the lipid reactive oxygen species generation were measured to evaluate the responses to ferroptosis. Exosomes were observed using transmission electron microscope. The localization of arachidonic acid (AA) was detected using click chemistry labeling followed by confocal microscopy. Interactions between RNAs and proteins were detected using RNA pull‐down, RNA immunoprecipitation and photoactivatable ribonucleoside‐enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation methods. Proteomic analysis was used to investigate RNA‐regulated proteins, and metabolomic analysis was performed to analyze metabolites. Cell‐derived xenograft, patient‐derived xenograft, cell‐implanted intrapulmonary LUAD mouse models and plasma/tissue specimens from LUAD patients were used to validate the molecular mechanism. Results Plasma exosome from LUAD patients specifically reduced lipid peroxidation and desensitized LUAD cells to ferroptosis. A potential explanation is that exosomal circRNA_101093 (cir93) maintained an elevation in intracellular cir93 in LUAD to modulate AA, a poly‐unsaturated fatty acid critical for ferroptosis‐associated increased peroxidation in the plasma membrane. Mechanistically, cir93 interacted with and increased fatty acid‐binding protein 3 (FABP3), which transported AA and facilitated its reaction with taurine. Thus, global AA was reduced, whereas N‐arachidonoyl taurine (NAT, the product of AA and taurine) was induced. Notably, the role of NAT in suppressing AA incorporation into the plasma membrane was also revealed. In pre‐clinical in vivo models, reducing exosome improved ferroptosis‐based treatment. Conclusion Exosome and cir93 are essential for desensitizing LUAD cells to ferroptosis, and blocking exosome may be helpful for future LUAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Yunhua Xu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Lifang Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Keke Yu
- Department of Bio‐bank Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Niu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200071 P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Yi Shi
- Bio‐X Institutes Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric disorder Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Susu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University Shanghai 200072 P. R. China
| | - Xiangfei Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University Shanghai 200072 P. R. China
| | - Yikun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Qiu
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Yayou Miao
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Fanyu Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Yongxia Qiao
- School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
| | - Yongchun Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology Shanghai Chest Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
- Bio‐X Institutes Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric disorder Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
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7
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Chen L, He Y, Wang X, Ge J, Li H. Ventricular voltage-gated ion channels: Detection, characteristics, mechanisms, and drug safety evaluation. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e530. [PMID: 34709746 PMCID: PMC8516344 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) play critical roles in mediating cardiac electrophysiological signals, such as action potentials, to maintain normal heart excitability and contraction. Inherited or acquired alterations in the structure, expression, or function of VGICs, as well as VGIC-related side effects of pharmaceutical drug delivery can result in abnormal cellular electrophysiological processes that induce life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias or even sudden cardiac death. Hence, to reduce possible heart-related risks, VGICs must be acknowledged as important targets in drug discovery and safety studies related to cardiac disease. In this review, we first summarize the development and application of electrophysiological techniques that are employed in cardiac VGIC studies alone or in combination with other techniques such as cryoelectron microscopy, optical imaging and optogenetics. Subsequently, we describe the characteristics, structure, mechanisms, and functions of various well-studied VGICs in ventricular myocytes and analyze their roles in and contributions to both physiological cardiac excitability and inherited cardiac diseases. Finally, we address the implications of the structure and function of ventricular VGICs for drug safety evaluation. In summary, multidisciplinary studies on VGICs help researchers discover potential targets of VGICs and novel VGICs in heart, enrich their knowledge of the properties and functions, determine the operation mechanisms of pathological VGICs, and introduce groundbreaking trends in drug therapy strategies, and drug safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan‐xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yue He
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan‐xuhui HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan‐xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan‐xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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8
