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Pepe L, Fiorentino V, Pizzimenti C, Riganati G, Franchina M, Micali M, Russotto F, Ieni A, Tuccari G, Fadda G, Pierconti F, Martini M. The Simultaneous Use of Bladder Epicheck ® and Urinary Cytology Can Improve the Sensitivity and Specificity of Diagnostic Follow-Up of Urothelial Lesions: Up-to-Date Data from a Multi-Institutional Cohort. Diseases 2024; 12:219. [PMID: 39329888 PMCID: PMC11431392 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12090219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Bladder cancer is a prevalent urinary system malignancy and urinary cytology is widely used for its screening and follow-up. A novel diagnostic tool called Bladder Epicheck® (BE) is increasingly being used for monitoring the recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The simultaneous use of BE and urinary cytology can increase the diagnostic performances in the follow-up of bladder neoplasms. Methods: In this multicenter study, we retrospectively evaluated the data of 322 patients in follow-up for a high-grade bladder carcinoma over a six-year period (from January 2018 to March 2024). The diagnostic performances of both cytology and BE and their combination were calculated using histology as gold standard. Results: Recurrences were diagnosed as high-grade urothelial carcinoma NMIBC in 18 cases, low-grade papillary NMIBC in 8 cases, and carcinoma in situ (CIS) in 4 cases. Cytological analysis correctly identified 26 out of 30 carcinomas, while 286 were correctly diagnosed as negative results. BE correctly identified 25 out of 30 carcinomas, 285 were correctly diagnosed as negative results. The combination of BE and urinary cytology correctly identified 29 out of 30 carcinomas, while 289 were correctly diagnosed as negative results. Conclusions: The combination of BE and cytology could be the most effective approach for follow-up diagnosis in patients with high-grade NMIBC, reducing unnecessary invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Pepe
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Pizzimenti
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riganati
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariausilia Franchina
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Marina Micali
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Fernanda Russotto
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Fadda
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Pierconti
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Agostino Gemelli IRCCS University Hospital Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Li Q, Liu Y, Wu J, Zhu Z, Fan J, Zhai L, Wang Z, Du G, Zhang L, Hu J, Ma DK, Liu JO, Huang H, Tan M, Dang Y, Jiang W. P4HA2 hydroxylates SUFU to regulate the paracrine Hedgehog signaling and promote B-cell lymphoma progression. Leukemia 2024; 38:1751-1763. [PMID: 38909089 PMCID: PMC11286522 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Aberrations in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway are significantly prevailed in various cancers, including B-cell lymphoma. A critical facet of Hh signal transduction involves the dynamic regulation of the suppressor of fused homolog (SUFU)-glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) complex within the kinesin family member 7 (KIF7)-supported ciliary tip compartment. However, the specific post-translational modifications of SUFU-GLI complex within this context have remained largely unexplored. Our study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism involving prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 (P4HA2), which forms a complex with KIF7 and is essential for signal transduction of Hh pathway. We demonstrate that, upon Hh pathway activation, P4HA2 relocates alongside KIF7 to the ciliary tip. Here, it hydroxylates SUFU to inhibit its function, thus amplifying the Hh signaling. Moreover, the absence of P4HA2 significantly impedes B lymphoma progression. This effect can be attributed to the suppression of Hh signaling in stromal fibroblasts, resulting in decreased growth factors essential for malignant proliferation of B lymphoma cells. Our findings highlight the role of P4HA2-mediated hydroxylation in modulating Hh signaling and propose a novel stromal-targeted therapeutic strategy for B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Department of pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zewen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianjun Fan
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Linhui Zhai
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Ziruoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guiping Du
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Junchi Hu
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dengke K Ma
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Minjia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Joshi G, Basu A. Epigenetic control of cell signalling in cancer stem cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 383:67-88. [PMID: 38359971 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent one of the distinct cell populations occurring in a tumour that can differentiate into multiple lineages. This group of sparsely abundant cells play a vital role in tumour survival and resistance to different treatments during cancer. The lack of exclusive markers associated with CSCs makes diagnosis and prognosis in cancer patients extremely difficult. This calls for the identification of unique regulators and markers for CSCs. Various signalling pathways like the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Hedgehog pathway, Notch pathway, and TGFβ/BMP play a major role in the regulation and maintenance of CSCs. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms add another layer of complexity to control these signalling pathways. In this chapter, we discuss about the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating the cellular signalling pathways in CSCs. The epigenetic regulatory mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNAs can modulate the diverse effectors of signalling pathways and consequently the growth, differentiation and tumorigenicity of CSCs. In the end, we briefly discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting these epigenetic regulators and their target genes in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany.
