1
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Husser MC, Pham NP, Law C, Araujo FRB, Martin VJJ, Piekny A. Endogenous tagging using split mNeonGreen in human iPSCs for live imaging studies. eLife 2024; 12:RP92819. [PMID: 38652106 PMCID: PMC11037917 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Endogenous tags have become invaluable tools to visualize and study native proteins in live cells. However, generating human cell lines carrying endogenous tags is difficult due to the low efficiency of homology-directed repair. Recently, an engineered split mNeonGreen protein was used to generate a large-scale endogenous tag library in HEK293 cells. Using split mNeonGreen for large-scale endogenous tagging in human iPSCs would open the door to studying protein function in healthy cells and across differentiated cell types. We engineered an iPS cell line to express the large fragment of the split mNeonGreen protein (mNG21-10) and showed that it enables fast and efficient endogenous tagging of proteins with the short fragment (mNG211). We also demonstrate that neural network-based image restoration enables live imaging studies of highly dynamic cellular processes such as cytokinesis in iPSCs. This work represents the first step towards a genome-wide endogenous tag library in human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nhat P Pham
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chris Law
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
- Center for Microscopy and Cellular Imaging, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Flavia R B Araujo
- Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vincent J J Martin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
- Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
- Center for Microscopy and Cellular Imaging, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
- Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
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2
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Alonso-Matilla R, Lam A, Miettinen TP. Cell intrinsic mechanical regulation of plasma membrane accumulation at the cytokinetic furrow. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.13.566882. [PMID: 38014042 PMCID: PMC10680611 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the process where the mother cell's cytoplasm separates into daughter cells. This is driven by an actomyosin contractile ring that produces cortical contractility and drives cleavage furrow ingression, resulting in the formation of a thin intercellular bridge. While cytoskeletal reorganization during cytokinesis has been extensively studied, little is known about the spatiotemporal dynamics of the plasma membrane. Here, we image and model plasma membrane lipid and protein dynamics on the cell surface during leukemia cell cytokinesis. We reveal an extensive accumulation and folding of plasma membrane at the cleavage furrow and the intercellular bridge, accompanied by a depletion and unfolding of plasma membrane at the cell poles. These membrane dynamics are caused by two actomyosin-driven biophysical mechanisms: the radial constriction of the cleavage furrow causes local compression of the apparent cell surface area and accumulation of the plasma membrane at the furrow, while actomyosin cortical flows drag the plasma membrane towards the cell division plane as the furrow ingresses. The magnitude of these effects depends on the plasma membrane fluidity, cortex adhesion and cortical contractility. Overall, our work reveals cell intrinsic mechanical regulation of plasma membrane accumulation at the cleavage furrow that is likely to generate localized differences in membrane tension across the cytokinetic cell. This may locally alter endocytosis, exocytosis and mechanotransduction, while also serving as a self-protecting mechanism against cytokinesis failures that arise from high membrane tension at the intercellular bridge.
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3
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Fujii K, Kondo T, Kimura A. Enucleation of the C. elegans embryo revealed dynein-dependent spacing between microtubule asters. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302427. [PMID: 37931957 PMCID: PMC10627822 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular positioning of the centrosome, a major microtubule-organizing center, is important for cellular functions. One of the features of centrosome positioning is the spacing between centrosomes; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To characterize the spacing activity in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, a genetic setup was developed to produce enucleated embryos. The centrosome was duplicated multiple times in the enucleated embryo, which enabled us to characterize the chromosome-independent spacing activity between sister and non-sister centrosome pairs. We found that the timely spacing depended on cytoplasmic dynein, and we propose a stoichiometric model of cortical and cytoplasmic pulling forces for the spacing between centrosomes. We also observed dynein-independent but non-muscle myosin II-dependent movement of centrosomes in the later cell cycle phase. The spacing mechanisms revealed in this study are expected to function between centrosomes in general, regardless of the presence of a chromosome/nucleus between them, including centrosome separation and spindle elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fujii
- https://ror.org/0516ah480 Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Mishima, Japan
- https://ror.org/02xg1m795 Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Tomo Kondo
- https://ror.org/02xg1m795 Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- https://ror.org/0516ah480 Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Mishima, Japan
- https://ror.org/02xg1m795 Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
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4
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Hsu CR, Sangha G, Fan W, Zheng J, Sugioka K. Contractile ring mechanosensation and its anillin-dependent tuning during early embryogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8138. [PMID: 38065974 PMCID: PMC10709429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis plays crucial roles in morphogenesis. Previous studies have examined how tissue mechanics influences the position and closure direction of the contractile ring. However, the mechanisms by which the ring senses tissue mechanics remain largely elusive. Here, we show the mechanism of contractile ring mechanosensation and its tuning during asymmetric ring closure of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Integrative analysis of ring closure and cell cortex dynamics revealed that mechanical suppression of the ring-directed cortical flow is associated with asymmetric ring closure. Consistently, artificial obstruction of ring-directed cortical flow induces asymmetric ring closure in otherwise symmetrically dividing cells. Anillin is vital for mechanosensation. Our genetic analysis suggests that the positive feedback loop among ring-directed cortical flow, myosin enrichment, and ring constriction constitutes a mechanosensitive pathway driving asymmetric ring closure. These findings and developed tools should advance the 4D mechanobiology of cytokinesis in more complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rou Hsu
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Gaganpreet Sangha
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Wayne Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Joey Zheng
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Kenji Sugioka
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.