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Zhao C, Hong L, Riahi S, Lim VT, Tobias DJ, Tombola F. A novel Hv1 inhibitor reveals a new mechanism of inhibition of a voltage-sensing domain. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212452. [PMID: 34228045 PMCID: PMC8263925 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels consist of four voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) that surround a central pore domain and transition from a down state to an up state in response to membrane depolarization. While many types of drugs bind pore domains, the number of organic molecules known to bind VSDs is limited. The Hv1 voltage-gated proton channel is made of two VSDs and does not contain a pore domain, providing a simplified model for studying how small ligands interact with VSDs. Here, we describe a ligand, named HIF, that interacts with the Hv1 VSD in the up and down states. We find that HIF rapidly inhibits proton conduction in the up state by blocking the open channel, as previously described for 2-guanidinobenzimidazole and its derivatives. HIF, however, interacts with a site slowly accessible in the down state. Functional studies and MD simulations suggest that this interaction traps the compound in a narrow pocket lined with charged residues within the VSD intracellular vestibule, which results in slow recovery from inhibition. Our findings point to a “wrench in gears” mechanism whereby side chains within the binding pocket trap the compound as the teeth of interlocking gears. We propose that the use of screening strategies designed to target binding sites with slow accessibility, similar to the one identified here, could lead to the discovery of new ligands capable of interacting with VSDs of other voltage-gated ion channels in the down state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Saleh Riahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Victoria T Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Douglas J Tobias
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Francesco Tombola
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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9
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Function and therapeutic potential of N-acyl amino acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 239:105114. [PMID: 34217720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-acyl amino acids (NAAs) are amphiphilic molecules, with different potential fatty acid and head group moieties. NAAs are the largest family of anandamide congener lipids discovered to date. In recent years, several NAAs have been identified as potential ligands, engaging novel binding sites and mechanisms for modulation of membrane proteins such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs), nuclear receptors, ion channels, and transporters. NAAs play a key role in a variety of physiological functions as lipid signaling molecules. Understanding the structure, function roles, and pharmacological potential of these NAAs is still in its infancy, and the biochemical roles are also mostly unknown. This review will provide a summary of the literature on NAAs and emphasize their therapeutic potential.
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10
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Bohannon BM, Wu X, Wu X, Perez ME, Liin SI, Larsson HP. Polyunsaturated fatty acids produce a range of activators for heterogeneous IKs channel dysfunction. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:133474. [PMID: 31865382 PMCID: PMC7062506 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Repolarization and termination of the ventricular cardiac action potential is highly dependent on the activation of the slow delayed-rectifier potassium IKs channel. Disruption of the IKs current leads to the most common form of congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS), a disease that predisposes patients to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. We previously demonstrated that polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) analogues increase outward K+ current in wild type and LQTS-causing mutant IKs channels. Our group has also demonstrated the necessity of a negatively charged PUFA head group for potent activation of the IKs channel through electrostatic interactions with the voltage-sensing and pore domains. Here, we test whether the efficacy of the PUFAs can be tuned by the presence of different functional groups in the PUFA head, thereby altering the electrostatic interactions of the PUFA head group with the voltage sensor or the pore. We show that PUFA analogues with taurine and cysteic head groups produced the most potent activation of IKs channels, largely by shifting the voltage dependence of activation. In comparison, the effect on voltage dependence of PUFA analogues with glycine and aspartate head groups was half that of the taurine and cysteic head groups, whereas the effect on maximal conductance was similar. Increasing the number of potentially negatively charged moieties did not enhance the effects of the PUFA on the IKs channel. Our results show that one can tune the efficacy of PUFAs on IKs channels by altering the pKa of the PUFA head group. Different PUFAs with different efficacy on IKs channels could be developed into more personalized treatments for LQTS patients with a varying degree of IKs channel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana M Bohannon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Xiongyu Wu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marta E Perez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - H Peter Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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11