| | - Amitava Basu
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany.
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Gu Y, Lu Y, Xiong Y, Zhan X, Liu T, Tang M, Xie A, Liu X, Fu B. Advances in the bladder cancer research using 3D culture models. Bladder (San Franc) 2023; 10:e21200005. [PMID: 37936584 PMCID: PMC10627085 DOI: 10.14440/bladder.2023.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer represents the most common malignancy of the urinary system, posing a significant threat to patients' life. Animal models and two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, among other traditional models, have been used for years to study various aspects of bladder cancer. However, these methods are subject to various limitations when mimicking the tumor microenvironment in vivo, thus hindering the further improvement of bladder cancer treatments. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) culture models have attracted extensive attention since they overcome the shortcomings of their traditional counterparts. Most importantly, 3D culture models more accurately reproduce the tumor microenvironment in the human body because they can recapitulate the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. 3D culture models can thereby help us gain deeper insight into the bladder cancer. The 3D culture models of tumor cells can extend the culture duration and allow for co-culturing with different cell types. Study of patient-specific bladder cancer mutations and subtypes is made possible by the ability to preserve cells isolated from particular patients in 3D culture models. It will be feasible to develop customized treatments that target relevant signaling pathways or biomarkers. This article reviews the development, application, advantages, and limitations of traditional modeling systems and 3D culture models used in the study of bladder cancer and discusses the potential application of 3D culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Gu
- Cyberiad Intelligent Technology, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Cyberiad Intelligent Technology, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Yunqiang Xiong
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiangpeng Zhan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Taobin Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Tang
- Cyberiad Intelligent Technology, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - An Xie
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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5
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Wu B, Shi X, Jiang M, Liu H. Cross-talk between cancer stem cells and immune cells: potential therapeutic targets in the tumor immune microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:38. [PMID: 36810098 PMCID: PMC9942413 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor progression, recurrence and chemoresistance due to their typical stemness characteristics. CSCs are preferentially distributed in niches, and those niche sites exhibit characteristics typical of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The complex interactions between CSCs and TME illustrate these synergistic effects. The phenotypic heterogeneity within CSCs and the spatial interactions with the surrounding tumor microenvironment led to increased therapeutic challenges. CSCs interact with immune cells to protect themselves against immune clearance by exploiting the immunosuppressive function of multiple immune checkpoint molecules. CSCs also can protect themselves against immune surveillance by excreting extracellular vesicles (EVs), growth factors, metabolites and cytokines into the TME, thereby modulating the composition of the TME. Therefore, these interactions are also being considered for the therapeutic development of anti-tumor agents. We discuss here the immune molecular mechanisms of CSCs and comprehensively review the interplay between CSCs and the immune system. Thus, studies on this topic seem to provide novel ideas for reinvigorating therapeutic approaches to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- grid.459742.90000 0004 1798 5889Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Xiang Shi
- grid.459742.90000 0004 1798 5889Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Meixi Jiang
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032 China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
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6
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Wiessner GB, Plumber SA, Xiang T, Mendelsohn CL. Development, regeneration and tumorigenesis of the urothelium. Development 2022; 149:dev198184. [PMID: 35521701 PMCID: PMC10656457 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The urothelium of the bladder functions as a waterproof barrier between tissue and outflowing urine. Largely quiescent during homeostasis, this unique epithelium rapidly regenerates in response to bacterial or chemical injury. The specification of the proper cell types during development and injury repair is crucial for tissue function. This Review surveys the current understanding of urothelial progenitor populations in the contexts of organogenesis, regeneration and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we discuss pathways and signaling mechanisms involved in urothelial differentiation, and consider the relevance of this knowledge to stem cell biology and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B. Wiessner
