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Yang Z, Li G, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhou T, Ye J, Wang X, Zhang X, Sun Z, Tao X, Wu M, Wu J, Li Y. Crop antiviral defense: Past and future perspective. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-024-2680-3. [PMID: 39190125 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-024-2680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Viral pathogens not only threaten the health and life of humans and animals but also cause enormous crop yield losses and contribute to global food insecurity. To defend against viral pathogens, plants have evolved an intricate immune system to perceive and cope with such attacks. Although most of the fundamental studies were carried out in model plants, more recent research in crops has provided new insights into the antiviral strategies employed by crop plants. We summarize recent advances in understanding the biological roles of cellular receptors, RNA silencing, RNA decay, hormone signaling, autophagy, and ubiquitination in manipulating crop host-mediated antiviral responses. The potential functions of circular RNAs, the rhizosphere microbiome, and the foliar microbiome of crops in plant-virus interactions will be fascinating research directions in the future. These findings will be beneficial for the development of modern crop improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Wu J, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhang X, Ye J, Wei T, Li Z, Tao X, Cui F, Wang X, Zhang L, Yan F, Li S, Liu Y, Li D, Zhou X, Li Y. Plant virology in the 21st century in China: Recent advances and future directions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:579-622. [PMID: 37924266 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security. Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years, including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases. Here, we review these milestones and advances, including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses, dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses, examination of multilayered interactions among viruses, their host plants, and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors, and in-depth interrogation of plant-encoded resistance and susceptibility determinants. Notably, various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants. We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Ye
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Chang X, Guo Y, Xie Y, Ren Y, Bi Y, Wang F, Fang Q, Ye G. Rice volatile compound (E)-β-caryophyllene induced by rice dwarf virus (RDV) attracts the natural enemy Cyrtorhinus lividipennis to prey on RDV insect vectors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:874-884. [PMID: 37814777 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice dwarf virus (RDV)-induced rice plant volatiles (E)-β-caryophyllene and 2-heptanol modulate the olfactory behavior of RDV insect vectors that promote viral acquisition and transmission. However, it remains elusive whether these two volatiles could influence the behaviors of the natural enemies of RDV insect vectors. Herein, we determined the effects of these two volatiles on the olfactory and predatory behaviors of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae), an important predator of RDV insect vectors in rice paddies. RESULTS The results showed that C. lividipennis preferred RDV-infected rice plant odors over RDV-free rice plant odors. C. lividipennis was attracted by (E)-β-caryophyllene, but showed no behavioral responses to 2-heptanol. The attraction of (E)-β-caryophyllene towards C. lividipennis was further confirmed using oscas1 rice plants, which do not release (E)-β-caryophyllene in response to RDV infection, through a series of complementary assays. The oviposition preference of the RDV vector insect Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) showed no significant difference between RDV-infected and RDV-free wild-type plants, nor between oscas1-RDV and oscas1 plants. However, the predation rate of C. lividipennis for N. cincticeps eggs on RDV-infected plants was higher than that on RDV-free plants, whereas there was no significant difference between oscas1-RDV and oscas1 plants. CONCLUSION (E)-β-caryophyllene induced by RDV attracted more C. lividipennis to prey on N. cincticeps eggs and played a crucial role in plant-virus-vector-enemy interactions. These novel findings will promote the design of new strategies for disease control by controlling the populations of insect vectors, for example recruiting more natural enemies by virus-induced plant volatiles. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Guo
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujia Xie
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yijia Ren
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaluan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Liu M, Kang B, Wu H, Peng B, Liu L, Hong N, Gu Q. Ethylene enhances resistance to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus via the ClWRKY70- ClACO5 module in watermelon plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1332037. [PMID: 38273961 PMCID: PMC10808359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1332037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Ethylene (ET) is involved in plant responses to viral infection. However, its molecular mechanisms and regulatory network remain largely unknown. Methods and results In the present study, we report that cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) triggers ET production by inducing the expression of ClACO5, a key gene of the ET biosynthesis pathway through transcriptome data analysis and gene function validation. The knock-down of ClACO5 expression through virus-induced gene silencing in watermelon and overexpressing ClACO5 in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that ClACO5 positively regulates CGMMV resistance and ET biosynthesis. The salicylic acid-responsive transcription factor gene ClWRKY70 shares a similar expression pattern with ClACO5. We demonstrate that ClWRKY70 directly binds to the W-box cis-element in the ClACO5 promoter and enhances its transcription. In addition, ClWRKY70 enhances plant responses to CGMMV infection by regulating ClACO5 expression in watermelon. Discussion Our results demonstrate that the ClWRKY70-ClACO5 module positively regulates resistance to CGMMV infection in watermelon, shedding new light on the molecular basis of ET accumulation in watermelon in response to CGMMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoshan Kang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Huijie Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Liming Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang, China
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Lu L, Sun Z, Wang R, Du Y, Zhang Z, Lan T, Song Y, Zeng R. Integration of transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveals the role of OsSPL10 in rice defense against brown planthopper. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:2023-2038. [PMID: 37819387 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE OsSPL10 is a negative regulator of rice defense against BPH, knockout of OsSPL10 enhances BPH resistance through upregulation of defense-related genes and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Rice (Oryza sativa L.), one of the most important staple foods worldwide, is frequently attacked by various herbivores, including brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens). BPH is a typical monophagous, phloem-sucking herbivore that has been a substantial threat to rice production and global food security. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of defense responses to BPH is essential for improving BPH resistance in rice. In this study, a SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 10 (OsSPL10) transcription factor was found to play a negative role in the defenses of rice against BPH. To gain insights into the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of OsSPL10, we performed combined analyses of transcriptome and metabolome, and revealed that knockout of OsSPL10 gene improved rice resistance against BPH by enhancing the direct and indirect defenses. Genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant-pathogen interaction pathway were significantly upregulated in spl10 mutant. Moreover, spl10 mutant exhibited increased accumulation of defense-related secondary metabolites in the phenylpropanoid and terpenoid pathways. Our findings reveal a novel role for OsSPL10 gene in regulating the rice defense responses, which can be used as a potential target for genetic improvement of BPH resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Du
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
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Li P, Li W, Zhou X, Situ J, Xie L, Xi P, Yang B, Kong G, Jiang Z. Peronophythora litchii RXLR effector P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 destabilizes a host ethylene biosynthesis enzyme. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:756-774. [PMID: 37232407 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors into plant cells to interfere with the plant immune system during infection. Here, we identified a Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector protein from the most destructive pathogen of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), Peronophythora litchii, and named it P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 (PlAvh202). PlAvh202 could suppress cell death triggered by infestin 1 or avirulence protein 3a/resistance protein 3a in Nicotiana benthamiana and was essential for P. litchii virulence. In addition, PlAvh202 suppressed plant immune responses and promoted the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora capsici. Further research revealed that PlAvh202 could suppress ethylene (ET) production by targeting and destabilizing plant S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), a key enzyme in the ET biosynthesis pathway, in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner without affecting its expression. Transient expression of LcSAMS3 induced ET production and enhanced plant resistance, whereas inhibition of ET biosynthesis promoted P. litchii infection, supporting that litchi SAMS (LcSAMS) and ET positively regulate litchi immunity toward P. litchii. Overall, these findings highlight that SAMS can be targeted by the oomycete RXLR effector to manipulate ET-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lizhu Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Grassland Science/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Huang J, Qiu ZY, He J, Xu HS, Wang K, Du HY, Gao D, Zhao WN, Sun QG, Wang YS, Wen PZ, Li Q, Dong XO, Xie XZ, Jiang L, Wang HY, Liu YQ, Wan JM. Phytochrome B mediates dim-light-reduced insect resistance by promoting the ethylene pathway in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1272-1287. [PMID: 36437699 PMCID: PMC9922401 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing planting density is one of the most effective ways to improve crop yield. However, one major factor that limits crop planting density is the weakened immunity of plants to pathogens and insects caused by dim light (DL) under shade conditions. The molecular mechanism underlying how DL compromises plant immunity remains unclear. Here, we report that DL reduces rice (Oryza sativa) resistance against brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens) by elevating ethylene (ET) biosynthesis and signaling in a Phytochrome B (OsPHYB)-dependent manner. The DL-reduced BPH resistance is relieved in osphyB mutants, but aggravated in OsPHYB overexpressing plants. Further, we found that DL reduces the nuclear accumulation of OsphyB, thus alleviating Phytochrome Interacting Factor Like14 (OsPIL14) degradation, consequently leading to the up-regulation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase1 (OsACO1) and an increase in ET levels. In addition, we found that nuclear OsphyB stabilizes Ethylene Insensitive Like2 (OsEIL2) by competitively interacting with EIN3 Binding F-Box Protein (OsEBF1) to enhance ET signaling in rice, which contrasts with previous findings that phyB blocks ET signaling by facilitating Ethylene Insensitive3 (EIN3) degradation in other plant species. Thus, enhanced ET biosynthesis and signaling reduces BPH resistance under DL conditions. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism of the light-regulated ET pathway and host-insect interactions and potential strategies for sustainable insect management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ze-Yu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao-Sen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hua-Ying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei-Ning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Quan-Guang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pei-Zheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Xie
- Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian-Min Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Virus-Induced Plant Volatiles Promote Virus Acquisition and Transmission by Insect Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021777. [PMID: 36675290 PMCID: PMC9860585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice dwarf virus (RDV) is transmitted by insect vectors Nephotettix virescens and Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) that threatens rice yield and results in substantial economic losses. RDV induces two volatiles ((E)-β-caryophyllene (EBC) and 2-heptanol) to emit from RDV-infected rice plants. However, the effects of the two volatiles on the olfactory behavior of both non-viruliferous and viruliferous N. virescens are unknown, and whether the two volatiles could facilitate the spread and dispersal of RDV remains elusive. Combining the methods of insect behavior, chemical ecology, and molecular biology, we found that EBC and 2-heptanol influenced the olfactory behavior of non-viruliferous and viruliferous N. virescens, independently. EBC attracted non-viruliferous N. virescens towards RDV-infected rice plants, promoting virus acquisition by non-viruliferous vectors. The effect was confirmed by using oscas1 mutant rice plants (repressed EBC synthesis), but EBC had no effects on viruliferous N. virescens. 2-heptanol did not attract or repel non-viruliferous N. virescens. However, spraying experiments showed that 2-heptanol repelled viruliferous N. virescens to prefer RDV-free rice plants, which would be conducive to the transmission of the virus. These novel results reveal that rice plant volatiles modify the behavior of N. virescens vectors to promote RDV acquisition and transmission. They will provide new insights into virus-vector-plant interactions, and promote the development of new prevention and control strategies for disease management.