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5
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Ng K, Hirani N, Bland T, Borrego-Pinto J, Wagner S, Kreysing M, Goehring NW. Cleavage furrow-directed cortical flows bias PAR polarization pathways to link cell polarity to cell division. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4298-4311.e6. [PMID: 37729912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
During development, the conserved PAR polarity network is continuously redeployed, requiring that it adapt to changing cellular contexts and environmental cues. In the early C. elegans embryo, polarity shifts from being a cell-autonomous process in the zygote to one that must be coordinated between neighbors as the embryo becomes multicellular. Here, we sought to explore how the PAR network adapts to this shift in the highly tractable C. elegans germline P lineage. We find that although P lineage blastomeres exhibit a distinct pattern of polarity emergence compared with the zygote, the underlying mechanochemical processes that drive polarity are largely conserved. However, changes in the symmetry-breaking cues of P lineage blastomeres ensure coordination of their polarity axis with neighboring cells. Specifically, we show that furrow-directed cortical flows associated with cytokinesis of the zygote induce symmetry breaking in the germline blastomere P1 by transporting PAR-3 into the nascent cell contact. This pool of PAR-3 then biases downstream PAR polarization pathways to establish the polarity axis of P1 with respect to the position of its anterior sister, AB. Thus, our data suggest that cytokinesis itself induces symmetry breaking through the advection of polarity proteins by furrow-directed flows. By directly linking cell polarity to cell division, furrow-directed cortical flows could be a general mechanism to ensure proper organization of cell polarity within actively dividing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- KangBo Ng
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nisha Hirani
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tom Bland
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Susan Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Moritz Kreysing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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6
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Lebedev M, Chan FY, Lochner A, Bellessem J, Osório DS, Rackles E, Mikeladze-Dvali T, Carvalho AX, Zanin E. Anillin forms linear structures and facilitates furrow ingression after septin and formin depletion. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113076. [PMID: 37665665 PMCID: PMC10548094 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, a contractile ring consisting of unbranched filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin II constricts at the cell equator. Unbranched F-actin is generated by formin, and without formin no cleavage furrow forms. In Caenorhabditis elegans, depletion of septin restores furrow ingression in formin mutants. How the cleavage furrow ingresses without a detectable unbranched F-actin ring is unknown. We report that, in this setting, anillin (ANI-1) forms a meshwork of circumferentially aligned linear structures decorated by non-muscle myosin II (NMY-2). Analysis of ANI-1 deletion mutants reveals that its disordered N-terminal half is required for linear structure formation and sufficient for furrow ingression. NMY-2 promotes the circumferential alignment of the linear ANI-1 structures and interacts with various lipids, suggesting that NMY-2 links the ANI-1 network with the plasma membrane. Collectively, our data reveal a compensatory mechanism, mediated by ANI-1 linear structures and membrane-bound NMY-2, that promotes furrowing when unbranched F-actin polymerization is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lebedev
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Lochner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bellessem
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel S Osório
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabeth Rackles
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamara Mikeladze-Dvali
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther Zanin
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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7
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Cortes DB, Maddox PS, Nédéléç FJ, Maddox AS. Contractile ring composition dictates kinetics of in silico contractility. Biophys J 2023; 122:3611-3629. [PMID: 36540027 PMCID: PMC10541479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Constriction kinetics of the cytokinetic ring are expected to depend on dynamic adjustment of contractile ring composition, but the impact of ring component abundance dynamics on ring constriction is understudied. Computational models generally assume that contractile networks maintain constant total amounts of components, which is not always true. To test how compositional dynamics affect constriction kinetics, we first measured F-actin, non-muscle myosin II, septin, and anillin during Caenorhabditis elegans zygotic mitosis. A custom microfluidic device that positioned the cell with the division plane parallel to a light sheet allowed even illumination of the cytokinetic ring. Measured component abundances were implemented in a three-dimensional agent-based model of a membrane-associated contractile ring. With constant network component amounts, constriction completed with biologically unrealistic kinetics. However, imposing the measured changes in component quantities allowed this model to elicit realistic constriction kinetics. Simulated networks were more sensitive to changes in motor and filament amounts than those of crosslinkers and tethers. Our findings highlight the importance of network composition for actomyosin contraction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Cortes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Paul S Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Francois J Nédéléç
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
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8
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Nishizawa K, Lin SZ, Chardès C, Rupprecht JF, Lenne PF. Two-point optical manipulation reveals mechanosensitive remodeling of cell-cell contacts in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212389120. [PMID: 36947511 PMCID: PMC10068846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212389120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological tissues acquire reproducible shapes during development through dynamic cell behaviors. Most of these behaviors involve the remodeling of cell-cell contacts. During epithelial morphogenesis, contractile actomyosin networks remodel cell-cell contacts by shrinking and extending junctions between lateral cell surfaces. However, actomyosin networks not only generate mechanical stresses but also respond to them, confounding our understanding of how mechanical stresses remodel cell-cell contacts. Here, we develop a two-point optical manipulation method to impose different stress patterns on cell-cell contacts in the early epithelium of the Drosophila embryo. The technique allows us to produce junction extension and shrinkage through different push and pull manipulations at the edges of junctions. We use these observations to expand classical vertex-based models of tissue mechanics, incorporating negative and positive mechanosensitive feedback depending on the type of remodeling. In particular, we show that Myosin-II activity responds to junction strain rate and facilitates full junction shrinkage. Altogether our work provides insight into how stress produces efficient deformation of cell-cell contacts in vivo and identifies unanticipated mechanosensitive features of their remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nishizawa
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7288, France
| | - Shao-Zhen Lin
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7332, France
| | - Claire Chardès
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7288, France
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7332, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille UMR 7288, France
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9
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Abstract
Non-muscle myosin 2 (NM2) motors are the major contractile machines in most cell types. Unsurprisingly, these ubiquitously expressed actin-based motors power a plethora of subcellular, cellular and multicellular processes. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review the biochemical properties and mechanisms of regulation of this myosin. We highlight the central role of NM2 in multiple fundamental cellular processes, which include cell migration, cytokinesis, epithelial barrier function and tissue morphogenesis. In addition, we highlight recent studies using advanced imaging technologies that have revealed aspects of NM2 assembly hitherto inaccessible. This article will hopefully appeal to both cytoskeletal enthusiasts and investigators from outside the cytoskeleton field who have interests in one of the many basic cellular processes requiring actomyosin force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Quintanilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60525, USA
| | - John A. Hammer
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jordan R. Beach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60525, USA
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10
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Prieto-Ruiz F, Gómez-Gil E, Martín-García R, Pérez-Díaz AJ, Vicente-Soler J, Franco A, Soto T, Pérez P, Madrid M, Cansado J. Myosin II regulatory light chain phosphorylation and formin availability modulate cytokinesis upon changes in carbohydrate metabolism. eLife 2023; 12:83285. [PMID: 36825780 PMCID: PMC10005788 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the separation of daughter cells at the end of mitosis, relies in animal cells on a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) composed of actin and class II myosins, whose activity is strongly influenced by regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation. However, in simple eukaryotes such as the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, RLC phosphorylation appears dispensable for regulating CAR dynamics. We found that redundant phosphorylation at Ser35 of the S. pombe RLC homolog Rlc1 by the p21-activated kinases Pak1 and Pak2, modulates myosin II Myo2 activity and becomes essential for cytokinesis and cell growth during respiration. Previously, we showed that the stress-activated protein kinase pathway (SAPK) MAPK Sty1 controls fission yeast CAR integrity by downregulating formin For3 levels (Gómez-Gil et al., 2020). Here, we report that the reduced availability of formin For3-nucleated actin filaments for the CAR is the main reason for the required control of myosin II contractile activity by RLC phosphorylation during respiration-induced oxidative stress. Thus, the restoration of For3 levels by antioxidants overrides the control of myosin II function regulated by RLC phosphorylation, allowing cytokinesis and cell proliferation during respiration. Therefore, fine-tuned interplay between myosin II function through Rlc1 phosphorylation and environmentally controlled actin filament availability is critical for a successful cytokinesis in response to a switch to a respiratory carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Prieto-Ruiz
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Elisa Gómez-Gil
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebeca Martín-García
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Armando Jesús Pérez-Díaz
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Jero Vicente-Soler
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Alejandro Franco
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Teresa Soto