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sakina A. Plumber
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tina Xiang
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cathy L. Mendelsohn
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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7
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Kumar VE, Nambiar R, De Souza C, Nguyen A, Chien J, Lam KS. Targeting Epigenetic Modifiers of Tumor Plasticity and Cancer Stem Cell Behavior. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091403. [PMID: 35563709 PMCID: PMC9102449 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity poses one of the greatest challenges to a successful treatment of cancer. Tumor cell populations consist of different subpopulations that have distinct phenotypic and genotypic profiles. Such variability poses a challenge in successfully targeting all tumor subpopulations at the same time. Relapse after treatment has been previously explained using the cancer stem cell model and the clonal evolution model. Cancer stem cells are an important subpopulation of tumor cells that regulate tumor plasticity and determine therapeutic resistance. Tumor plasticity is controlled by genetic and epigenetic changes of crucial genes involved in cancer cell survival, growth and metastasis. Targeting epigenetic modulators associated with cancer stem cell survival can unlock a promising therapeutic approach in completely eradicating cancer. Here, we review various factors governing epigenetic dysregulation of cancer stem cells ranging from the role of epigenetic mediators such as histone and DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, histone methyltransferases to various signaling pathways associated with cancer stem cell regulation. We also discuss current treatment regimens targeting these factors and other promising inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwari Easwar Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (V.E.K.); (R.N.); (C.D.S.); (A.N.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Roshni Nambiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (V.E.K.); (R.N.); (C.D.S.); (A.N.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Cristabelle De Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (V.E.K.); (R.N.); (C.D.S.); (A.N.); (K.S.L.)
- Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Audrey Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (V.E.K.); (R.N.); (C.D.S.); (A.N.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Jeremy Chien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (V.E.K.); (R.N.); (C.D.S.); (A.N.); (K.S.L.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Kit S. Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (V.E.K.); (R.N.); (C.D.S.); (A.N.); (K.S.L.)
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di Meo NA, Loizzo D, Pandolfo SD, Autorino R, Ferro M, Porta C, Stella A, Bizzoca C, Vincenti L, Crocetto F, Tataru OS, Rutigliano M, Battaglia M, Ditonno P, Lucarelli G. Metabolomic Approaches for Detection and Identification of Biomarkers and Altered Pathways in Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084173. [PMID: 35456991 PMCID: PMC9030452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis has proven to be a useful tool in biomarker discovery and the molecular classification of cancers. In order to find new biomarkers, and to better understand its pathological behavior, bladder cancer also has been studied using a metabolomics approach. In this article, we review the literature on metabolomic studies of bladder cancer, focusing on the different available samples (urine, blood, tissue samples) used to perform the studies and their relative findings. Moreover, the multi-omic approach in bladder cancer research has found novel insights into its metabolic behavior, providing excellent start-points for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Metabolomics data analysis can lead to the discovery of a “signature pathway” associated with the progression of bladder cancer; this aspect could be potentially valuable in predictions of clinical outcomes and the introduction of new treatments. However, further studies are needed to give stronger evidence and to make these tools feasible for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Antonio di Meo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.A.d.M.); (D.L.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Davide Loizzo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.A.d.M.); (D.L.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
- Division of Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Health, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.D.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Savio Domenico Pandolfo
- Division of Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Health, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.D.P.); (R.A.)