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9
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Zhong X, Yang L, Li J, Tang Z, Wu C, Zhang L, Zhou X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Integrated next-generation sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analysis of leaves provides novel insights into the ethylene pathway of Chrysanthemum morifolium in response to a Chinese isolate of chrysanthemum virus B. Virol J 2022; 19:182. [DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chrysanthemum virus B (CVB), a key member of the genus Carlavirus, family Betaflexiviridae, causes severe viral diseases in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) plants worldwide. However, information on the mechanisms underlying the response of chrysanthemum plants to CVB is scant.
Methods
Here, an integrated next-generation sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analysis of chrysanthemum leaves was conducted to explore the molecular response mechanisms of plants to a Chinese isolate of CVB (CVB-CN) at the molecular level.
Results
In total, 4934 significant differentially expressed genes (SDEGs) were identified to respond to CVB-CN, of which 4097 were upregulated and 837 were downregulated. Gene ontology and functional classification showed that the majority of upregulated SDEGs were categorized into gene cohorts involved in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, and ribosome metabolism. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that ethylene pathway-related genes were significantly upregulated following CVB-CN infection, indicating a strong promotion of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling. Furthermore, disruption of the ethylene pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana, a model plant, using virus-induced gene silencing technology rendered them more susceptible to cysteine-rich protein of CVB-CN induced hypersensitive response, suggesting a crucial role of this pathway in response to CVB-CN infection.
Conclusion
This study provides evidence that ethylene pathway has an essential role of plant in response to CVB and offers valuable insights into the defense mechanisms of chrysanthemum against Carlavirus.
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10
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Chang X, Bi Y, Chi H, Fang Q, Lu Z, Wang F, Ye G. Identification and Expression Analysis of Odorant-Binding and Chemosensory Protein Genes in Virus Vector Nephotettix cincticeps. INSECTS 2022; 13:1024. [PMID: 36354848 PMCID: PMC9698027 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The insect odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are involved in the perception and discrimination of insects to host odor cues. Nephotettix cincticeps, one of the destructive pests of rice plants, not only directly damages hosts by sucking, but also indirectly transmits plant viruses in the field. Previous study found that two rice volatiles ((E)-β-caryophyllene and 2-heptanol) induced by rice dwarf virus (RDV) mediated the olfactory behavior of N. cincticeps, which may promote virus dispersal. However, the OBPs and CSPs in N. cincticeps are still unknown. In this study, to identify the OBP and CSP genes in N. cincticeps, transcriptomic analyses were performed. In total, 46,623 unigenes were obtained. Twenty putative OBP and 13 CSP genes were discovered and identified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that five putative OBPs belonged to the plus-C OBP family, and the other classic OBPs and CSPs were distributed among other orthologous groups. A total of 12 OBP and 10 CSP genes were detected, and nine OBP and three CSP genes were highly expressed in N. cincticeps antennae compared with other tissues. This study, for the first time, provides a valuable resource to well understand the molecular mechanism of N. cincticeps in the perception and discrimination of the two volatiles induced by RDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaluan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haipeng Chi
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhaozhi Lu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Diseases and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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11
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Wang P, Liu J, Lyu Y, Huang Z, Zhang X, Sun B, Li P, Jing X, Li H, Zhang C. A Review of Vector-Borne Rice Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102258. [PMID: 36298813 PMCID: PMC9609659 DOI: 10.3390/v14102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major staple foods for global consumption. A major roadblock to global rice production is persistent loss of crops caused by plant diseases, including rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, and particularly various vector-borne rice viral diseases. Since the late 19th century, 19 species of rice viruses have been recorded in rice-producing areas worldwide and cause varying degrees of damage on the rice production. Among them, southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) and rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) in Asia, rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in Africa, and rice stripe necrosis virus (RSNV) in America currently pose serious threats to rice yields. This review systematizes the emergence and damage of rice viral diseases, the symptomatology and transmission biology of rice viruses, the arm races between viruses and rice plants as well as their insect vectors, and the strategies for the prevention and control of rice viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agronomy, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yajing Lyu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Co-Construction State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ziting Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pengbai Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinxin Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Yao S, Kang J, Guo G, Yang Z, Huang Y, Lan Y, Zhou T, Wang L, Wei C, Xu Z, Li Y. The key micronutrient copper orchestrates broad-spectrum virus resistance in rice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm0660. [PMID: 35776788 PMCID: PMC10883364 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a critical regulator of plant growth and development. However, the mechanisms by which copper responds to virus invasion are unclear. We previously showed that SPL9-mediated transcriptional activation of miR528 adds a previously unidentified regulatory layer to the established ARGONAUTE (AGO18)-miR528-L-ascorbate oxidase (AO) antiviral defense. Here, we report that rice promotes copper accumulation in shoots by inducing copper transporter genes, including HMA5 and COPT, to counteract viral infection. Copper suppresses the transcriptional activation of miR528 by inhibiting the protein level of SPL9, thus alleviating miR528-mediated cleavage of AO transcripts to strengthen the antiviral response. Loss-of-function mutations in HMA5, COPT1, and COPT5 caused a significant reduction in copper accumulation and plant viral resistance because of the increased SPL9-mediated miR528 transcription. Gain in viral susceptibility was mitigated when SPL9 was mutated in the hma5 mutant background. Our study elucidates the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of copper homeostasis and the SPL9-miR528-AO antiviral pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengze Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinrui Kang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ge Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Lan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Liying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunhong Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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NF-YA transcription factors suppress jasmonic acid-mediated antiviral defense and facilitate viral infection in rice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010548. [PMID: 35560151 PMCID: PMC9132283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-Y transcription factors are known to play many diverse roles in the development and physiological responses of plants but little is known about their role in plant defense. Here, we demonstrate the negative roles of rice NF-YA family genes in antiviral defense against two different plant viruses, Rice stripe virus (RSV, Tenuivirus) and Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV, Fijivirus). RSV and SRBSDV both induced the expression of OsNF-YA family genes. Overexpression of OsNF-YAs enhanced rice susceptibility to virus infection, while OsNF-YAs RNAi mutants were more resistant. Transcriptome sequencing showed that the expression of jasmonic acid (JA)-related genes was significantly decreased in plants overexpressing OsNF-YA when they were infected by viruses. qRT-PCR and JA sensitivity assays confirmed that OsNF-YAs play negative roles in regulating the JA pathway. Further experiments showed that OsNF-YAs physically interact with JA signaling transcription factors OsMYC2/3 and interfere with JA signaling by dissociating the OsMYC2/3-OsMED25 complex, which inhibits the transcriptional activation activity of OsMYC2/3. Together, our results reveal that OsNF-YAs broadly inhibit plant antiviral defense by repressing JA signaling pathways, and provide new insight into how OsNF-YAs are directly associated with the JA pathway.