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
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11
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Ozugergin I, Piekny A. Diversity is the spice of life: An overview of how cytokinesis regulation varies with cell type. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1007614. [PMID: 36420142 PMCID: PMC9676254 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to physically cleave a cell into two daughters at the end of mitosis. Decades of research have led to a comprehensive understanding of the core cytokinesis machinery and how it is regulated in animal cells, however this knowledge was generated using single cells cultured in vitro, or in early embryos before tissues develop. This raises the question of how cytokinesis is regulated in diverse animal cell types and developmental contexts. Recent studies of distinct cell types in the same organism or in similar cell types from different organisms have revealed striking differences in how cytokinesis is regulated, which includes different threshold requirements for the structural components and the mechanisms that regulate them. In this review, we highlight these differences with an emphasis on pathways that are independent of the mitotic spindle, and operate through signals associated with the cortex, kinetochores, or chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imge Ozugergin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Husser MC, Ozugergin I, Resta T, Martin VJJ, Piekny AJ. Cytokinetic diversity in mammalian cells is revealed by the characterization of endogenous anillin, Ect2 and RhoA. Open Biol 2022; 12:220247. [PMID: 36416720 PMCID: PMC9683116 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to physically separate the daughter cells at the end of mitosis. This crucial process requires the assembly and ingression of an actomyosin ring, which must occur with high fidelity to avoid aneuploidy and cell fate changes. Most of our knowledge of mammalian cytokinesis was generated using over-expressed transgenes in HeLa cells. Over-expression can introduce artefacts, while HeLa are cancerous human cells that have lost their epithelial identity, and the mechanisms controlling cytokinesis in these cells could be vastly different from other cell types. Here, we tagged endogenous anillin, Ect2 and RhoA with mNeonGreen and characterized their localization during cytokinesis for the first time in live human cells. Comparing anillin localization in multiple cell types revealed cytokinetic diversity with differences in the duration and symmetry of ring closure, and the timing of cortical recruitment. Our findings show that the breadth of anillin correlates with the rate of ring closure, and support models where cell size or ploidy affects the cortical organization, and intrinsic mechanisms control the symmetry of ring closure. This work highlights the need to study cytokinesis in more diverse cell types, which will be facilitated by the reagents generated for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imge Ozugergin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tiziana Resta
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alisa J. Piekny
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Center for Microscopy and Cellular Imaging, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Silva AM, Chan FY, Norman MJ, Sobral AF, Zanin E, Gassmann R, Belmonte JM, Carvalho AX. β-heavy-spectrin stabilizes the constricting contractile ring during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213538. [PMID: 36219157 PMCID: PMC9559602 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis requires the constriction of an actomyosin-based contractile ring and involves multiple F-actin crosslinkers. We show that partial depletion of the C. elegans cytokinetic formin generates contractile rings with low F-actin levels that constrict but are structurally fragile, and we use this background to investigate the roles of the crosslinkers plastin/PLST-1 and β-heavy-spectrin/SMA-1 during ring constriction. We show that the removal of PLST-1 or SMA-1 has opposite effects on the structural integrity of fragile rings. PLST-1 loss reduces cortical tension that resists ring constriction and makes fragile rings less prone to ruptures and regressions, whereas SMA-1 loss exacerbates structural defects, leading to frequent ruptures and cytokinesis failure. Fragile rings without SMA-1 or containing a shorter SMA-1, repeatedly rupture at the same site, and SMA-1::GFP accumulates at repair sites in fragile rings and in rings cut by laser microsurgery. These results establish that β-heavy-spectrin stabilizes the constricting ring and reveals the importance of β-heavy-spectrin size for network connectivity at low F-actin density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta Silva
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael J. Norman
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ana Filipa Sobral
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reto Gassmann
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julio Monti Belmonte
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Correspondence to Ana Xavier Carvalho:
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14
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Najafabadi FR, Leaver M, Grill SW. Orchestrating Non-muscle myosin II filament assembly at the onset of cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar74. [PMID: 35544301 PMCID: PMC9635286 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile forces in the actomyosin cortex are required for cellular morphogenesis. This includes the invagination of the cell membrane during division, where filaments of nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) are responsible for generating contractile forces in the cortex. However, how NMII heterohexamers form filaments in vivo is not well understood. To quantify NMII filament assembly dynamics, we imaged the cortex of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos at high spatial resolution around the time of the first division. We show that during the assembly of the cytokinetic ring, the number of NMII filaments in the cortex increases and more NMII motors are assembled into each filament. These dynamics are influenced by two proteins in the RhoA GTPase pathway, the RhoA-dependent kinase LET-502 and the myosin phosphatase MEL-11. We find that these two proteins differentially regulate NMII activity at the anterior and at the division site. We show that the coordinated action of these regulators generates a gradient of free NMII in the cytoplasm driving a net diffusive flux of NMII motors toward the cytokinetic ring. Our work highlights how NMII filament assembly and disassembly dynamics are orchestrated over space and time to facilitate the up-regulation of cortical contractility during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Leaver
- Biotechnology Centre, Technische Universität, Tatzberg 47/49, Dresden 01307.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Biotechnology Centre, Technische Universität, Tatzberg 47/49, Dresden 01307.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden.,Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany 01307
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15
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Bordet G, Couillault C, Soulavie F, Filippopoulou K, Bertrand V. PRC1 chromatin factors strengthen the consistency of neuronal cell fate specification and maintenance in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010209. [PMID: 35604893 PMCID: PMC9126393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, the specific identity of a neuron is established and maintained by terminal selector transcription factors that directly activate large batteries of terminal differentiation genes and positively regulate their own expression via feedback loops. However, how this is achieved in a reliable manner despite noise in gene expression, genetic variability or environmental perturbations remains poorly understood. We addressed this question using the AIY cholinergic interneurons of C. elegans, whose specification and differentiation network is well characterized. Via a genetic screen, we found that a loss of function of PRC1 chromatin factors induces a stochastic loss of AIY differentiated state in a small proportion of the population. PRC1 factors act directly in the AIY neuron and independently of PRC2 factors. By quantifying mRNA and protein levels of terminal selector transcription factors in single neurons, using smFISH and CRISPR tagging, we observed that, in PRC1 mutants, terminal selector expression is still initiated during embryonic development but the level is reduced, and expression is subsequently lost in a stochastic manner during maintenance phase in part of the population. We also observed variability in the level of expression of terminal selectors in wild type animals and, using correlation analysis, established that this noise comes from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources. Finally, we found that PRC1 factors increase the resistance of AIY neuron fate to environmental stress, and also secure the terminal differentiation of other neuron types. We propose that PRC1 factors contribute to the consistency of neuronal cell fate specification and maintenance by protecting neurons against noise and perturbations in their differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bordet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Carole Couillault
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Fabien Soulavie
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Vincent Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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16
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Cell size and polarization determine cytokinesis furrow ingression dynamics in mouse embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119381119. [PMID: 35294282 PMCID: PMC8944651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119381119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The final step of cell division, termed cytokinesis, comprises the constriction of a furrow that divides the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. Although cytokinesis is well studied in traditional cell systems, how cytokinesis is regulated in complex multicellular settings and during cell-fate decisions is less well understood. Here, using live imaging and physical and molecular interventions, we find that the emergence of cell polarity during mouse embryo morphogenesis dramatically impacts cytokinesis mechanisms. Specifically, the assembly of the apical domain in outer cells locally inhibits the cytokinetic machinery, leading to an unexpected laterally biased cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division during which a contractile ring forms a furrow that partitions the cytoplasm in two. How furrow ingression is spatiotemporally regulated and how it is adapted to complex cellular environments and developmental transitions remain poorly understood. Here, we examine furrow ingression dynamics in the context of the early mouse embryo and find that cell size is a powerful determinant of furrow ingression speed during reductive cell divisions. In addition, the emergence of cell polarity and the assembly of the apical domain in outer cells locally inhibits the recruitment of cytokinesis components and thereby negatively regulates furrow ingression specifically on one side of the furrow. We show that this biasing of cytokinesis is not dependent upon cell–cell adhesion or shape but rather is cell intrinsic and is caused by a paucity of cytokinetic machinery in the apical domain. The results thus reveal that in the mouse embryo cell polarity directly regulates the recruitment of cytokinetic machinery in a cell-autonomous manner and that subcellular organization can instigate differential force generation and constriction speed in different zones of the cytokinetic furrow.