- Division of Urology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Autorino
- Division of Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Health, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.D.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Stella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Cinzia Bizzoca
- Department of General Surgery “Ospedaliera”, Polyclinic Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Leonardo Vincenti
- Department of General Surgery “Ospedaliera”, Polyclinic Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Octavian Sabin Tataru
- I.O.S.U.D., George Emil Palade University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Monica Rutigliano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.A.d.M.); (D.L.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Michele Battaglia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.A.d.M.); (D.L.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Pasquale Ditonno
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.A.d.M.); (D.L.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (N.A.d.M.); (D.L.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Mazloumi Z, Farahzadi R, Rafat A, Asl KD, Karimipour M, Montazer M, Movassaghpour AA, Dehnad A, Charoudeh HN. Effect of aberrant DNA methylation on cancer stem cell properties. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 125:104757. [PMID: 35339454 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation, as an epigenetic mechanism, occurs by adding a methyl group of cytosines in position 5 by DNA methyltransferases and has essential roles in cellular function, especially in the transcriptional regulation of embryonic and adult stem cells. Hypomethylation and hypermethylation cause either the expression or inhibition of genes, and there is a tight balance between regulating the activation or repression of genes in normal cellular activity. Abnormal methylation is well-known hallmark of cancer development and progression and can switch normal stem cells into cancer stem cells. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are minor populations of tumor cells that exhibit unique properties such as self-regeneration, resistance to chemotherapy, and high ability of metastasis. The purpose of this paper is to show how aberrant DNA methylation accumulation affects self-renewal, differentiation, multidrug-resistant, and metastasis processes in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mazloumi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rafat
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Dizaji Asl
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Montazer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Dehnad
- Department of Bacterial Disease Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran
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Park S, Rong L, Owczarek TB, Bernardo MD, Shoulson RL, Chua CW, Kim JY, Lankarani A, Chakrapani P, Syed T, McKiernan JM, Solit DB, Shen MM, Al-Ahmadie HA, Abate-Shen C. Novel Mouse Models of Bladder Cancer Identify a Prognostic Signature Associated with Risk of Disease Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5161-5175. [PMID: 34470779 PMCID: PMC8609963 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the progression of bladder cancer from non-muscle-invasive to muscle-invasive disease, we have developed a novel toolkit that uses complementary approaches to achieve gene recombination in specific cell populations in the bladder urothelium in vivo, thereby allowing us to generate a new series of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of bladder cancer. One method is based on the delivery of adenoviruses that express Cre recombinase in selected cell types in the urothelium, and a second uses transgenic drivers in which activation of inducible Cre alleles can be limited to the bladder urothelium by intravesicular delivery of tamoxifen. Using both approaches, targeted deletion of the Pten and p53 tumor suppressor genes specifically in basal urothelial cells gave rise to muscle-invasive bladder tumors. Furthermore, preinvasive lesions arising in basal cells displayed upregulation of molecular pathways related to bladder tumorigenesis, including proinflammatory pathways. Cross-species analyses comparing a mouse gene signature of early bladder cancer with a human signature of bladder cancer progression identified a conserved 28-gene signature of early bladder cancer that is associated with poor prognosis for human bladder cancer and that outperforms comparable gene signatures. These findings demonstrate the relevance of these GEMMs for studying the biology of human bladder cancer and introduce a prognostic gene signature that may help to stratify patients at risk for progression to potentially lethal muscle-invasive disease. SIGNIFICANCE: Analyses of bladder cancer progression in a new series of genetically engineered mouse models has identified a gene signature of poor prognosis in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonbum Park
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lijie Rong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Matteo Di Bernardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rivka L Shoulson
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chee-Wai Chua
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jaime Y Kim
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Amir Lankarani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Prithi Chakrapani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Talal Syed
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James M McKiernan
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David B Solit
- Departments of Human Oncology and Pathogenesis and Medicine, Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael M Shen
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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11
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Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells in Lung, Head and Neck, and Bladder Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205098. [PMID: 34680249 PMCID: PMC8534162 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Effective cancer treatment hinges upon overcoming therapeutic resistance mechanisms that allow for the continued proliferation of cancer cell subpopulations. Exposure to pharmacotherapy invariably leads to resistance as tumor cells with selected advantageous features evade destruction and alter the tumor composition. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) with features of plasticity that allow for regeneration and differentiation are particularly responsible for this phenomenon. Advances in tumor biology and molecular signaling have highlighted their role in neoplastic initiation, invasion, and maintenance. Novel strategies to direct therapy against these tumor cell subpopulations have the potential to dramatically alter tumor response and change the course of cancer care. Abstract Resistance to cancer therapy remains a significant obstacle in treating patients with various solid malignancies. Exposure to current chemotherapeutics and targeted agents invariably leads to therapy resistance, heralding the need for novel agents. Cancer stem cells (CSCs)—a subpopulation of tumor cells with capacities for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation—represent a pool of therapeutically resistant cells. CSCs often share physical and molecular characteristics with the stem cell population of the human body. It remains challenging to selectively target CSCs in therapeutically resistant tumors. The generation of CSCs and induction of therapeutic resistance can be attributed to several deregulated critical growth regulatory signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, Notch, Hippo, and Hedgehog. Beyond growth regulatory pathways, CSCs also change the tumor microenvironment and resist endogenous immune attack. Thus, CSCs can interfere with each stage of carcinogenesis from malignant transformation to the onset of metastasis to tumor recurrence. A thorough review of novel targeted agents to act against CSCs is fundamental for advancing cancer treatment in the setting of both intrinsic and acquired resistance.