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Yazdi S, Nikesjö J, Miranda W, Corradi V, Tieleman DP, Noskov SY, Larsson HP, Liin SI. Identification of PUFA interaction sites on the cardiac potassium channel KCNQ1. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212043. [PMID: 33939797 PMCID: PMC8097404 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), but not saturated fatty acids, modulate ion channels such as the cardiac KCNQ1 channel, although the mechanism is not completely understood. Using both simulations and experiments, we find that PUFAs interact directly with the KCNQ1 channel via two different binding sites: one at the voltage sensor and one at the pore. These two amphiphilic binding pockets stabilize the negatively charged PUFA head group by electrostatic interactions with R218, R221, and K316, while the hydrophobic PUFA tail is selectively stabilized by cassettes of hydrophobic residues. The rigid saturated tail of stearic acid prevents close contacts with KCNQ1. By contrast, the mobile tail of PUFA linoleic acid can be accommodated in the crevice of the hydrophobic cassette, a defining feature of PUFA selectivity in KCNQ1. In addition, we identify Y268 as a critical PUFA anchor point underlying fatty acid selectivity. Combined, this study provides molecular models of direct interactions between PUFAs and KCNQ1 and identifies selectivity mechanisms. Long term, this understanding may open new avenues for drug development based on PUFA mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Yazdi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Nikesjö
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Williams Miranda
- Centre for Molecular Simulations, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Valentina Corradi
- Centre for Molecular Simulations, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulations, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sergei Yu Noskov
- Centre for Molecular Simulations, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - H Peter Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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12
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Targeting of Potassium Channels in Cardiac Arrhythmias. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:491-506. [PMID: 33858691 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are endowed with a complex repertoire of ion channels, responsible for the generation of action potentials (APs), travelling waves of electrical excitation, propagating throughout the heart and leading to cardiac contractions. Cardiac AP waveforms are shaped by a striking diversity of K+ channels. The pivotal role of K+ channels in cardiac health and disease is underscored by the dramatic impact that K+ channel dysfunction has on cardiac arrhythmias. The development of drugs targeted to specific K+ channels is expected to provide an optimized approach to antiarrhythmic therapy. Here, we review the functional roles of cardiac potassium channels under normal and diseased states. We survey current antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) targeted to voltage-gated and Ca2+-activated K+ channels and highlight future research opportunities.
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13
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Wu X, Larsson HP. Insights into Cardiac IKs (KCNQ1/KCNE1) Channels Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249440. [PMID: 33322401 PMCID: PMC7763278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The delayed rectifier potassium IKs channel is an important regulator of the duration of the ventricular action potential. Hundreds of mutations in the genes (KCNQ1 and KCNE1) encoding the IKs channel cause long QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS is a heart disorder that can lead to severe cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. A better understanding of the IKs channel (here called the KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel) properties and activities is of great importance to find the causes of LQTS and thus potentially treat LQTS. The KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel belongs to the superfamily of voltage-gated potassium channels. The KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel consists of both the pore-forming subunit KCNQ1 and the modulatory subunit KCNE1. KCNE1 regulates the function of the KCNQ1 channel in several ways. This review aims to describe the current structural and functional knowledge about the cardiac KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel. In addition, we focus on the modulation of the KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel and its potential as a target therapeutic of LQTS.
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14
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Skarsfeldt MA, Liin SI, Larsson HP, Bentzen BH. Polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived I Ks channel activators shorten the QT interval ex-vivo and in-vivo. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13471. [PMID: 32223014 PMCID: PMC8633721 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to assess the ability of natural and modified polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to shorten QT interval in ex-vivo and in-vivo guinea pig hearts. METHODS The effect of one natural (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) and three modified (linoleoyl glycine [Lin-GLY], docosahexaenoyl glycine [DHA-GLY], N-arachidonoyl taurine [N-AT]) PUFAs on ventricular action potential duration (APD) and QT interval was studied in a E4031 drug-induced long QT2 model of ex-vivo guinea pig hearts. The effect of DHA-GLY on QT interval was also studied in in-vivo guinea pig hearts upon intravenous administration. The effect of modified PUFAs on IKs was studied using Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human KCNQ1 and KCNE1. RESULTS All tested PUFAs shortened ADP and QT interval in ex-vivo guinea pig hearts, however, with different ability in restoring baseline APD/QT interval with specific modified PUFAs being most efficacious. Despite comparable ability in activating the human KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel, Lin-GLY was not as effective in shortening APD/QT interval as DHA-GLY in ex-vivo hearts. By constructing a guinea pig-like KCNE1, we found Lin-GLY to induce less activating effect compared with DHA-GLY on human KCNQ1 co-expressed with guinea pig-like KCNE1. Docosahexaenoyl glycine was studied in more detail and was found to shorten QT interval in in-vivo guinea pig hearts. CONCLUSION Our results show that specific PUFAs shorten QT interval in guinea pig hearts. The tendency of modified PUFAs with pronounced IKs channel activating effect to better restore QT interval suggests that modifying PUFAs to target the IKs channel is a means to improve the QT-shortening effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Skarsfeldt
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans P Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bo H Bentzen
- The Danish Arrhythmia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Larsson JE, Frampton DJA, Liin SI. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Modulators of K V7 Channels. Front Physiol 2020; 11:641. [PMID: 32595524 PMCID: PMC7300222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium channels of the KV7 family are expressed in many tissues. The physiological importance of KV7 channels is evident from specific forms of disorders linked to dysfunctional KV7 channels, including variants of epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia and hearing impairment. Thus, understanding how KV7 channels are regulated in the body is of great interest. This Mini Review focuses on the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on KV7 channel activity and possible underlying mechanisms of action. By summarizing reported effects of PUFAs on KV7 channels and native KV7-mediated currents, we conclude that the generally observed effect is a PUFA-induced increase in current amplitude. The increase in current is commonly associated with a shift in the voltage-dependence of channel opening and in some cases with increased maximum conductance. Auxiliary KCNE subunits, which associate with KV7 channels in certain tissues, may influence PUFA effects, though findings are conflicting. Both direct and indirect activating PUFA effects have been described, direct effects having been most extensively studied on KV7.1. The negative charge of the PUFA head-group has been identified as critical for electrostatic interaction with conserved positively charged amino acids in transmembrane segments 4 and 6. Additionally, the localization of double bonds in the PUFA tail tunes the apparent affinity of PUFAs to KV7.1. Indirect effects include those mediated by PUFA metabolites. Indirect inhibitory effects involve KV7 channel degradation and re-distribution from lipid rafts. Understanding how PUFAs regulate KV7 channels may provide insight into physiological regulation of KV7 channels and bring forth new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan E Larsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Damon J A Frampton
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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16
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Bohannon BM, de la Cruz A, Wu X, Jowais JJ, Perez ME, Dykxhoorn DM, Liin SI, Larsson HP. Polyunsaturated fatty acid analogues differentially affect cardiac Na V, Ca V, and K V channels through unique mechanisms. eLife 2020; 9:51453. [PMID: 32207683 PMCID: PMC7159882 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac ventricular action potential depends on several voltage-gated ion channels, including NaV, CaV, and KV channels. Mutations in these channels can cause Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) which increases the risk for ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have emerged as potential therapeutics for LQTS because they are modulators of voltage-gated ion channels. Here we demonstrate that PUFA analogues vary in their selectivity for human voltage-gated ion channels involved in the ventricular action potential. The effects of specific PUFA analogues range from selective for a specific ion channel to broadly modulating cardiac ion channels from all three families (NaV, CaV, and KV). In addition, a PUFA analogue selective for the cardiac IKs channel (Kv7.1/KCNE1) is effective in shortening the cardiac action potential in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Our data suggest that PUFA analogues could potentially be developed as therapeutics for LQTS and cardiac arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana M Bohannon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Alicia de la Cruz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Jessica J Jowais
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Marta E Perez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - H Peter Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
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17
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Short B. A range of activators for cardiac IKs channels. J Gen Physiol 2020; 152:133587. [PMID: 31922528 PMCID: PMC7062509 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
JGP study suggests that varying the head group of polyunsaturated fatty acids could enable personalized treatments for long QT syndrome.