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17
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Ozugergin I, Mastronardi K, Law C, Piekny A. Diverse mechanisms regulate contractile ring assembly for cytokinesis in the two-cell Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs258921. [PMID: 35022791 PMCID: PMC10660071 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis occurs at the end of mitosis as a result of the ingression of a contractile ring that cleaves the daughter cells. The core machinery regulating this crucial process is conserved among metazoans. Multiple pathways control ring assembly, but their contribution in different cell types is not known. We found that in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, AB and P1 cells fated to be somatic tissue and germline, respectively, have different cytokinesis kinetics supported by distinct myosin levels and organization. Through perturbation of RhoA or polarity regulators and the generation of tetraploid strains, we found that ring assembly is controlled by multiple fate-dependent factors that include myosin levels, and mechanisms that respond to cell size. Active Ran coordinates ring position with the segregating chromatids in HeLa cells by forming an inverse gradient with importins that control the cortical recruitment of anillin. We found that the Ran pathway regulates anillin in AB cells but functions differently in P1 cells. We propose that ring assembly delays in P1 cells caused by low myosin and Ran signaling coordinate the timing of ring closure with their somatic neighbors. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imge Ozugergin
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | | | - Chris Law
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
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18
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Harker-Kirschneck L, Hafner AE, Yao T, Vanhille-Campos C, Jiang X, Pulschen A, Hurtig F, Hryniuk D, Culley S, Henriques R, Baum B, Šarić A. Physical mechanisms of ESCRT-III-driven cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2107763119. [PMID: 34983838 PMCID: PMC8740586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107763119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Living systems propagate by undergoing rounds of cell growth and division. Cell division is at heart a physical process that requires mechanical forces, usually exerted by assemblies of cytoskeletal polymers. Here we developed a physical model for the ESCRT-III-mediated division of archaeal cells, which despite their structural simplicity share machinery and evolutionary origins with eukaryotes. By comparing the dynamics of simulations with data collected from live cell imaging experiments, we propose that this branch of life uses a previously unidentified division mechanism. Active changes in the curvature of elastic cytoskeletal filaments can lead to filament perversions and supercoiling, to drive ring constriction and deform the overlying membrane. Abscission is then completed following filament disassembly. The model was also used to explore how different adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven processes that govern the way the structure of the filament is changed likely impact the robustness and symmetry of the resulting division. Comparisons between midcell constriction dynamics in simulations and experiments reveal a good agreement with the process when changes in curvature are implemented at random positions along the filament, supporting this as a possible mechanism of ESCRT-III-dependent division in this system. Beyond archaea, this study pinpoints a general mechanism of cytokinesis based on dynamic coupling between a coiling filament and the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Harker-Kirschneck
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Hafner
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Yao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Vanhille-Campos
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Pulschen
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik Hurtig
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Dawid Hryniuk
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Siân Culley
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Buzz Baum
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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19
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Sugioka K. Symmetry-breaking of animal cytokinesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:100-109. [PMID: 34955355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is a mechanism that separates dividing cells via constriction of a supramolecular structure, the contractile ring. In animal cells, three modes of symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis result in unilateral cytokinesis, asymmetric cell division, and oriented cell division. Each mode of cytokinesis plays a significant role in tissue patterning and morphogenesis by the mechanisms that control the orientation and position of the contractile ring relative to the body axis. Despite its significance, the mechanisms involved in the symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis remain unclear in many cell types. Classical embryologists have identified that the geometric relationship between the mitotic spindle and cell cortex induces cytokinesis asymmetry; however, emerging evidence suggests that a concerted flow of compressional cell-cortex materials (cortical flow) is a spindle-independent driving force in spatial cytokinesis control. This review provides an overview of both classical and emerging mechanisms of cytokinesis asymmetry and their roles in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugioka
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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20
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Yamamoto K, Miura H, Ishida M, Mii Y, Kinoshita N, Takada S, Ueno N, Sawai S, Kondo Y, Aoki K. Optogenetic relaxation of actomyosin contractility uncovers mechanistic roles of cortical tension during cytokinesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7145. [PMID: 34880255 PMCID: PMC8654997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin contractility generated cooperatively by nonmuscle myosin II and actin filaments plays essential roles in a wide range of biological processes, such as cell motility, cytokinesis, and tissue morphogenesis. However, subcellular dynamics of actomyosin contractility underlying such processes remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate an optogenetic method to induce relaxation of actomyosin contractility at the subcellular level. The system, named OptoMYPT, combines a protein phosphatase 1c (PP1c)-binding domain of MYPT1 with an optogenetic dimerizer, so that it allows light-dependent recruitment of endogenous PP1c to the plasma membrane. Blue-light illumination is sufficient to induce dephosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains and a decrease in actomyosin contractile force in mammalian cells and Xenopus embryos. The OptoMYPT system is further employed to understand the mechanics of actomyosin-based cortical tension and contractile ring tension during cytokinesis. We find that the relaxation of cortical tension at both poles by OptoMYPT accelerated the furrow ingression rate, revealing that the cortical tension substantially antagonizes constriction of the cleavage furrow. Based on these results, the OptoMYPT system provides opportunities to understand cellular and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Haruko Miura
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Motohiko Ishida
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kinoshita
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- IRCC International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sawai
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Kondo
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- IRCC International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan.