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14
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Wan S, Xin XF. Regulation and integration of plant jasmonate signaling: a comparative view of monocot and dicot. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:704-714. [PMID: 35452856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonate plays a pivotal role in various aspects of plant life, including developmental programs and defense against pests and pathogens. A large body of knowledge on jasmonate biosynthesis, signal transduction as well as its functions in diverse plant processes has been gained in the past two decades. In addition, there exists extensive crosstalk between jasmonate pathway and other phytohormone pathways, such as salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellin (GA), in co-regulation of plant immune status, fine-tuning the balance of plant growth and defense, and so on, which were mostly learned from studies in the dicotyledonous model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato but much less in monocot. Interestingly, existing evidence suggests both conservation and functional divergence in terms of core components of jasmonate pathway, its biological functions and signal integration with other phytohormones, between monocot and dicot. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on JA signal initiation, perception and regulation, and highlight the distinctive characteristics in different lineages of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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15
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Zhao Y, Cao X, Zhong W, Zhou S, Li Z, An H, Liu X, Wu R, Bohora S, Wu Y, Liang Z, Chen J, Yang X, Zhou G, Zhang T. A viral protein orchestrates rice ethylene signaling to coordinate viral infection and insect vector-mediated transmission. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:689-705. [PMID: 35032687 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses cause serious threats to human health and global agriculture by rapidly spreading via insect vectors. Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is the most damaging rice-infecting virus that is frequently transmitted by planthoppers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its propagation in the host plants and epidemics in the field are largely unknown. Here, we showed that the SRBSDV-encoded P6 protein is a key effector that regulates rice ethylene signaling to coordinate viral infection and transmission. In early SRBSDV infection, P6 interacts with OsRTH2 in the cytoplasm to activate ethylene signaling and enhance SRBSDV proliferation; this also repels the insect vector to reduce infestation. In late infection, P6 enters the nucleus, where it interacts with OsEIL2, a key transcription factor of ethylene signaling. The P6-OsEIL2 interaction suppresses ethylene signaling by preventing the dimerization of OsEIL2, thereby facilitating viral transmission by attracting the insect vector. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which an arbovirus modulates the host defense system to promote viral infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weihua Zhong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shunkang Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhanbiao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong An
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xiahua Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruifeng Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Surakshya Bohora
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenyi Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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16
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Escaray F, Felipo-Benavent A, Vera P. Linking plant metabolism and immunity through methionine biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:6-8. [PMID: 34952214 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Escaray
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amelia Felipo-Benavent
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Vera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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17
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NLRs guard metabolism to coordinate pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. Nature 2022; 601:245-251. [PMID: 34912119 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants enable them to respond to pathogens by activating the production of defence metabolites that orchestrate immune responses1-4. How the production of defence metabolites is promoted by immune receptors and coordinated with broad-spectrum resistance remains elusive. Here we identify the deubiquitinase PICI1 as an immunity hub for PTI and ETI in rice (Oryza sativa). PICI1 deubiquitinates and stabilizes methionine synthetases to activate methionine-mediated immunity principally through biosynthesis of the phytohormone ethylene. PICI1 is targeted for degradation by blast fungal effectors, including AvrPi9, to dampen PTI. Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) in the plant immune system, such as PigmR, protect PICI1 from effector-mediated degradation to reboot the methionine-ethylene cascade. Natural variation in the PICI1 gene contributes to divergence in basal blast resistance between the rice subspecies indica and japonica. Thus, NLRs govern an arms race with effectors, using a competitive mode that hinges on a critical defence metabolic pathway to synchronize PTI with ETI and ensure broad-spectrum resistance.
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18
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Müllender M, Varrelmann M, Savenkov EI, Liebe S. Manipulation of auxin signalling by plant viruses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1449-1458. [PMID: 34420252 PMCID: PMC8518663 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Compatible plant-virus interactions result in dramatic changes of the plant transcriptome and morphogenesis, and are often associated with rapid alterations in plant hormone homeostasis and signalling. Auxin controls many aspects of plant organogenesis, development, and growth; therefore, plants can rapidly perceive and respond to changes in the cellular auxin levels. Auxin signalling is a tightly controlled process and, hence, is highly vulnerable to changes in the mRNA and protein levels of its components. There are several core nuclear components of auxin signalling. In the nucleus, the interaction of auxin response factors (ARFs) and auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins is essential for the control of auxin-regulated pathways. Aux/IAA proteins are negative regulators, whereas ARFs are positive regulators of the auxin response. The interplay between both is essential for the transcriptional regulation of auxin-responsive genes, which primarily regulate developmental processes but also modulate the plant immune system. Recent studies suggest that plant viruses belonging to different families have developed various strategies to disrupt auxin signalling, namely by (a) changing the subcellular localization of Aux/IAAs, (b) preventing degradation of Aux/IAAs by stabilization, or (c) inhibiting the transcriptional activity of ARFs. These interactions perturb auxin signalling and experimental evidence from various studies highlights their importance for virus replication, systemic movement, interaction with vectors for efficient transmission, and symptom development. In this microreview, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the interaction of plant viruses with auxin signalling components of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Varrelmann
- Department of PhytopathologyInstitute of Sugar Beet ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Eugene I. Savenkov
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenter SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Center for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Sebastian Liebe
- Department of PhytopathologyInstitute of Sugar Beet ResearchGöttingenGermany
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19
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Balassa K, Balassa G, Gondor OK, Janda T, Almási A, Rudnóy S. Changes in physiology, gene expression and ethylene biosynthesis in MDMV-infected sweet corn primed by small RNA pre-treatment. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5568-5578. [PMID: 34588867 PMCID: PMC8459037 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological condition of plants is significantly affected by viral infections. Viral proliferation occurs at the expense of the energy and protein stores in infected plant cells. At the same time, plants invest much of their remaining resources in the fight against infection, making them even less capable of normal growth processes. Thus, the slowdown in the development and growth processes of plants leads to a large-scale decrease in plant biomass and yields, which may be a perceptible problem even at the level of the national economy. One form of protection against viral infections is treatment with small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, which can directly reduce the amount of virus that multiplies in plant cells by enhancing the process of highly conserved RNA interference in plants. The present work demonstrated how pre-treatment with siRNA may provide protection against MDMV (Maize dwarf mosaic virus) infection in sweet corn (Zea mays cv. saccharata var. Honey Koern). In addition to monitoring the physiological condition of the maize plants, the accumulation of the virus in young leaves was examined, parallel, with changes in the plant RNA interference system and the ethylene (ET) biosynthetic pathway. The siRNA pre-treatment activated the plant antiviral defence system, thus significantly reducing viral RNA and coat protein levels in the youngest leaves of the plants. The lower initial amount of virus meant a weaker stress load, which allowed the plants to devote more energy to their growth and development. In contrast, small RNA pre-treatment did not initially have a significant effect on the ET biosynthetic pathway, but later a significant decrease was observed both in the level of transcription of genes responsible for ET production and, in the amount of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) metabolite. The significantly better physiological condition, enhanced RNAi response and lower quantity of virus particles in siRNA pretreated plants, suggested that siRNA pre-treatment stimulated the antiviral defence mechanisms in MDMV infected plants. In addition, the consistently lower ACC content of the plants pre-treated with siRNA suggest that ET does not significantly contribute to the successful defence in this maize hybrid type against MDMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Balassa
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Balassa
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kinga Gondor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Asztéria Almási
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Rudnóy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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A class of independently evolved transcriptional repressors in plant RNA viruses facilitates viral infection and vector feeding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016673118. [PMID: 33836579 PMCID: PMC7980396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016673118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses employ diverse virulence strategies to achieve successful infection, but there are few known general strategies of viral pathogenicity and transmission used by widely different plant viruses. Here, we report a class of independently evolved virulence factors in different plant RNA viruses which possess active transcriptional repressor activity. Rice viruses in the genera Fijivirus, Tenuivirus, and Cytorhabdovirus all have transcriptional repressors that interact in plants with the key components of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, namely mediator subunit OsMED25, OsJAZ proteins, and OsMYC transcription factors. These transcriptional repressors can directly disassociate the OsMED25-OsMYC complex, inhibit the transcriptional activation of OsMYC, and then combine with OsJAZ proteins to cooperatively attenuate the JA pathway in a way that benefits viral infection. At the same time, these transcriptional repressors efficiently enhanced feeding by the virus insect vectors by repressing JA signaling. Our findings reveal a common strategy in unrelated plant viruses in which viral transcriptional repressors hijack and repress the JA pathway in favor of both viral pathogenicity and vector transmission.