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18
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Liin SI, Yazdi S, Ramentol R, Barro-Soria R, Larsson HP. Mechanisms Underlying the Dual Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Analogs on Kv7.1. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2908-2918. [PMID: 30208316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) analogs represent a new class of potential anti-arrhythmic KV7.1 and KV7.1+KCNE1 channel activators. In this study, we describe dual independent activating effects of negatively charged PUFA analogs on KV7.1 and KV7.1+KCNE1 that are dependent on discrete channel motifs. PUFA analogs are critically dependent on K326 in S6 of KV7.1 to increase the maximum conductance and critically dependent on specific S4 arginines in KV7.1 to shift the voltage dependence of channel opening toward negative voltages. Our findings provide insights into how KV7.1+KCNE1 activators may interact electrostatically both with the pore domain and the voltage-sensing domain to augment channel activity. We believe that the molecular understanding of how PUFA analogs induce dual independent activating effects is an important step toward the development of effective anti-arrhythmic drugs that target KV7.1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Liin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Samira Yazdi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rosamary Ramentol
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rene Barro-Soria
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - H Peter Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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19
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Bohannon BM, Perez ME, Liin SI, Larsson HP. ω-6 and ω-9 polyunsaturated fatty acids with double bonds near the carboxyl head have the highest affinity and largest effects on the cardiac I K s potassium channel. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13186. [PMID: 30184322 PMCID: PMC6335172 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim The IKs channel is important for termination of the cardiac action potential. Hundreds of loss‐of‐function mutations in the IKs channel reduce the K+ current and, thereby, delay the repolarization of the action potential, causing Long QT Syndrome. Long QT predisposes individuals to Torsades de Pointes which can lead to ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are potential therapeutics for Long QT Syndrome, as they affect IKs channels. However, it is unclear which properties of PUFAs are essential for their effects on IKs channels. Methods To understand how PUFAs influence IKs channel activity, we measured effects on IKs current by two‐electrode voltage clamp while changing different properties of the hydrocarbon tail. Results There was no, or weak, correlation between the tail length or number of double bonds in the tail and the effects on or apparent binding affinity for IKs channels. However, we found a strong correlation between the positions of the double bonds relative to the head group and effects on IKs channels. Conclusion Polyunsaturated fatty acids with double bonds closer to the head group had higher apparent affinity for IKs channels and increased IKs current more; shifting the bonds further away from the head group reduced apparent binding affinity for and effects on the IKs current. Interestingly, we found that ω‐6 and ω‐9 PUFAs, with the first double bond closer to the head group, left‐shifted the voltage dependence of activation the most. These results allow for informed design of new therapeutics targeting IKs channels in Long QT Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana M. Bohannon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami Florida
| | - Marta E. Perez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami Florida
| | - Sara I. Liin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Hans Peter Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami Florida
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20
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Larsson JE, Larsson HP, Liin SI. KCNE1 tunes the sensitivity of K V7.1 to polyunsaturated fatty acids by moving turret residues close to the binding site. eLife 2018; 7:37257. [PMID: 30014849 PMCID: PMC6080945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel KV7.1 and the auxiliary subunit KCNE1 together form the cardiac IKs channel, which is a proposed target for future anti-arrhythmic drugs. We previously showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) activate KV7.1 via an electrostatic mechanism. The activating effect was abolished when KV7.1 was co-expressed with KCNE1, as KCNE1 renders PUFAs ineffective by promoting PUFA protonation. PUFA protonation reduces the potential of PUFAs as anti-arrhythmic compounds. It is unknown how KCNE1 promotes PUFA protonation. Here, we found that neutralization of negatively charged residues in the S5-P-helix loop of KV7.1 restored PUFA effects on KV7.1 co-expressed with KCNE1 in Xenopus oocytes. We propose that KCNE1 moves the S5-P-helix loop of KV7.1 towards the PUFA-binding site, which indirectly causes PUFA protonation, thereby reducing the effect of PUFAs on KV7.1. This mechanistic understanding of how KCNE1 alters KV7.1 pharmacology is essential for development of drugs targeting the IKs channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan E Larsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - H Peter Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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21
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Liin SI, Lund PE, Larsson JE, Brask J, Wallner B, Elinder F. Biaryl sulfonamide motifs up- or down-regulate ion channel activity by activating voltage sensors. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1215-1230. [PMID: 30002162 PMCID: PMC6080886 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels are key molecules for the generation of cellular electrical excitability. Many pharmaceutical drugs target these channels by blocking their ion-conducting pore, but in many cases, channel-opening compounds would be more beneficial. Here, to search for new channel-opening compounds, we screen 18,000 compounds with high-throughput patch-clamp technology and find several potassium-channel openers that share a distinct biaryl-sulfonamide motif. Our data suggest that the negatively charged variants of these compounds bind to the top of the voltage-sensor domain, between transmembrane segments 3 and 4, to open the channel. Although we show here that biaryl-sulfonamide compounds open a potassium channel, they have also been reported to block sodium and calcium channels. However, because they inactivate voltage-gated sodium channels by promoting activation of one voltage sensor, we suggest that, despite different effects on the channel gates, the biaryl-sulfonamide motif is a general ion-channel activator motif. Because these compounds block action potential-generating sodium and calcium channels and open an action potential-dampening potassium channel, they should have a high propensity to reduce excitability. This opens up the possibility to build new excitability-reducing pharmaceutical drugs from the biaryl-sulfonamide scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Liin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per-Eric Lund