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21
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Hadjitheodorou A, Bell GRR, Ellett F, Shastry S, Irimia D, Collins SR, Theriot JA. Directional reorientation of migrating neutrophils is limited by suppression of receptor input signaling at the cell rear through myosin II activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6619. [PMID: 34785640 PMCID: PMC8595366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To migrate efficiently to target locations, cells must integrate receptor inputs while maintaining polarity: a distinct front that leads and a rear that follows. Here we investigate what is necessary to overwrite pre-existing front-rear polarity in neutrophil-like HL60 cells migrating inside straight microfluidic channels. Using subcellular optogenetic receptor activation, we show that receptor inputs can reorient weakly polarized cells, but the rear of strongly polarized cells is refractory to new inputs. Transient stimulation reveals a multi-step repolarization process, confirming that cell rear sensitivity to receptor input is the primary determinant of large-scale directional reversal. We demonstrate that the RhoA/ROCK/myosin II pathway limits the ability of receptor inputs to signal to Cdc42 and reorient migrating neutrophils. We discover that by tuning the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain we can modulate the activity and localization of myosin II and thus the amenability of the cell rear to 'listen' to receptor inputs and respond to directional reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Hadjitheodorou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George R R Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Felix Ellett
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shashank Shastry
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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22
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Jeyasimman D, Ercan B, Dharmawan D, Naito T, Sun J, Saheki Y. PDZD-8 and TEX-2 regulate endosomal PI(4,5)P 2 homeostasis via lipid transport to promote embryogenesis in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6065. [PMID: 34663803 PMCID: PMC8523718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of cellular membranes have unique lipid compositions that are important for their functional identity. PI(4,5)P2 is enriched in the plasma membrane where it contributes to local activation of key cellular events, including actomyosin contraction and cytokinesis. However, how cells prevent PI(4,5)P2 from accumulating in intracellular membrane compartments, despite constant intermixing and exchange of lipid membranes, is poorly understood. Using the C. elegans early embryo as our model system, we show that the evolutionarily conserved lipid transfer proteins, PDZD-8 and TEX-2, act together with the PI(4,5)P2 phosphatases, OCRL-1 and UNC-26/synaptojanin, to prevent the build-up of PI(4,5)P2 on endosomal membranes. In the absence of these four proteins, large amounts of PI(4,5)P2 accumulate on endosomes, leading to embryonic lethality due to ectopic recruitment of proteins involved in actomyosin contractility. PDZD-8 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and regulates endosomal PI(4,5)P2 levels via its lipid harboring SMP domain. Accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 on endosomes is accompanied by impairment of their degradative capacity. Thus, cells use multiple redundant systems to maintain endosomal PI(4,5)P2 homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshini Jeyasimman
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Bilge Ercan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Dennis Dharmawan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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23
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Malla M, Pollard TD, Chen Q. Counting actin in contractile rings reveals novel contributions of cofilin and type II myosins to fission yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar51. [PMID: 34613787 PMCID: PMC9265160 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-08-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis by animals, fungi, and amoebas depends on actomyosin contractile rings, which are stabilized by continuous turnover of actin filaments. Remarkably little is known about the amount of polymerized actin in contractile rings, so we used low concentrations of GFP-Lifeact to count total polymerized actin molecules in the contractile rings of live fission yeast cells. Contractile rings of wild-type cells accumulated polymerized actin molecules at 4900/min to a peak number of ∼198,000 followed by a loss of actin at 5400/min throughout ring constriction. In adf1-M3 mutant cells with cofilin that severs actin filaments poorly, contractile rings accumulated polymerized actin at twice the normal rate and eventually had almost twofold more actin along with a proportional increase in type II myosins Myo2, Myp2, and formin Cdc12. Although 30% of adf1-M3 mutant cells failed to constrict their rings fully, the rest lost actin from the rings at the wild-type rates. Mutations of type II myosins Myo2 and Myp2 reduced contractile ring actin filaments by half and slowed the rate of actin loss from the rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamata Malla
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Thomas D Pollard
- Departments of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology.,Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103 USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606.,Departments of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology
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24
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Li Y, Munro E. Filament-guided filament assembly provides structural memory of filament alignment during cytokinesis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2486-2500.e6. [PMID: 34480876 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, animal cells rapidly remodel the equatorial cortex to build an aligned array of actin filaments called the contractile ring. Local reorientation of filaments by active equatorial compression is thought to underlie the emergence of filament alignment during ring assembly. Here, combining single molecule analysis and modeling in one-cell C. elegans embryos, we show that filaments turnover is far too fast for reorientation of individual filaments by equatorial compression to explain the observed alignment, even if favorably oriented filaments are selectively stabilized. By tracking single formin/CYK-1::GFP particles to monitor local filament assembly, we identify a mechanism that we call filament-guided filament assembly (FGFA), in which existing filaments serve as templates to orient the growth of new filaments. FGFA sharply increases the effective lifetime of filament orientation, providing structural memory that allows cells to build highly aligned filament arrays in response to equatorial compression, despite rapid turnover of individual filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younan Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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25
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Michaud A, Swider ZT, Landino J, Leda M, Miller AL, von Dassow G, Goryachev AB, Bement WM. Cortical excitability and cell division. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R553-R559. [PMID: 34033789 PMCID: PMC8358936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As the interface between the cell and its environment, the cell cortex must be able to respond to a variety of external stimuli. This is made possible in part by cortical excitability, a behavior driven by coupled positive and negative feedback loops that generate propagating waves of actin assembly in the cell cortex. Cortical excitability is best known for promoting cell protrusion and allowing the interpretation of and response to chemoattractant gradients in migrating cells. It has recently become apparent, however, that cortical excitability is involved in the response of the cortex to internal signals from the cell-cycle regulatory machinery and the spindle during cell division. Two overlapping functions have been ascribed to cortical excitability in cell division: control of cell division plane placement, and amplification of the activity of the small GTPase Rho at the equatorial cortex during cytokinesis. Here, we propose that cortical excitability explains several important yet poorly understood features of signaling during cell division. We also consider the potential advantages that arise from the use of cortical excitability as a signaling mechanism to regulate cortical dynamics in cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Michaud
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zachary T Swider
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer Landino
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 5264 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Marcin Leda
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, 2.03 C.H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 5264 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - George von Dassow
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, 63466 Boat Basin Road, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, 2.03 C.H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - William M Bement
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1117 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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26
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Zaatri A, Perry JA, Maddox AS. Septins and a formin have distinct functions in anaphase chiral cortical rotation in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1283-1292. [PMID: 34010018 PMCID: PMC8351551 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-09-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cells and tissues exhibit chirality that stems from the chirality of proteins and polymers. In the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, actomyosin contractility drives chiral rotation of the entire cortex circumferentially around the division plane during anaphase. How contractility is translated to cell-scale chirality, and what dictates handedness, are unknown. Septins are candidate contributors to cell-scale chirality because they anchor and cross-link the actomyosin cytoskeleton. We report that septins are required for anaphase cortical rotation. In contrast, the formin CYK-1, which we found to be enriched in the posterior in early anaphase, is not required for cortical rotation but contributes to its chirality. Simultaneous loss of septin and CYK-1 function led to abnormal and often reversed cortical rotation. Our results suggest that anaphase contractility leads to chiral rotation by releasing torsional stress generated during formin-based polymerization, which is polarized along the cell anterior–posterior axis and which accumulates due to actomyosin network connectivity. Our findings shed light on the molecular and physical bases for cellular chirality in the C. elegans zygote. We also identify conditions in which chiral rotation fails but animals are developmentally viable, opening avenues for future work on the relationship between early embryonic cellular chirality and animal body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhham Zaatri
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jenna A Perry
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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27
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Qiao Y, Pei Y, Luo M, Rajasekaran M, Hui KM, Chen J. Cytokinesis regulators as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for human hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1343-1354. [PMID: 33899543 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211008380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the final step of mitosis, is critical for maintaining the ploidy level of cells. Cytokinesis is a complex, highly regulated process and its failure can lead to genetic instability and apoptosis, contributing to the development of cancer. Human hepatocellular carcinoma is often accompanied by a high frequency of aneuploidy and the DNA ploidy pattern observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma results mostly from impairments in cytokinesis. Many key regulators of cytokinesis are abnormally expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma, and their expression levels are often correlated with patient prognosis. Moreover, preclinical studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of key cytokinesis regulators can suppress the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the signaling networks regulating cytokinesis, the key cytokinesis regulators involved in the initiation and development of human hepatocellular carcinoma, and their applications as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Qiao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Yunxin Pei
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, The affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Miao Luo
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, The affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Muthukumar Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Kam M Hui
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, The affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, The affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
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28