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21
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Abstract
Phytohormones mediate plant development and responses to stresses caused by biotic agents or abiotic factors. The functions of phytohormones in responses to viral infection have been intensively studied, and the emerging picture of complex mechanisms provides insights into the roles that phytohormones play in defense regulation as a whole. These hormone signaling pathways are not simple linear or isolated cascades, but exhibit crosstalk with each other. Here, we summarized the current understanding of recent advances for the classical defense hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) and also the roles of abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) in modulating plant–virus interactions.
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22
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Zhao S, Wu Y, Wu J. Arms race between rice and viruses: a review of viral and host factors. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:38-44. [PMID: 33530035 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about the molecular interactions between positive-strand RNA viruses and dicotyledon plants. However, many important viral pathogens of the monocotyledon rice crop contain negative-strand or double-strand RNA genomes. Recent studies have shown that virus-derived small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), host microRNAs and phytohormones regulate antiviral responses in rice plants and that rice-infecting RNA viruses encode a diverse repertoire of multifunctional proteins with counter-defensive activities. Moreover, the interactions between viral virulence proteins and host susceptibility factors also shape the virus-rice arms race. This review will focus on these recent advances and discuss strategies and challenges in the translation of discoveries made on molecular virus-rice interactions into practical virus control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuansheng Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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23
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Zhao H, Yin CC, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Ethylene signaling in rice and Arabidopsis: New regulators and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102-125. [PMID: 33095478 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone which plays important roles in both plant growth and development and stress responses. Based on studies in the dicot model plant species Arabidopsis, a linear ethylene signaling pathway has been established, according to which ethylene is perceived by ethylene receptors and transduced through CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1 (CTR1) and ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2) to activate transcriptional reprogramming. In addition to this canonical signaling pathway, an alternative ethylene receptor-mediated phosphor-relay pathway has also been proposed to participate in ethylene signaling. In contrast to Arabidopsis, rice, a monocot, grows in semiaquatic environments and has a distinct plant structure. Several novel regulators and/or mechanisms of the rice ethylene signaling pathway have recently been identified, indicating that the ethylene signaling pathway in rice has its own unique features. In this review, we summarize the latest progress and compare the conserved and divergent aspects of the ethylene signaling pathway between Arabidopsis and rice. The crosstalk between ethylene and other plant hormones is also reviewed. Finally, we discuss how ethylene regulates plant growth, stress responses and agronomic traits. These analyses should help expand our knowledge of the ethylene signaling mechanism and could further be applied for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cui-Cui Yin
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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24
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Pattyn J, Vaughan‐Hirsch J, Van de Poel B. The regulation of ethylene biosynthesis: a complex multilevel control circuitry. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:770-782. [PMID: 32790878 PMCID: PMC7820975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous plant hormone ethylene is produced by a fairly simple two-step biosynthesis route. Despite this pathway's simplicity, recent molecular and genetic studies have revealed that the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis is far more complex and occurs at different layers. Ethylene production is intimately linked with the homeostasis of its general precursor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), which experiences transcriptional and posttranslational control of its synthesising enzymes (SAM synthetase), as well as the metabolic flux through the adjacent Yang cycle. Ethylene biosynthesis continues from SAM by two dedicated enzymes: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO). Although the transcriptional dynamics of ACS and ACO have been well documented, the first transcription factors that control ACS and ACO expression have only recently been discovered. Both ACS and ACO display a type-specific posttranslational regulation that controls protein stability and activity. The nonproteinogenic amino acid ACC also shows a tight level of control through conjugation and translocation. Different players in ACC conjugation and transport have been identified over the years, however their molecular regulation and biological significance is unclear, yet relevant, as ACC can also signal independently of ethylene. In this review, we bring together historical reports and the latest findings on the complex regulation of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Pattyn
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology LaboratoryDivision of Crop BiotechnicsDepartment of BiosystemsUniversity of LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42Leuven3001Belgium
| | - John Vaughan‐Hirsch
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology LaboratoryDivision of Crop BiotechnicsDepartment of BiosystemsUniversity of LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42Leuven3001Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology LaboratoryDivision of Crop BiotechnicsDepartment of BiosystemsUniversity of LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42Leuven3001Belgium
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25
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Qin Q, Li G, Jin L, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wei C, Xu Z, Yang Z, Wang H, Li Y. Auxin response factors (ARFs) differentially regulate rice antiviral immune response against rice dwarf virus. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009118. [PMID: 33264360 PMCID: PMC7735678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 25 auxin response factors (ARFs) in the rice genome, which play critical roles in regulating myriad aspects of plant development, but their role (s) in host antiviral immune defense and the underneath mechanism remain largely unknown. By using the rice-rice dwarf virus (RDV) model system, here we report that auxin signaling enhances rice defense against RDV infection. In turn, RDV infection triggers increased auxin biosynthesis and accumulation in rice, and that treatment with exogenous auxin reduces OsIAA10 protein level, thereby unleashing a group of OsIAA10-interacting OsARFs to mediate downstream antiviral responses. Strikingly, our genetic data showed that loss-of-function mutants of osarf12 or osarf16 exhibit reduced resistance whereas osarf11 mutants display enhanced resistance to RDV. In turn, OsARF12 activates the down-stream OsWRKY13 expression through direct binding to its promoter, loss-of-function mutants of oswrky13 exhibit reduced resistance. These results demonstrated that OsARF 11, 12 and 16 differentially regulate rice antiviral defense. Together with our previous discovery that the viral P2 protein stabilizes OsIAA10 protein via thwarting its interaction with OsTIR1 to enhance viral infection and pathogenesis, our results reveal a novel auxin-IAA10-ARFs-mediated signaling mechanism employed by rice and RDV for defense and counter defense responses. The phytohormone auxin is often critical for plant growth and orchestrates many developmental processes. Here we find that rice accumulates more auxin upon RDV infection and treatment with exogenous auxin enhances rice tolerance to RDV infection. Auxin treatment reduces the protein level of OsIAA10, thus releasing a group of OsIAA10-interacting OsARFs to mediate downstream antiviral responses. Among the 25 ARFs in the rice genome, their functions on regulation of rice antiviral defense are diversified. Our findings elucidate a novel auxin-OsIAA10-ARFs-mediated signaling mechanism employed by rice and RDV for defense and counter defense responses. These findings significantly deepen our understanding of virus-host interactions and provide novel targets for molecular breeding (or engineering) rice cultivars resistant to RDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HW); (YL)
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HW); (YL)
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HW); (YL)
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26
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Ji D, Cui X, Qin G, Chen T, Tian S. SlFERL Interacts with S-Adenosylmethionine Synthetase to Regulate Fruit Ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:2168-2181. [PMID: 32999005 PMCID: PMC7723100 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex and genetically programmed process modulated by transcription factors, hormones, and other regulators. However, the mechanism underlying the regulatory loop involving the membrane-protein targets of RIPENING-INHIBITOR (RIN) remains poorly understood. To unravel the function of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) FERONIA Like (SlFERL), a putative MADS-box transcription factor target gene, we investigated and addressed the significance of SlFERL in fruit ripening by combining reverse genetics, biochemical, and cytological analyses. Here, we report that RIN and Tomato AGAMOUS-LIKE1 (TAGL1) directly bind to the promoter region of SlFERL and further activate its expression transcriptionally, suggesting a potential role of SlFERL in fruit ripening. Overexpression of SlFERL significantly accelerated the ripening process of tomato fruit, whereas RNA interference knockdown of SlFERL resulted in delayed fruit ripening. Moreover, a surface plasmon resonance assay coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and a protein interaction assay revealed that SlFERL interacts with the key enzyme S-adenosyl-Met synthetase 1 (SlSAMS1) in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, leading to increased S-adenosyl-Met accumulation and elevated ethylene production. Thus, SlFERL serves as a positive regulator of ethylene production and fruit ripening. This study provides clues to the molecular regulatory networks underlying fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaomin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
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27
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Effect of virus infection on the secondary metabolite production and phytohormone biosynthesis in plants. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:547. [PMID: 33269181 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved according to their environmental conditions and continuously interact with different biological entities. These interactions induce many positive and negative effects on plant metabolism. Many viruses also associate with various plant species and alter their metabolism. Further, virus-plant interaction also alters the expression of many plant hormones. To overcome the biotic stress imposed by the virus's infestation, plants produce different kinds of secondary metabolites that play a significant role in plant defense against the viral infection. In this review, we briefly highlight the mechanism of virus infection, their influence on the plant secondary metabolites and phytohormone biosynthesis in response to the virus-plant interactions.