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12
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Yang YF, Chuang HW, Kuo WT, Lin BS, Chang YC. Current Development and Application of Anaerobic Glycolytic Enzymes in Urothelial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910612. [PMID: 34638949 PMCID: PMC8508954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cancer is a malignant tumor with metastatic ability and high mortality. Malignant tumors of the urinary system include upper tract urothelial cancer and bladder cancer. In addition to typical genetic alterations and epigenetic modifications, metabolism-related events also occur in urothelial cancer. This metabolic reprogramming includes aberrant expression levels of genes, metabolites, and associated networks and pathways. In this review, we summarize the dysfunctions of glycolytic enzymes in urothelial cancer and discuss the relevant phenotype and signal transduction. Moreover, we describe potential prognostic factors and risks to the survival of clinical cancer patients. More importantly, based on several available databases, we explore relationships between glycolytic enzymes and genetic changes or drug responses in urothelial cancer cells. Current advances in glycolysis-based inhibitors and their combinations are also discussed. Combining all of the evidence, we indicate their potential value for further research in basic science and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
| | - Hao-Wen Chuang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Syuan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2826-7064
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13
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Kotulak-Chrząszcz A, Kmieć Z, Wierzbicki PM. Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway in gynecological and genitourinary cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:106. [PMID: 33907821 PMCID: PMC8057295 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the urinary tract, as well as those of the female and male reproductive systems, account for a large percentage of malignancies worldwide. Mortality is frequently affected by late diagnosis or therapeutic difficulties. The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway is an evolutionary conserved molecular cascade, which is mainly associated with the development of the central nervous system in fetal life. The present review aimed to provide an in‑depth summary of the SHH signaling pathway, including the characterization of its major components, the mechanism of its upstream regulation and non‑canonical activation, as well as its interactions with other cellular pathways. In addition, the three possible mechanisms of the cellular SHH cascade in cancer tissue are discussed. The aim of the present review was to summarize significant findings with regards to the expression of the SHH pathway components in kidney, bladder, ovarian, cervical and prostate cancer. Reports associated with common deficits and de‑regulations of the SHH pathway were summarized, despite the differences in molecular and histological patterns among these malignancies. However, currently, neither are SHH pathway elements included in panels of prognostic/therapeutic molecular patterns in any of the discussed cancers, nor have the drugs targeting SMO or GLIs been approved for therapy. The findings of the present review may support future studies on the treatment of and/or molecular targets for gynecological and genitourinary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr M. Wierzbicki
- Correspondence to: Dr Piotr M. Wierzbicki, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 1, 80211 Gdansk, Poland, E-mail:
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14
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Creation of bladder assembloids mimicking tissue regeneration and cancer. Nature 2020; 588:664-669. [PMID: 33328632 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Shahid M, Yeon A, Kim J. Metabolomic and lipidomic approaches to identify biomarkers for bladder cancer and interstitial cystitis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5003-5011. [PMID: 33174036 PMCID: PMC7646957 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery, introduction and clinical use of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers has significantly improved outcomes for patients with various illnesses, including bladder cancer (BC) and other bladder-related diseases, such as benign bladder dysfunction and interstitial cystitis (IC). Several sensitive and noninvasive clinically relevant biomarkers for BC and IC have been identified. Metabolomic- and lipidomic-based biomarkers have notable clinical potential in improving treatment outcomes for patients with cancer; however, there are also some noted limitations. This review article provides a short and concise summary of the literature on metabolomic and lipidomic biomarkers for BC and IC, focusing on the possible clinical utility of profiling metabolic alterations in BC and IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Surgery, Cedars‑Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Department of Surgery, Cedars‑Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars‑Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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16