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Morano AA, Dvorin JD. The Ringleaders: Understanding the Apicomplexan Basal Complex Through Comparison to Established Contractile Ring Systems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:656976. [PMID: 33954122 PMCID: PMC8089483 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.656976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin contractile ring is a key feature of eukaryotic cytokinesis, conserved across many eukaryotic kingdoms. Recent research into the cell biology of the divergent eukaryotic clade Apicomplexa has revealed a contractile ring structure required for asexual division in the medically relevant genera Toxoplasma and Plasmodium; however, the structure of the contractile ring, known as the basal complex in these parasites, remains poorly characterized and in the absence of a myosin II homolog, it is unclear how the force required of a cytokinetic contractile ring is generated. Here, we review the literature on the basal complex in Apicomplexans, summarizing what is known about its formation and function, and attempt to provide possible answers to this question and suggest new avenues of study by comparing the Apicomplexan basal complex to well-studied, established cytokinetic contractile rings and their mechanisms in organisms such as S. cerevisiae and D. melanogaster. We also compare the basal complex to structures formed during mitochondrial and plastid division and cytokinetic mechanisms of organisms beyond the Opisthokonts, considering Apicomplexan diversity and divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Morano
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Dvorin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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29
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Chapa-Y-Lazo B, Hamanaka M, Wray A, Balasubramanian MK, Mishima M. Polar relaxation by dynein-mediated removal of cortical myosin II. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151836. [PMID: 32497213 PMCID: PMC7401816 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly six decades ago, Lewis Wolpert proposed the relaxation of the polar cell cortex by the radial arrays of astral microtubules as a mechanism for cleavage furrow induction. While this mechanism has remained controversial, recent work has provided evidence for polar relaxation by astral microtubules, although its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, using C. elegans embryos, we show that polar relaxation is achieved through dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes. Mutants that position centrosomes closer to the polar cortex accelerated furrow induction, whereas suppression of dynein activity delayed furrowing. We show that dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes triggers a bidirectional cortical flow toward the cell equator, which induces the assembly of the actomyosin contractile ring. These results provide a molecular mechanism for the aster-dependent polar relaxation, which works in parallel with equatorial stimulation to promote robust cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Chapa-Y-Lazo
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Motonari Hamanaka
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Alexander Wray
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Masanori Mishima
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
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30
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van Loon AP, Erofeev IS, Maryshev IV, Goryachev AB, Sagasti A. Cortical contraction drives the 3D patterning of epithelial cell surfaces. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133677. [PMID: 32003768 PMCID: PMC7054995 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protrusions create complex cell surface topographies, but biomechanical mechanisms regulating their formation and arrangement are largely unknown. To study how protrusions form, we focused on the morphogenesis of microridges, elongated actin-based structures that are arranged in maze-like patterns on the apical surfaces of zebrafish skin cells. Microridges form by accreting simple finger-like precursors. Live imaging demonstrated that microridge morphogenesis is linked to apical constriction. A nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) reporter revealed pulsatile contractions of the actomyosin cortex, and inhibiting NMII blocked apical constriction and microridge formation. A biomechanical model suggested that contraction reduces surface tension to permit the fusion of precursors into microridges. Indeed, reducing surface tension with hyperosmolar media promoted microridge formation. In anisotropically stretched cells, microridges formed by precursor fusion along the stretch axis, which computational modeling explained as a consequence of stretch-induced cortical flow. Collectively, our results demonstrate how contraction within the 2D plane of the cortex can pattern 3D cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P van Loon
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ivan S Erofeev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivan V Maryshev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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31
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Gubieda AG, Packer JR, Squires I, Martin J, Rodriguez J. Going with the flow: insights from Caenorhabditis elegans zygote polarization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190555. [PMID: 32829680 PMCID: PMC7482210 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along a defined axis. Polarity relies on complex signalling networks between conserved patterning proteins, including the PAR (partitioning defective) proteins, which become segregated in response to upstream symmetry breaking cues. Although the mechanisms that drive the asymmetric localization of these proteins are dependent upon cell type and context, in many cases the regulation of actomyosin cytoskeleton dynamics is central to the transport, recruitment and/or stabilization of these polarity effectors into defined subcellular domains. The transport or advection of PAR proteins by an actomyosin flow was first observed in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote more than a decade ago. Since then a multifaceted approach, using molecular methods, high-throughput screens, and biophysical and computational models, has revealed further aspects of this flow and how polarity regulators respond to and modulate it. Here, we review recent findings on the interplay between actomyosin flow and the PAR patterning networks in the polarization of the C. elegans zygote. We also discuss how these discoveries and developed methods are shaping our understanding of other flow-dependent polarizing systems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Josana Rodriguez
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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32
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Carim SC, Kechad A, Hickson GRX. Animal Cell Cytokinesis: The Rho-Dependent Actomyosin-Anilloseptin Contractile Ring as a Membrane Microdomain Gathering, Compressing, and Sorting Machine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:575226. [PMID: 33117802 PMCID: PMC7575755 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.575226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the last step of cell division that partitions the cellular organelles and cytoplasm of one cell into two. In animal cells, cytokinesis requires Rho-GTPase-dependent assembly of F-actin and myosin II (actomyosin) to form an equatorial contractile ring (CR) that bisects the cell. Despite 50 years of research, the precise mechanisms of CR assembly, tension generation and closure remain elusive. This hypothesis article considers a holistic view of the CR that, in addition to actomyosin, includes another Rho-dependent cytoskeletal sub-network containing the scaffold protein, Anillin, and septin filaments (collectively termed anillo-septin). We synthesize evidence from our prior work in Drosophila S2 cells that actomyosin and anillo-septin form separable networks that are independently anchored to the plasma membrane. This latter realization leads to a simple conceptual model in which CR assembly and closure depend upon the micro-management of the membrane microdomains to which actomyosin and anillo-septin sub-networks are attached. During CR assembly, actomyosin contractility gathers and compresses its underlying membrane microdomain attachment sites. These microdomains resist this compression, which builds tension. During CR closure, membrane microdomains are transferred from the actomyosin sub-network to the anillo-septin sub-network, with which they flow out of the CR as it advances. This relative outflow of membrane microdomains regulates tension, reduces the circumference of the CR and promotes actomyosin disassembly all at the same time. According to this hypothesis, the metazoan CR can be viewed as a membrane microdomain gathering, compressing and sorting machine that intrinsically buffers its own tension through coordination of actomyosin contractility and anillo-septin-membrane relative outflow, all controlled by Rho. Central to this model is the abandonment of the dogmatic view that the plasma membrane is always readily deformable by the underlying cytoskeleton. Rather, the membrane resists compression to build tension. The notion that the CR might generate tension through resistance to compression of its own membrane microdomain attachment sites, can account for numerous otherwise puzzling observations and warrants further investigation using multiple systems and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrya C. Carim
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amel Kechad
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles R. X. Hickson
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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33
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Leite J, Chan FY, Osório DS, Saramago J, Sobral AF, Silva AM, Gassmann R, Carvalho AX. Equatorial Non-muscle Myosin II and Plastin Cooperate to Align and Compact F-actin Bundles in the Cytokinetic Ring. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573393. [PMID: 33102479 PMCID: PMC7546906 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the last step of cell division that physically partitions the mother cell into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis requires the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring, a circumferential array of filamentous actin (F-actin), non-muscle myosin II motors (myosin), and actin-binding proteins that forms at the cell equator. Cytokinesis is accompanied by long-range cortical flows from regions of relaxation toward regions of compression. In the C. elegans one-cell embryo, it has been suggested that anterior-directed cortical flows are the main driver of contractile ring assembly. Here, we use embryos co-expressing motor-dead and wild-type myosin to show that cortical flows can be severely reduced without major effects on contractile ring assembly and timely completion of cytokinesis. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in the ingressing furrow reveals that myosin recruitment kinetics are also unaffected by the absence of cortical flows. We find that myosin cooperates with the F-actin crosslinker plastin to align and compact F-actin bundles at the cell equator, and that this cross-talk is essential for cytokinesis. Our results thus argue against the idea that cortical flows are a major determinant of contractile ring assembly. Instead, we propose that contractile ring assembly requires localized concerted action of motor-competent myosin and plastin at the cell equator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Leite
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel S Osório
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Saramago
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Sobral
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Silva
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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34
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Vogel SK, Wölfer C, Ramirez-Diaz DA, Flassig RJ, Sundmacher K, Schwille P. Symmetry Breaking and Emergence of Directional Flows in Minimal Actomyosin Cortices. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061432. [PMID: 32527013 PMCID: PMC7349012 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical actomyosin flows, among other mechanisms, scale up spontaneous symmetry breaking and thus play pivotal roles in cell differentiation, division, and motility. According to many model systems, myosin motor-induced local contractions of initially isotropic actomyosin cortices are nucleation points for generating cortical flows. However, the positive feedback mechanisms by which spontaneous contractions can be amplified towards large-scale directed flows remain mostly speculative. To investigate such a process on spherical surfaces, we reconstituted and confined initially isotropic minimal actomyosin cortices to the interfaces of emulsion droplets. The presence of ATP leads to myosin-induced local contractions that self-organize and amplify into directed large-scale actomyosin flows. By combining our experiments with theory, we found that the feedback mechanism leading to a coordinated directional motion of actomyosin clusters can be described as asymmetric cluster vibrations, caused by intrinsic non-isotropic ATP consumption with spatial confinement. We identified fingerprints of vibrational states as the basis of directed motions by tracking individual actomyosin clusters. These vibrations may represent a generic key driver of directed actomyosin flows under spatial confinement in vitro and in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven K. Vogel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (S.K.V.); (D.A.R.-D.)