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28
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Gao F, Zhao S, Men S, Kang Z, Hong J, Wei C, Hong W, Li Y. A non-structural protein encoded by Rice Dwarf Virus targets to the nucleus and chloroplast and inhibits local RNA silencing. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1703-1713. [PMID: 32303960 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a potent antiviral mechanism in plants and animals. As a counter-defense, many viruses studied to date encode one or more viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSR). In the latter case, how different VSRs encoded by a virus function in silencing remains to be fully understood. We previously showed that the nonstructural protein Pns10 of a Phytoreovirus, Rice dwarf virus (RDV), functions as a VSR. Here we present evidence that another nonstructural protein, Pns11, also functions as a VSR. While Pns10 was localized in the cytoplasm, Pns11 was localized both in the nucleus and chloroplasts. Pns11 has two bipartite nuclear localization signals (NLSs), which were required for nuclear as well as chloroplastic localization. The NLSs were also required for the silencing activities of Pns11. This is the first report that multiple VSRs encoded by a virus are localized in different subcellular compartments, and that a viral protein can be targeted to both the nucleus and chloroplast. These findings may have broad significance in studying the subcellular targeting of VSRs and other viral proteins in viral-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- The State Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- The State Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuzhen Men
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- Department of Plant Protection, Northwestern Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jian Hong
- College of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Chunhong Wei
- The State Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Hong
- The State Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Yi Li
- The State Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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29
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Chang X, Sun L, Ning D, Dang C, Yao H, Fang Q, Peng Y, Wang F, Ye G. Cry1C rice doesn't affect the ecological fitness of rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens either under RDV stress or not. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16423. [PMID: 33009432 PMCID: PMC7532440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential risks of Bt rice on non-target arthropods (NTAs) should be evaluated and defined before commercial production. Recently, effects of Bt rice on NTAs under abiotic and biotic stress conditions attracted much attention. Here we reported the effects of Bt rice T1C-19 (Cry1C rice) on the non-target herbivore, Nilaparvata lugens (rice brown planthopper, BPH) with or without RDV (rice dwarf virus) infection conditions. BPH showed no feeding and oviposition preference between Bt rice T1C-19 and its non-Bt parental rice Minghui 63 (MH63), as well as between RDV-infected and RDV-free rice plants. Meanwhile, rice type, RDV infection status, and their interaction had little impacts on the survival, development and fecundity of BPH. By comparison with non-Bt control, Bt rice T1C-19 with or without RDV infection had no significant effects on the life-table parameters of BPH including rm, R0, T, DT and λ. Thus, it could be concluded that Bt rice T1C-19 doesn't affect the ecological fitness of BPH either under RDV stress or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Duo Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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30
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Cui S, Kubota T, Nishiyama T, Ishida JK, Shigenobu S, Shibata TF, Toyoda A, Hasebe M, Shirasu K, Yoshida S. Ethylene signaling mediates host invasion by parasitic plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eabc2385. [PMID: 33115743 PMCID: PMC7608805 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants form a specialized organ, a haustorium, to invade host tissues and acquire water and nutrients. To understand the molecular mechanism of haustorium development, we performed a forward genetics screening to isolate mutants exhibiting haustorial defects in the model parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. We isolated two mutants that show prolonged and sometimes aberrant meristematic activity in the haustorium apex, resulting in severe defects on host invasion. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the two mutants respectively have point mutations in homologs of ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), signaling components in response to the gaseous phytohormone ethylene. Application of the ethylene signaling inhibitors also caused similar haustorial defects, indicating that ethylene signaling regulates cell proliferation and differentiation of parasite cells. Genetic disruption of host ethylene production also perturbs parasite invasion. We propose that parasitic plants use ethylene as a signal to invade host roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkui Cui
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kubota
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
| | | | - Shuji Shigenobu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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31
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Nunes da Silva M, Vasconcelos MW, Gaspar M, Balestra GM, Mazzaglia A, Carvalho SMP. Early Pathogen Recognition and Antioxidant System Activation Contributes to Actinidia arguta Tolerance Against Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars actinidiae and actinidifoliorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1022. [PMID: 32793252 PMCID: PMC7387506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Actinidia chinensis and A. arguta have distinct tolerances to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), but the reasons underlying the inter-specific variation remain unclear. This study aimed to integrate the metabolic and molecular responses of these two kiwifruit species against the highly pathogenic Psa and the less pathogenic P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum (Pfm) bacterial strains. Disease development was monitored weekly till 21 days post inoculation (dpi), analysing a broad number and variety of parameters including: colony forming units (CFU), foliar symptoms, total chlorophylls, lipid peroxidation, soluble polyphenols, lignin and defense-related gene expression. At the end of the experimental period A. chinensis inoculated with Psa presented the highest endophytic bacterial population, whereas A. arguta inoculated with Pfm showed the lowest values, also resulting in a lower extent of leaf symptoms. Metabolic responses to infection were also more pronounced in A. chinensis with decreased total chlorophylls (up to 55%) and increased lipid peroxidation (up to 53%), compared with non-inoculated plants. Moreover, at 14 dpi soluble polyphenols and lignin concentrations were significantly higher (112 and 26%, respectively) in Psa-inoculated plants than in controls, while in A. arguta no significant changes were observed in those metabolic responses, except for lignin concentration which was, in general, significantly higher in Psa-inoculated plants (by at least 22%), comparing with control and Pfm-inoculated plants. Genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX and CAT) were upregulated at an earlier stage in Psa-inoculated A. arguta than in A. chinensis. In contrast, genes related with phenylpropanoids (LOX1) and ethylene (SAM) pathways were downregulated in A. arguta, but upregulated in A. chinensis in the later phases of infection. Expression of Pto3, responsible for pathogen recognition, occurred 2 dpi in A. arguta, but only 14 dpi in A. chinensis. In conclusion, we found that A. arguta is more tolerant to Psa and Pfm infection than A. chinensis and its primary and secondary metabolism is less impacted. A. arguta higher tolerance seems to be related with early pathogen recognition, the activation of plant antioxidant system, and to the suppression of ET and JA pathways from an earlier moment after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nunes da Silva
- GreenUPorto—Research Centre on Sustainable Agrifood Production, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - M. W. Vasconcelos
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Gaspar
- GreenUPorto—Research Centre on Sustainable Agrifood Production, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - G. M. Balestra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A. Mazzaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Susana M. P. Carvalho
- GreenUPorto—Research Centre on Sustainable Agrifood Production, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
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Ansari WA, Chandanshive SU, Bhatt V, Nadaf AB, Vats S, Katara JL, Sonah H, Deshmukh R. Genome Editing in Cereals: Approaches, Applications and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4040. [PMID: 32516948 PMCID: PMC7312557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, numerous efforts were made towards the improvement of cereal crops mostly employing traditional or molecular breeding approaches. The current scenario made it possible to efficiently explore molecular understanding by targeting different genes to achieve desirable plants. To provide guaranteed food security for the rising world population particularly under vulnerable climatic condition, development of high yielding stress tolerant crops is needed. In this regard, technologies upgradation in the field of genome editing looks promising. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a rapidly growing genome editing technique being effectively applied in different organisms, that includes both model and crop plants. In recent times CRISPR/Cas9 is being considered as a technology which revolutionized fundamental as well as applied research in plant breeding. Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully demonstrated in many cereal crops including rice, wheat, maize, and barley. Availability of whole genome sequence information for number of crops along with the advancement in genome-editing techniques provides several possibilities to achieve desirable traits. In this review, the options available for crop improvement by implementing CRISPR/Cas9 based genome-editing techniques with special emphasis on cereal crops have been summarized. Recent advances providing opportunities to simultaneously edit many target genes were also discussed. The review also addressed recent advancements enabling precise base editing and gene expression modifications. In addition, the article also highlighted limitations such as transformation efficiency, specific promoters and most importantly the ethical and regulatory issues related to commercial release of novel crop varieties developed through genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waquar A. Ansari
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (W.A.A.); (S.U.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Sonali U. Chandanshive
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (W.A.A.); (S.U.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Vacha Bhatt
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (W.A.A.); (S.U.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Altafhusain B. Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (W.A.A.); (S.U.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Sanskriti Vats
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India; (S.V.); (H.S.)