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Tandon I, Waghmode A, Sharma NK. Cancer Stem Cells Equipped with Powerful Hedgehog Signaling and Better Epigenetic Memory: Avenues to Look for Cancer Therapeutics. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:877-884. [PMID: 31393247 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190808155432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complex nature of the tumor is depicted at the cellular landscape by showing heterogeneity in the presence of cancer cells, cancer-associated stromal cells, mesenchymal stem cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs). One of the plausible views in cancer formation is suggested as the theory of cancer CSCs that is known as a source of initiation of tumorigenesis. In essence, these powerful CSCs are equipped with high Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling and epigenetic memory power that support various tumor hallmarks. Truly, nature justifies its intent by limiting these stem cells with a potential to turn into CSCs and in turn suppressing the high risk of humans and other organisms. In short, this mini-review addresses the contribution of SHH signaling to allow reprogramming of epigenetic memory within CSCs that support tumor hallmarks. Besides, this paper explores therapeutic approaches to mitigate SHH signaling that may lead to a blockade of the pro-tumor potential of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tandon
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Asawari Waghmode
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
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17
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DNA methylation at CpG island shore and RXRα regulate NR2F2 in heart tissues of tetralogy of Fallot patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1209-1215. [PMID: 32819587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2 (NR2F2) gene encodes a ligand-inducible transcription factor involved in angiogenesis and heart development. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of epigenetic regulation of NR2F2 in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) development. In the present study, immunohistochemical staining showed that NR2F2 protein expression was significantly higher in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tissues of TOF cases compared with controls. The methylation status of the CpG island shore (CGIS) of the NR2F2 gene was decreased in TOF cases, and the CpG site 3 in the CGIS region of NR2F2 promoter was a differential methylation site. Furthermore, the methylation level of the CpG site 3 and the NR2F2 protein expression were significantly negatively correlated in TOF patients. In vitro functional analysis revealed that RXRα could upregulate the NR2F2 gene by directly binding to the CGIS in the NR2F2 promoter, while hypomethylation of the NR2F2 promoter via treatment with 5-azacytidine influenced the affinity of RXRα to its binding sites, as shown by ChIP-qPCR. These findings suggest that promoter hypomethylation activates NR2F2 by enhancing RXRα binding to NR2F2 CGIS in the development of TOF.
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18
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Yoon WH, Lee HR, Kim S, Kim E, Ku JH, Shin K, Jung S. Use of inkjet-printed single cells to quantify intratumoral heterogeneity. Biofabrication 2020; 12:035030. [PMID: 32428886 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab9491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of intratumoral heterogeneity is essential for designing effective therapeutic strategies in the age of personalized medicine. In this study, we used a piezoelectric inkjet printer to enable analysis of intratumoral heterogeneity in a bladder cancer for the first time. Patient-derived tumor organoids were dissociated into single cell suspension and used as a bioink. The individual cells were precisely allocated into a microwell plate by drop-on-demand inkjet printing without any additive or treatment, followed by culturing into organoids for further analysis. The sizes and morphologies of the organoids were observed, so as the expression of proliferation and apoptotic markers. The tumor organoids also showed heterogeneous responses against chemotherapeutic agent. Further, we quantified mRNA expression levels of representative luminal and basal genes in both type of tumor organoids. These results verify the heterogeneous expression of various genes among individual organoids. This study demonstrates that the fully automated inkjet printing technique can be used as an effective tool to sort cells for evaluating intratumoral heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Hee Yoon
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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19