| | - Christian Wölfer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (C.W.); (R.J.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Diego A. Ramirez-Diaz
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (S.K.V.); (D.A.R.-D.)
- Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert J. Flassig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (C.W.); (R.J.F.); (K.S.)
- Department of Engineering, Brandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Magdeburger Str. 50, D-14770 Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (C.W.); (R.J.F.); (K.S.)
- Institute for Process Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (S.K.V.); (D.A.R.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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35
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Bell KR, Werner ME, Doshi A, Cortes DB, Sattler A, Vuong-Brender T, Labouesse M, Maddox AS. Novel cytokinetic ring components drive negative feedback in cortical contractility. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1623-1636. [PMID: 32491957 PMCID: PMC7521795 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin cortical contractility drives many cell shape changes including cytokinetic furrowing. While positive regulation of contractility is well characterized, counterbalancing negative regulation and mechanical brakes are less well understood. The small GTPase RhoA is a central regulator, activating cortical actomyosin contractility during cytokinesis and other events. Here we report how two novel cytokinetic ring components, GCK-1 (germinal center kinase-1) and CCM-3 (cerebral cavernous malformations-3), participate in a negative feedback loop among RhoA and its cytoskeletal effectors to inhibit contractility. GCK-1 and CCM-3 are recruited by active RhoA and anillin to the cytokinetic ring, where they in turn limit RhoA activity and contractility. This is evidenced by increased RhoA activity, anillin and nonmuscle myosin II in the cytokinetic ring, and faster cytokinetic furrowing, following depletion of GCK-1 or CCM-3. GCK-1 or CCM-3 depletion also reduced RGA-3 levels in pulses and increased baseline RhoA activity and pulsed contractility during zygote polarization. Together, our results suggest that GCK-1 and CCM-3 regulate cortical actomyosin contractility via negative feedback. These findings have implications for the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cerebral cavernous malformation pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Rehain Bell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Michael E Werner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Anusha Doshi
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Daniel B Cortes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Adam Sattler
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Thanh Vuong-Brender
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Labouesse
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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36
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Samandar Eweis D, Plastino J. Roles of Actin in the Morphogenesis of the Early Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103652. [PMID: 32455793 PMCID: PMC7279410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell shape changes that ensure asymmetric cell divisions are crucial for correct development, as asymmetric divisions allow for the formation of different cell types and therefore different tissues. The first division of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo has emerged as a powerful model for understanding asymmetric cell division. The dynamics of microtubules, polarity proteins, and the actin cytoskeleton are all key for this process. In this review, we highlight studies from the last five years revealing new insights about the role of actin dynamics in the first asymmetric cell division of the early C. elegans embryo. Recent results concerning the roles of actin and actin binding proteins in symmetry breaking, cortical flows, cortical integrity, and cleavage furrow formation are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dureen Samandar Eweis
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Plastino
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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37
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Pollard TD. Myosins in Cytokinesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:233-244. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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38
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Illukkumbura R, Bland T, Goehring NW. Patterning and polarization of cells by intracellular flows. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:123-134. [PMID: 31760155 PMCID: PMC6968950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beginning with Turing’s seminal work [1], decades of research have demonstrated the fundamental ability of biochemical networks to generate and sustain the formation of patterns. However, it is increasingly appreciated that biochemical networks both shape and are shaped by physical and mechanical processes [2, 3, 4]. One such process is fluid flow. In many respects, the cytoplasm, membrane and actin cortex all function as fluids, and as they flow, they drive bulk transport of molecules throughout the cell. By coupling biochemical activity to long range molecular transport, flows can shape the distributions of molecules in space. Here we review the various types of flows that exist in cells, with the aim of highlighting recent advances in our understanding of how flows are generated and how they contribute to intracellular patterning processes, such as the establishment of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Bland
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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39
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Osório DS, Chan FY, Saramago J, Leite J, Silva AM, Sobral AF, Gassmann R, Carvalho AX. Crosslinking activity of non-muscle myosin II is not sufficient for embryonic cytokinesis in C. elegans. Development 2019; 146:dev.179150. [PMID: 31582415 PMCID: PMC6857588 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis in animal cells requires the assembly and constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring. Non-muscle myosin II is essential for cytokinesis, but the role of its motor activity remains unclear. Here, we examine cytokinesis in C. elegans embryos expressing non-muscle myosin motor mutants generated by genome editing. Two non-muscle motor-dead myosins capable of binding F-actin do not support cytokinesis in the one-cell embryo, and two partially motor-impaired myosins delay cytokinesis and render rings more sensitive to reduced myosin levels. Further analysis of myosin mutants suggests that it is myosin motor activity, and not the ability of myosin to crosslink F-actin, that drives the alignment and compaction of F-actin bundles during contractile ring assembly, and that myosin motor activity sets the pace of contractile ring constriction. We conclude that myosin motor activity is required at all stages of cytokinesis. Finally, characterization of the corresponding motor mutations in C. elegans major muscle myosin shows that motor activity is required for muscle contraction but is dispensable for F-actin organization in adult muscles. This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview. Highlighted Article: The motor activity of non-muscle myosin II is essential for cytokinesis and contributes to all stages of the process in C. elegans embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Saramago
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Leite
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Sobral
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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40
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Singh D, Odedra D, Dutta P, Pohl C. Mechanical stress induces a scalable switch in cortical flow polarization during cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.231357. [PMID: 31519810 PMCID: PMC6803361 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During animal development, cells need to sense and adapt to mechanical forces from their environment. Ultimately, these forces are transduced through the actomyosin cortex. How the cortex simultaneously responds to and creates forces during cytokinesis is not well understood. Here we show that, under mechanical stress, cortical actomyosin flow can switch polarization during cytokinesis in the C. elegans embryo. In unstressed embryos, longitudinal cortical flow contributes to contractile ring formation, while rotational cortical flow is additionally induced in uniaxially loaded embryos, i.e. embryos compressed between two plates. Rotational flow depends on astral microtubule signals and is required for the redistribution of the actomyosin cortex in loaded embryos. Rupture of longitudinally aligned cortical fibers during cortex rotation releases tension, initiates orthogonal longitudinal flow and, thereby, contributes to furrowing in loaded embryos. Moreover, actomyosin regulators involved in RhoA regulation, cortical polarity and chirality are all required for rotational flow, and become essential for cytokinesis under mechanical stress. In sum, our findings extend the current framework of mechanical stress response during cell division and show scaling of orthogonal cortical flows to the amount of mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Devang Odedra
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Priyanka Dutta
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Christian Pohl
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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41