| | | | - Humira Sonah
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India; (S.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India; (S.V.); (H.S.)
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Yang Z, Huang Y, Yang J, Yao S, Zhao K, Wang D, Qin Q, Bian Z, Li Y, Lan Y, Zhou T, Wang H, Liu C, Wang W, Qi Y, Xu Z, Li Y. Jasmonate Signaling Enhances RNA Silencing and Antiviral Defense in Rice. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:89-103.e8. [PMID: 32504578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small RNA-mediated RNA silencing is an important antiviral mechanism in higher plants. It has been shown that RNA silencing components can be upregulated by viral infection. However, the mechanisms underlying the upregulation remain largely unknown. Here, we show that jasmonate (JA) signaling transcriptionally activates Argonaute 18 (AGO18), a core RNA silencing component that promotes rice antiviral defense through sequestering miR168 and miR528, which repress key antiviral defense proteins. Mechanistically, the JA-responsive transcription factor JAMYB directly binds to the AGO18 promoter to activate AGO18 transcription. Rice stripe virus (RSV) coat protein (CP) triggers JA accumulation and upregulates JAMYB to initiate this host defense network. Our study reveals that regulatory crosstalk exists between the JA signaling and antiviral RNA silencing pathways and elucidates a molecular mechanism for CP-mediated viral resistance in monocot crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jialin Yang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengze Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingqing Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhan Bian
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Lan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - He Wang
- Rice Research Institute and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute and College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Kumar G, Dasgupta I. Comprehensive molecular insights into the stress response dynamics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during rice tungro disease by RNA-seq-based comparative whole transcriptome analysis. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-9996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kumar G, Dasgupta I. Comprehensive molecular insights into the stress response dynamics of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) during rice tungro disease by RNA-seq-based comparative whole transcriptome analysis. J Biosci 2020; 45:27. [PMID: 32020909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice tungro is a serious viral disease of rice resulting from infection by two viruses, Rice tungro bacilliform virus and Rice tungro spherical virus. To gain molecular insights into the global gene expression changes in rice during tungro, a comparative whole genome transcriptome study was performed on healthy and tungroaffected rice plants using Illumina Hiseq 2500. About 10 GB of sequenced data comprising about 50 million paired end reads per sample were then aligned on to the rice genome. Gene expression analysis revealed around 959 transcripts, related to various cellular pathways concerning stress response and hormonal homeostasis to be differentially expressed. The data was validated through qRT-PCR. Gene ontology and pathway analyses revealed enrichment of transcripts and processes similar to the differentially expressed genes categories. In short, the present study is a comprehensive coverage of the differential gene expression landscape and provides molecular insights into the infection dynamics of the rice-tungro virus system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110 021, India
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Baró-Montel N, Vall-Llaura N, Giné-Bordonaba J, Usall J, Serrano-Prieto S, Teixidó N, Torres R. Double-sided battle: The role of ethylene during Monilinia spp. infection in peach at different phenological stages. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:324-333. [PMID: 31606717 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Controversy exists on whether ethylene is involved in determining fruit resistance or susceptibility against biotic stress. In this work, the hypothesis that ethylene biosynthesis in peaches at different phenological stages may be modulated by Monilinia spp. was tested. To achieve this, at 49 and 126 d after full bloom (DAFB), ethylene biosynthesis of healthy and infected 'Merryl O'Henry' peaches with three strains of Monilinia spp. (M. fructicola (CPMC6) and M. laxa (CPML11 and ML8L) that differ in terms of aggressiveness) was analysed at the biochemical and molecular level along the course of infection in fruit stored at 20 °C. At 49 DAFB, results evidenced that infected fruit showed inhibition of ethylene production in comparison with non-inoculated fruit, suggesting that the three Monilinia strains were somehow suppressing ethylene biosynthesis to modify fruit defences to successfully infect the host. On the contrary, at 126 DAFB ethylene production increased concomitantly with brown rot spread, and values for non-inoculated fruit were almost undetectable throughout storage at 20 °C. The expression of several target genes involved in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway confirmed that they were differentially expressed upon Monilinia infection, pointing to a strain-dependent regulation. Notably, Prunus persica 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS) (PpACS) family was the most over-expressed over time, demonstrating a positive ethylene regulation, especially at 126 DAFB. At this phenological stage it was demonstrated the ability of Monilinia spp. to alter ethylene biosynthesis through PpACS1 and benefit from the consequences of an ethylene burst likely on cell wall softening. Overall, our results put forward that infection not only among different strains but also at each stage is achieved by different mechanisms, with ethylene being a key factor in determining peach resistance or susceptibility to brown rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Baró-Montel
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Vall-Llaura
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Giné-Bordonaba
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Usall
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sandra Serrano-Prieto
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus Teixidó
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosario Torres
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
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Wang Y, Qiao R, Wei C, Li Y. Rice Dwarf Virus Small RNA Profiles in Rice and Leafhopper Reveal Distinct Patterns in Cross-Kingdom Hosts. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090847. [PMID: 31547224 PMCID: PMC6784124 DOI: 10.3390/v11090847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing has evolved as a widespread antiviral strategy in many eukaryotic organisms. Antiviral RNA silencing is mediated by virus-derived small RNAs (vsiRNAs), created by the cleavage of double-stranded viral RNA substrates by Dicer (Dcr) in animals or Dicer-like (DCL) proteins in plants. However, little is known about how the RNA silencing mechanisms of different hosts respond to the same virus infection. We performed high-throughput small RNA sequencing in Nephotettix cincticeps and Oryza sativa infected with Rice dwarf phytoreovirus and analyzed the distinct accumulation of vsiRNAs in these two hosts. The results suggested a potential branch in the evolution of antiviral RNA silencing of insect and plant hosts. The rice vsiRNAs were predominantly 21 and 22 nucleotides (nt) long, suggesting that OsDCL4 and OsDCL2 are involved in their production, whereas 21-nt vsiRNAs dominated in leafhopper, suggesting the involvement of a Dcr-2 homolog. Furthermore, we identified ~50-fold more vsiRNAs in rice than in leafhoppers, which might be partially attributable to the activity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) in rice and the lack of RDR genes in leafhoppers. Our data established a basis for further comparative studies on the evolution of RNA silencing-based interactions between a virus and its hosts, across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Mäkinen K, De S. The significance of methionine cycle enzymes in plant virus infections. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:67-75. [PMID: 30959442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Both biotic and abiotic stresses cause changes in the activities of plant methionine cycle (MTC) enzymes. These changes contribute to the ability of the plant to manage stress. On the other hand, viruses utilize MTC enzymes to promote infection. Here, we review the growing but still limited knowledge of the interactions between plant viral proteins and MTC enzymes. Virus-induced changes in S-adenosyl methionine synthetase and S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase activities debilitate transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA silencing and affect antiviral defense reactions connected to ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis pathways. Viral perturbations of host methionine homeostasis couple trans-sulfuration and gluthathione biosynthesis pathways to MTC functions. Large multiprotein complexes, which contain viral proteins and MTC enzymes, may represent metabolons assembled for specific viral functions or host defense responses. Proper understanding of the MTC-associated metabolic and regulatory interactions will reveal those with potential to create virus resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Sciences Center, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Swarnalok De
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Sciences Center, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Wang S, Han K, Peng J, Zhao J, Jiang L, Lu Y, Zheng H, Lin L, Chen J, Yan F. NbALD1 mediates resistance to turnip mosaic virus by regulating the accumulation of salicylic acid and the ethylene pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:990-1004. [PMID: 31012537 PMCID: PMC6589722 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
AGD2-LIKE DEFENCE RESPONSE PROTEIN 1 (ALD1) triggers plant defence against bacterial and fungal pathogens by regulating the salicylic acid (SA) pathway and an unknown SA-independent pathway. We now show that Nicotiana benthamiana ALD1 is involved in defence against a virus and that the ethylene pathway also participates in ALD1-mediated resistance. NbALD1 was up-regulated in plants infected with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Silencing of NbALD1 facilitated TuMV infection, while overexpression of NbALD1 or exogenous application of pipecolic acid (Pip), the downstream product of ALD1, enhanced resistance to TuMV. The SA content was lower in NbALD1-silenced plants and higher where NbALD1 was overexpressed or following Pip treatments. SA mediated resistance to TuMV and was required for NbALD1-mediated resistance. However, on NahG plants (in which SA cannot accumulate), Pip treatment still alleviated susceptibility to TuMV, further demonstrating the presence of an SA-independent resistance pathway. The ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC), accumulated in NbALD1-silenced plants but was reduced in plants overexpressing NbALD1 or treated with Pip. Silencing of ACS1, a key gene in the ethylene pathway, alleviated the susceptibility of NbALD1-silenced plants to TuMV, while exogenous application of ACC compromised the resistance of Pip-treated or NbALD1 transgenic plants. The results indicate that NbALD1 mediates resistance to TuMV by positively regulating the resistant SA pathway and negatively regulating the susceptible ethylene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Kelei Han