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Yang W, Zhang K, Li L, Ma K, Hong B, Gong Y, Gong K. Discovery and validation of the prognostic value of the lncRNAs encoding snoRNAs in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4424-4444. [PMID: 32126023 PMCID: PMC7093172 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Some lncRNAs can encode small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), called small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs), which have exerted certain predictive values for the prognosis of some cancer patients. In this study, using RNA-seq and survival data in TCGA-KIRC, we examined the expression profile of 20 SNHGs and explored their prognostic values in ccRCC. Results showed that SNHG1, GAS5, SNHG3-8, SNHG11, SNHG12, SNHG15-17, SNHG20, SNHG22 and SNHG25 were significantly upregulated in ccRCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. After adjustment for confounding factors, the multivariate analysis confirmed that increased SNHG3 expression was independently associated with shorter OS, while increased SNHG15 expression was an independent predictor of shorter RFS. Using the methylation data, the methylation status of 2 CpG sites (cg07807470 and cg15161854) and 2 CpG sites (cg00953154 and cg16459265) were negatively correlated with SNHG3 and SNHG15 expression, respectively. Moreover, low methylation levels of the 4 CpG sites were significantly associated with shorter OS. Furthermore, we validated the expression patterns, methylation status and prognostic value of SNHG3 and SNHG15 using clinical ccRCC samples. Taken together, SNHG3 and SNHG15 might be valuable prognostic markers in ccRCC, and DNA hypomethylation might play an important role in elevated SNHG3 and SNHG15 transcription in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuping Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Kaifang Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Baoan Hong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Kan Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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20
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Zhu S, Yu W, Yang X, Wu C, Cheng F. Traditional Classification and Novel Subtyping Systems for Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:102. [PMID: 32117752 PMCID: PMC7025453 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common tumor in the urinary system, with approximately 420,000 new cases and 160,000 deaths per year. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EOTRC) classifies non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) into low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk groups based on a comprehensive analysis of NMIBC pathological parameters and the risk of recurrence and progression to muscular invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Traditional classification systems are based on pathologic grading, staging systems, and clinical prognosis. However, the pathological parameters of the tumor cannot fully reflect the “intrinsic characteristics” of bladder cancer, and tumors with a similar pathology exhibit different biological behaviors. Furthermore, although the traditional classification system cannot accurately predict the risk of recurrence or the progression of bladder cancer patients (BCs) individually, this method is widely used in clinical practice because of its convenient operation. With the development of sequencing and other technologies, the genetics-based molecular subtyping of bladder cancer has become increasingly studied. Compared with the traditional classification system, it provides more abundant tumor biological information and is expected to assist or even replace the traditional typing system in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weimin Yu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Kim S, Kim Y, Kong J, Kim E, Choi JH, Yuk HD, Lee H, Kim HR, Lee KH, Kang M, Roe JS, Moon KC, Kim S, Ku JH, Shin K. Epigenetic regulation of mammalian Hedgehog signaling to the stroma determines the molecular subtype of bladder cancer. eLife 2019; 8:e43024. [PMID: 31036156 PMCID: PMC6597241 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In bladder, loss of mammalian Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) accompanies progression to invasive urothelial carcinoma, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this cancer-initiating event are poorly defined. Here, we show that loss of Shh results from hypermethylation of the CpG shore of the Shh gene, and that inhibition of DNA methylation increases Shh expression to halt the initiation of murine urothelial carcinoma at the early stage of progression. In full-fledged tumors, pharmacologic augmentation of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway activity impedes tumor growth, and this cancer-restraining effect of Hh signaling is mediated by the stromal response to Shh signals, which stimulates subtype conversion of basal to luminal-like urothelial carcinoma. Our findings thus provide a basis to develop subtype-specific strategies for the management of human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungEun Kim
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Yubin Kim
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - JungHo Kong
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Eunjee Kim
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeok Choi
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Dong Yuk
- Department of UrologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - HyeSun Lee
- Department of UrologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Ryeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Lee
- Department of UrologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Minyong Kang
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, School of MedicineSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Roe
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of PathologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Ja Hyeon Ku
- Department of UrologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kunyoo Shin
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
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