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan E Larsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Brask
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Wallner
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Elinder
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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22
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Mostyn SN, Carland JE, Shimmon S, Ryan RM, Rawling T, Vandenberg RJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Acyl-Glycine Inhibitors of GlyT2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1949-1959. [PMID: 28574249 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated previously that the endogenous compound N-arachidonyl-glycine inhibits the glycine transporter GlyT2, stimulates glycinergic neurotransmission, and provides analgesia in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, it is a relatively weak inhibitor with an IC50 of 9 μM and is subject to oxidation via cyclooxygenase, limiting its therapeutic value. In this paper we describe the synthesis and testing of a novel series of monounsaturated C18 and C16 acyl-glycine molecules as inhibitors of the glycine transporter GlyT2. We demonstrate that they are up to 28 fold more potent that N-arachidonyl-glycine with no activity at the closely related GlyT1 transporter at concentrations up to 30 μM. This novel class of compounds show considerable promise as a first generation of GlyT2 transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N. Mostyn
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jane E. Carland
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Susan Shimmon
- School
of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Renae M. Ryan
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School
of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Robert J. Vandenberg
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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23
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KCNE1 and KCNE3 modulate KCNQ1 channels by affecting different gating transitions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7367-E7376. [PMID: 28808020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710335114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
KCNE β-subunits assemble with and modulate the properties of voltage-gated K+ channels. In the heart, KCNE1 associates with the α-subunit KCNQ1 to generate the slowly activating, voltage-dependent potassium current (IKs) in the heart that controls the repolarization phase of cardiac action potentials. By contrast, in epithelial cells from the colon, stomach, and kidney, KCNE3 coassembles with KCNQ1 to form K+ channels that are voltage-independent K+ channels in the physiological voltage range and important for controlling water and salt secretion and absorption. How KCNE1 and KCNE3 subunits modify KCNQ1 channel gating so differently is largely unknown. Here, we use voltage clamp fluorometry to determine how KCNE1 and KCNE3 affect the voltage sensor and the gate of KCNQ1. By separating S4 movement and gate opening by mutations or phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate depletion, we show that KCNE1 affects both the S4 movement and the gate, whereas KCNE3 affects the S4 movement and only affects the gate in KCNQ1 if an intact S4-to-gate coupling is present. Further, we show that a triple mutation in the middle of the transmembrane (TM) segment of KCNE3 introduces KCNE1-like effects on the second S4 movement and the gate. In addition, we show that differences in two residues at the external end of the KCNE TM segments underlie differences in the effects of the different KCNEs on the first S4 movement and the voltage sensor-to-gate coupling.
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24
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Elinder F, Liin SI. Actions and Mechanisms of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. Front Physiol 2017; 8:43. [PMID: 28220076 PMCID: PMC5292575 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) act on most ion channels, thereby having significant physiological and pharmacological effects. In this review we summarize data from numerous PUFAs on voltage-gated ion channels containing one or several voltage-sensor domains, such as voltage-gated sodium (NaV), potassium (KV), calcium (CaV), and proton (HV) channels, as well as calcium-activated potassium (KCa), and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Some effects of fatty acids appear to be channel specific, whereas others seem to be more general. Common features for the fatty acids to act on the ion channels are at least two double bonds in cis geometry and a charged carboxyl group. In total we identify and label five different sites for the PUFAs. PUFA site 1: The intracellular cavity. Binding of PUFA reduces the current, sometimes as a time-dependent block, inducing an apparent inactivation. PUFA site 2: The extracellular entrance to the pore. Binding leads to a block of the channel. PUFA site 3: The intracellular gate. Binding to this site can bend the gate open and increase the current. PUFA site 4: The interface between the extracellular leaflet of the lipid bilayer and the voltage-sensor domain. Binding to this site leads to an opening of the channel via an electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged PUFA and the positively charged voltage sensor. PUFA site 5: The interface between the extracellular leaflet of the lipid bilayer and the pore domain. Binding to this site affects slow inactivation. This mapping of functional PUFA sites can form the basis for physiological and pharmacological modifications of voltage-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Elinder
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
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