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Lin Lin
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
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Zhang H, He Y, Tan X, Xie K, Li L, Hong G, Li J, Cheng Y, Yan F, Chen J, Sun Z. The Dual Effect of the Brassinosteroid Pathway on Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Infection by Modulating the Peroxidase-Mediated Oxidative Burst and Plant Defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:685-696. [PMID: 30540528 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0285-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone brassinosteroid (BR) not only plays key roles in regulating plant growth and development but is also involved in modulating the plant defense system in response to pathogens. We previously found that BR application made rice plants more susceptible to the devastating pathogen rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), but the mechanism of BR-mediated susceptibility remains unclear. We now show that both BR-deficient and -insensitive mutants are resistant to RBSDV infection. High-throughput sequencing showed that the defense hormone salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways were activated in the RBSDV-infected BR mutant. Meanwhile, a number of class III peroxidases (OsPrx) were significantly changed and basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in BR mutants. Treatment with exogenous hormones and other chemicals demonstrated that the BR pathway could suppress the levels of OsPrx and the ROS burst by directly binding the promoters of OsPrx genes. Together, our findings indicate that BR-mediated susceptibility is at least partly caused by inhibition of the action of defense hormones, preventing the accumulation of the peroxidase-mediated oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehong Zhang
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yuqing He
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tan
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Kaili Xie
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
| | - Lulu Li
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Gaojie Hong
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Junmin Li
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
| | - Ye Cheng
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
| | - Fei Yan
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
| | - Jianping Chen
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- 1 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- 2 Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; and
- 3 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, China and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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41
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Bak A, Patton MF, Perilla-Henao LM, Aegerter BJ, Casteel CL. Ethylene signaling mediates potyvirus spread by aphid vectors. Oecologia 2019; 190:139-148. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Cohen SP, Leach JE. Abiotic and biotic stresses induce a core transcriptome response in rice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6273. [PMID: 31000746 PMCID: PMC6472405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stresses greatly limit crop yield. With the increase in extreme weather events due to climate change and the constant pressure of diseases and pests, there is an urgent need to develop crop varieties that can tolerate multiple stresses. However, our knowledge of how plants broadly respond to stress is limited. Here, we explore the rice core stress response via meta-analysis of publicly available rice transcriptome data. Our results confirm that rice universally down-regulates photosynthesis in response to both abiotic and biotic stress. Rice also generally up-regulates hormone-responsive genes during stress response, most notably genes in the abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways. We identified several promoter motifs that are likely involved in stress-responsive regulatory mechanisms in rice. With this work, we provide a list of candidate genes to study for improving rice stress tolerance in light of environmental stresses. This work also serves as a proof of concept to show that meta-analysis of diverse transcriptome data is a valid approach to develop robust hypotheses for how plants respond to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cohen
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, CO, 80523-1177, Fort Collins, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, CO, 80523-1005, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Jan E Leach
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, CO, 80523-1177, Fort Collins, USA.
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Ke S, Liu S, Luan X, Xie XM, Hsieh TF, Zhang XQ. Mutation in a putative glycosyltransferase-like gene causes programmed cell death and early leaf senescence in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:7. [PMID: 30758674 PMCID: PMC6374497 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a genetically regulated, highly complex and ordered process. Although it has been extensively studied, the mechanism of leaf senescence is not well understood. In this study, we isolated a rice mutant, designated as premature senescence leaf (psl), which exhibits early senescence and spontaneous lesion mimic phenotype after flowering. The psl mutant displays programmed cell death with elevated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Molecular and genetic analyses revealed that the phenotypes were caused by a phenylalanine deletion in the OsPSL (LOC_Os12g42420) that encode a putative core 2/I branching beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase predicted to be involved in protein glycosylation modification. OsPSL mRNA levels increased as senescence progressed, with maximum accumulation of transcripts at late senescence stages in WT plants. Moreover, remarkedly down-regulated transcriptional levels of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferases (OGTs) genes were observed in psl mutant, supporting the occurrence of impaired O-glycosylation modification. Proteomic analysis showed that ethylene-related metabolic enzymes including S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) synthetase (SAMS) were significantly upregulated in the psl mutant compared with WT. Consistent with the proteomic results, ethylene concentration is higher in psl mutant than in wild-type plants, and transcript levels of ethylene synthesis and signal transduction genes were induced in psl mutant. The early leaf senescence of psl can be partially rescued by ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment. These results highlight the importance of protein O-glycosylation in PCD and leaf senescence, and suggest a possible role of OsPSL in ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwen Ke
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Shuchun Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xin Luan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xin-Ming Xie
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Tzung-Fu Hsieh
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Xiang-Qian Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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44
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Yang Z, Li Y. Dissection of RNAi-based antiviral immunity in plants. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 32:88-99. [PMID: 30388659 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based antiviral defense is a small RNA-dependent repression mechanism of plants to against viruses. Although the core components of antiviral RNAi are well known, it is unclear whether additional factors exist that regulate RNAi. Recently, a forward genetic screen identified two novel components of antiviral RNAi, providing important insights into the antiviral RNAi mechanism. Meanwhile, it was discovered that microRNAs make important contributions to host antiviral RNAi. On the other hand, to counteract host antiviral RNAi, most viruses encode viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). Recent studies have revealed the multiple functions of VSRs and the intricate interactions between plant hosts and viruses. These findings add to our knowledge of the sophisticated host antiviral defense mechanism in plants. Ongoing molecular functional studies will improve our understanding of the co-evolutionary arms race between viruses and plants, and thereby provide key information for the development of plant antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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45
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Garcia-Ruiz H. Susceptibility Genes to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E484. [PMID: 30201857 PMCID: PMC6164914 DOI: 10.3390/v10090484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses use cellular factors and resources to replicate and move. Plants respond to viral infection by several mechanisms, including innate immunity, autophagy, and gene silencing, that viruses must evade or suppress. Thus, the establishment of infection is genetically determined by the availability of host factors necessary for virus replication and movement and by the balance between plant defense and viral suppression of defense responses. Host factors may have antiviral or proviral activities. Proviral factors condition susceptibility to viruses by participating in processes essential to the virus. Here, we review current advances in the identification and characterization of host factors that condition susceptibility to plant viruses. Host factors with proviral activity have been identified for all parts of the virus infection cycle: viral RNA translation, viral replication complex formation, accumulation or activity of virus replication proteins, virus movement, and virion assembly. These factors could be targets of gene editing to engineer resistance to plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
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46