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Verma V, Mogilner A, Maresca TJ. Classical and Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030055. [PMID: 31357447 PMCID: PMC6784142 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of cytokinesis is to produce two daughter cells, each having a full set of chromosomes. To achieve this, cells assemble a dynamic structure between segregated sister chromatids called the contractile ring, which is made up of filamentous actin, myosin-II, and other regulatory proteins. Constriction of the actomyosin ring generates a cleavage furrow that divides the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells. Decades of research have identified key regulators and underlying molecular mechanisms; however, many fundamental questions remain unanswered and are still being actively investigated. This review summarizes the key findings, computational modeling, and recent advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the formation of the cleavage furrow and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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42
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Abstract
Division of amoebas, fungi, and animal cells into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle depends on a common set of ancient proteins, principally actin filaments and myosin-II motors. Anillin, formins, IQGAPs, and many other proteins regulate the assembly of the actin filaments into a contractile ring positioned between the daughter nuclei by different mechanisms in fungi and animal cells. Interactions of myosin-II with actin filaments produce force to assemble and then constrict the contractile ring to form a cleavage furrow. Contractile rings disassemble as they constrict. In some cases, knowledge about the numbers of participating proteins and their biochemical mechanisms has made it possible to formulate molecularly explicit mathematical models that reproduce the observed physical events during cytokinesis by computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
| | - Ben O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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43
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Abstract
Division of amoebas, fungi, and animal cells into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle depends on a common set of ancient proteins, principally actin filaments and myosin-II motors. Anillin, formins, IQGAPs, and many other proteins regulate the assembly of the actin filaments into a contractile ring positioned between the daughter nuclei by different mechanisms in fungi and animal cells. Interactions of myosin-II with actin filaments produce force to assemble and then constrict the contractile ring to form a cleavage furrow. Contractile rings disassemble as they constrict. In some cases, knowledge about the numbers of participating proteins and their biochemical mechanisms has made it possible to formulate molecularly explicit mathematical models that reproduce the observed physical events during cytokinesis by computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
| | - Ben O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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44
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Mangione MC, Gould KL. Molecular form and function of the cytokinetic ring. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/12/jcs226928. [PMID: 31209062 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells, amoebas and yeast divide using a force-generating, actin- and myosin-based contractile ring or 'cytokinetic ring' (CR). Despite intensive research, questions remain about the spatial organization of CR components, the mechanism by which the CR generates force, and how other cellular processes are coordinated with the CR for successful membrane ingression and ultimate cell separation. This Review highlights new findings about the spatial relationship of the CR to the plasma membrane and the arrangement of molecules within the CR from studies using advanced microscopy techniques, as well as mechanistic information obtained from in vitro approaches. We also consider advances in understanding coordinated cellular processes that impact the architecture and function of the CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- MariaSanta C Mangione
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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45
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Network Contractility During Cytokinesis-from Molecular to Global Views. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050194. [PMID: 31109067 PMCID: PMC6572417 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the last stage of cell division, which partitions the mother cell into two daughter cells. It requires the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring that consists of a filamentous contractile network of actin and myosin. Network contractility depends on network architecture, level of connectivity and myosin motor activity, but how exactly is the contractile ring network organized or interconnected and how much it depends on motor activity remains unclear. Moreover, the contractile ring is not an isolated entity; rather, it is integrated into the surrounding cortex. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the cell cortex and cortical behaviors are expected to impact contractile ring functioning. Due to the complexity of the process, experimental approaches have been coupled to theoretical modeling in order to advance its global understanding. While earlier coarse-grained descriptions attempted to provide an integrated view of the process, recent models have mostly focused on understanding the behavior of an isolated contractile ring. Here we provide an overview of the organization and dynamics of the actomyosin network during cytokinesis and discuss existing theoretical models in light of cortical behaviors and experimental evidence from several systems. Our view on what is missing in current models and should be tested in the future is provided.
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46
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Pintard L, Bowerman B. Mitotic Cell Division in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 211:35-73. [PMID: 30626640 PMCID: PMC6325691 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic cell divisions increase cell number while faithfully distributing the replicated genome at each division. The Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is a powerful model for eukaryotic cell division. Nearly all of the genes that regulate cell division in C. elegans are conserved across metazoan species, including humans. The C. elegans pathways tend to be streamlined, facilitating dissection of the more redundant human pathways. Here, we summarize the virtues of C. elegans as a model system and review our current understanding of centriole duplication, the acquisition of pericentriolar material by centrioles to form centrosomes, the assembly of kinetochores and the mitotic spindle, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Pintard
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut Jacques Monod, Team Cell Cycle and Development UMR7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
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47
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O’Shaughnessy B, Thiyagarajan S. Mechanisms of contractile ring tension production and constriction. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1667-1681. [PMID: 30456601 PMCID: PMC6297097 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile ring is a remarkable tension-generating cellular machine that constricts and divides cells into two during cytokinesis, the final stage of the cell cycle. Since the ring's discovery, the parallels with muscle have been emphasized. Both are contractile actomyosin machineries, and long ago, a muscle-like sliding filament mechanism was proposed for the ring. This review focuses on the mechanisms that generate ring tension and constrict contractile rings. The emphasis is on fission yeast, whose contractile ring is sufficiently well characterized that realistic mathematical models are feasible, and possible lessons from fission yeast that may apply to animal cells are discussed. Recent discoveries relevant to the organization in fission yeast rings suggest a stochastic steady-state version of the classic sliding filament mechanism for tension. The importance of different modes of anchoring for tension production and for organizational stability of constricting rings is discussed. Possible mechanisms are discussed that set the constriction rate and enable the contractile ring to meet the technical challenge of maintaining structural integrity and tension-generating capacity while continuously disassembling throughout constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
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48
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Molecular mechanisms of contractile-ring constriction and membrane trafficking in cytokinesis. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1649-1666. [PMID: 30448943 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of cytokinesis from plants to humans, with a focus on contribution of membrane trafficking to cytokinesis. Selection of the division site in fungi, metazoans, and plants is reviewed, as well as the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring in fungi and metazoans. We also provide an introduction to exocytosis and endocytosis, and discuss how they contribute to successful cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells. The conservation in the coordination of membrane deposition and cytoskeleton during cytokinesis in fungi, metazoans, and plants is highlighted.
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