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Ismayil A, Haxim Y, Wang Y, Li H, Qian L, Han T, Chen T, Jia Q, Yihao Liu A, Zhu S, Deng H, Gorovits R, Hong Y, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Liu Y. Cotton Leaf Curl Multan virus C4 protein suppresses both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing by interacting with SAM synthetase. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007282. [PMID: 30157283 PMCID: PMC6133388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene silencing is a natural antiviral defense mechanism in plants. For effective infection, plant viruses encode viral silencing suppressors to counter this plant antiviral response. The geminivirus-encoded C4 protein has been identified as a gene silencing suppressor, but the underlying mechanism of action has not been characterized. Here, we report that Cotton Leaf Curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) C4 protein interacts with S-adenosyl methionine synthetase (SAMS), a core enzyme in the methyl cycle, and inhibits SAMS enzymatic activity. By contrast, an R13A mutation in C4 abolished its capacity to interact with SAMS and to suppress SAMS enzymatic activity. Overexpression of wild-type C4, but not mutant C4R13A, suppresses both transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Plants infected with CLCuMuV carrying C4R13A show decreased levels of symptoms and viral DNA accumulation associated with enhanced viral DNA methylation. Furthermore, silencing of NbSAMS2 reduces both TGS and PTGS, but enhanced plant susceptibility to two geminiviruses CLCuMuV and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus. These data suggest that CLCuMuV C4 suppresses both TGS and PTGS by inhibiting SAMS activity to enhance CLCuMuV infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asigul Ismayil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huangai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lichao Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander Yihao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Songbiao Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and the Center of Biomedical Analysis, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and the Center of Biomedical Analysis, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Wang C, Wang C, Xu W, Zou J, Qiu Y, Kong J, Yang Y, Zhang B, Zhu S. Epigenetic Changes in the Regulation of Nicotiana tabacum Response to Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection and Symptom Recovery through Single-Base Resolution Methylomes. Viruses 2018; 10:E402. [PMID: 30060626 PMCID: PMC6115852 DOI: 10.3390/v10080402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved multiple mechanisms to respond to viral infection. These responses have been studied in detail at the level of host immune response and antiviral RNA silencing (RNAi). However, the possibility of epigenetic reprogramming has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we identified the role of DNA methylation during viral infection and performed reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) on tissues of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected Nicotiana tabacum at various developmental stages. Differential methylated regions are enriched with CHH sequence contexts, 80% of which are located on the gene body to regulate gene expression in a temporal style. The methylated genes depressed by methyltransferase inhibition largely overlapped with methylated genes in response to viral invasion. Activation in the argonaute protein and depression in methyl donor synthase revealed the important role of dynamic methylation changes in modulating viral clearance and resistance signaling. Methylation-expression relationships were found to be required for the immune response and cellular components are necessary for the proper defense response to infection and symptom recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chaonan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wenjie Xu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jingze Zou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100083, China.
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yanhong Qiu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jun Kong
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yunshu Yang
- Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing 100162, China.
| | - Boyang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100083, China.
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48
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Arabidopsis Transcription Factor MYB102 Increases Plant Susceptibility to Aphids by Substantial Activation of Ethylene Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8020039. [PMID: 29880735 PMCID: PMC6023100 DOI: 10.3390/biom8020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of ethylene biosynthesis by aphids increases the susceptibility of several plant species to aphids. Recent studies have indicated that some MYB transcription factors regulate the phloem-based defense against aphid infestation by modulating ethylene (ET) signaling. Arabidopsis MYB102 has previously been shown to be induced by wound signaling and regulate defense response against chewing insects. However, it remains unclear whether ArabidopsisMYB102 takes part in the defense response of plants to aphids. Here, we investigated the function of MYB102 in the response of Arabidopsis to aphid infestation. ArabidopsisMYB102 was primarily expressed in vascular tissues, and its transcription was remarkably induced by green peach aphids (GPA; Myzus persicae). The results of RNA-Sequencing revealed that overexpression of MYB102 in Arabidopsis promoted ET biosynthesis by upregulation of some 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) genes, which are rate-limiting enzymes of the ET-synthetic pathway. Enhanced ET levels led to reduced Arabidopsis resistance to GPA. Furthermore, dominant suppression of MYB102 inhibited aphid-induced increase of ET levels in Arabidopsis. In agreement with a negative regulatory role for ET in aphid defense responses, the MYB102-overexpressing lines were more susceptible to GPA than wild-type (WT) plants. Overexpression of MYB102 in Arabidopsis obviously repressed aphid-induced callose deposition. Conversely, overexpression of MYB102 failed to increase aphid susceptibility in both the ET-insensitive mutants and plants treated with inhibitors of ET signaling pathways, demonstrating that the ET was critical for promoting aphid performance conferred by overexpression of MYB102. Collectively, our findings indicate that the Arabidopsis MYB102 increases host susceptibility to GPA through the ET-dependent signaling pathways.
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49
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Haq QMI, Mabood F, Naureen Z, Al-Harrasi A, Gilani SA, Hussain J, Jabeen F, Khan A, Al-Sabari RSM, Al-Khanbashi FHS, Al-Fahdi AAM, Al-Zaabi AKA, Al-Shuraiqi FAM, Al-Bahaisi IM. Application of reflectance spectroscopies (FTIR-ATR & FT-NIR) coupled with multivariate methods for robust in vivo detection of begomovirus infection in papaya leaves. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 198:27-32. [PMID: 29501003 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid & serology based methods have revolutionized plant disease detection, however, they are not very reliable at asymptomatic stage, especially in case of pathogen with systemic infection, in addition, they need at least 1-2days for sample harvesting, processing, and analysis. In this study, two reflectance spectroscopies i.e. Near Infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) and Fourier-Transform-Infrared spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FT-IR, ATR) coupled with multivariate exploratory methods like Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) have been deployed to detect begomovirus infection in papaya leaves. The application of those techniques demonstrates that they are very useful for robust in vivo detection of plant begomovirus infection. These methods are simple, sensitive, reproducible, precise, and do not require any lengthy samples preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quazi M I Haq
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Fazal Mabood
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Zakira Naureen
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- UoN Chair of Oman Medicinal Plants and Marine Products, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Sayed A Gilani
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Javid Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Farah Jabeen
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ajmal Khan
- UoN Chair of Oman Medicinal Plants and Marine Products, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ruqaya S M Al-Sabari
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Fatema H S Al-Khanbashi
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Amira A M Al-Fahdi
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahoud K A Al-Zaabi
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Fatma A M Al-Shuraiqi
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman
| | - Iman M Al-Bahaisi
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Oman
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50
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Singh PK, Nag A, Arya P, Kapoor R, Singh A, Jaswal R, Sharma TR. Prospects of Understanding the Molecular Biology of Disease Resistance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1141. [PMID: 29642631 PMCID: PMC5979409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is one of the important crops grown worldwide and is considered as an important crop for global food security. Rice is being affected by various fungal, bacterial and viral diseases resulting in huge yield losses every year. Deployment of resistance genes in various crops is one of the important methods of disease management. However, identification, cloning and characterization of disease resistance genes is a very tedious effort. To increase the life span of resistant cultivars, it is important to understand the molecular basis of plant host-pathogen interaction. With the advancement in rice genetics and genomics, several rice varieties resistant to fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens have been developed. However, resistance response of these varieties break down very frequently because of the emergence of more virulent races of the pathogen in nature. To increase the durability of resistance genes under field conditions, understanding the mechanismof resistance response and its molecular basis should be well understood. Some emerging concepts like interspecies transfer of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and transgenerational plant immunitycan be employed to develop sustainable broad spectrum resistant varieties of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140 306, Punjab, India.
| | - Akshay Nag
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140 306, Punjab, India.
| | - Preeti Arya
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140 306, Punjab, India.
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140 306, Punjab, India.
| | - Akshay Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140 306, Punjab, India.
| | - Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140 306, Punjab, India.
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140 306, Punjab, India.
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