1
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Du X, Li C, Wang J, Li Z, Zhu J, Yang Y, Hu Y. Multifunctional photonic microobjects with asymmetric response in radial direction and their anticounterfeiting performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 671:457-468. [PMID: 38815381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
There are few explorations that have integrated multiple properties into photonic microobjects in a facile and controlled manner. In this work, we present a straightforward method to integrate different functions into individual photonic microobject. Droplet-based microfluidics was used to produce uniform droplets of an aqueous dispersion of monodispersed SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The droplets evolved into opal-structured photonic microballs upon complete evaporation of water. After infiltration of an aqueous solution of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AAc) monomers into the interstices among SiO2 NPs, opal-structured SiO2 NPs/pAAm-co-AAc hydrogel composite photonic microballs were obtained upon UV irradiation. Afterwards, a wet etching process was introduced to etch the microballs in a controlled manner, yielding individual photonic microball composed of an SiO2 NPs/pAAm-co-AAc composite opal core and a neat pAAm-co-AAc shell. The pendant carboxylic acid groups in the skeleton of the hydrogel matrix were further utilized to react with positively charged compounds, such as Ruthenium compound containing fluorescent polymers. The resulting photonic microobjects eventually featured with localized stimulus-responsive properties and multiple colors under different modes. The multifunctional photonic microobjects were discovered to have fivefold of anticounterfeiting properties when used as building blocks for anticounterfeiting structures and may have other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chengnian Li
- Hubei Key Lab of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianying Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Hubei Key Lab of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yajiang Yang
- Hubei Key Lab of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuandu Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers (Fudan University), Shanghai 200438, China.
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2
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Finet C. Developmental genetics of cuticular micro- and nano-structures in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 65:101254. [PMID: 39182719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Insect cuticle exhibits a wide array of micro- and nano-structures in terms of size, form, and function. However, the investigation of cellular mechanisms of morphogenesis has centered around a small number of structure types and organisms. The recent expansion of the taxa studied, and subsequent discoveries prompt us to revisit well-known models, like the one for bristle morphogenesis. In addition, common themes are emerging in the morphogenesis of cuticular structures, such as the polyploidy of precursor cells, the role of pigments and cuticular proteins in controlling chitin deposition in space and time, and the role of the apical extracellular matrix in defining the shape of the developing structure. Understanding how these structures are synthesized in biological systems holds promise for bioinspired design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Finet
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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3
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Zomer A, Ingham CJ, von Meijenfeldt FAB, Escobar Doncel Á, van de Kerkhof GT, Hamidjaja R, Schouten S, Schertel L, Müller KH, Catón L, Hahnke RL, Bolhuis H, Vignolini S, Dutilh BE. Structural color in the bacterial domain: The ecogenomics of a 2-dimensional optical phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309757121. [PMID: 38990940 PMCID: PMC11260094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309757121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Structural color is an optical phenomenon resulting from light interacting with nanostructured materials. Although structural color (SC) is widespread in the tree of life, the underlying genetics and genomics are not well understood. Here, we collected and sequenced a set of 87 structurally colored bacterial isolates and 30 related strains lacking SC. Optical analysis of colonies indicated that diverse bacteria from at least two different phyla (Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) can create two-dimensional packing of cells capable of producing SC. A pan-genome-wide association approach was used to identify genes associated with SC. The biosynthesis of uroporphyrin and pterins, as well as carbohydrate utilization and metabolism, was found to be involved. Using this information, we constructed a classifier to predict SC directly from bacterial genome sequences and validated it by cultivating and scoring 100 strains that were not part of the training set. We predicted that SCr is widely distributed within gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of over 13,000 assembled metagenomes suggested that SC is nearly absent from most habitats associated with multicellular organisms except macroalgae and is abundant in marine waters and surface/air interfaces. This work provides a large-scale ecogenomics view of SC in bacteria and identifies microbial pathways and evolutionary relationships that underlie this optical phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Zomer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | - Colin J. Ingham
- Hoekmine Besloten Vennootschap, Utrecht3515 GJ, the Netherlands
| | - F. A. Bastiaan von Meijenfeldt
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Department of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, ‘t Horntje1797 SZ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gea T. van de Kerkhof
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sanne Schouten
- Hoekmine Besloten Vennootschap, Utrecht3515 GJ, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas Schertel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, FribourgCH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Karin H. Müller
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Catón
- Hoekmine Besloten Vennootschap, Utrecht3515 GJ, the Netherlands
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Hahnke
- Leibniz Institute, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig38124, Germany
| | - Henk Bolhuis
- Department of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, ‘t Horntje1797 SZ, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Bas E. Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
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4
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Lloyd VJ, Burg SL, Harizanova J, Garcia E, Hill O, Enciso-Romero J, Cooper RL, Flenner S, Longo E, Greving I, Nadeau NJ, Parnell AJ. The actin cytoskeleton plays multiple roles in structural colour formation in butterfly wing scales. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4073. [PMID: 38769302 PMCID: PMC11106069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Vivid structural colours in butterflies are caused by photonic nanostructures scattering light. Structural colours evolved for numerous biological signalling functions and have important technological applications. Optically, such structures are well understood, however insight into their development in vivo remains scarce. We show that actin is intimately involved in structural colour formation in butterfly wing scales. Using comparisons between iridescent (structurally coloured) and non-iridescent scales in adult and developing H. sara, we show that iridescent scales have more densely packed actin bundles leading to an increased density of reflective ridges. Super-resolution microscopy across three distantly related butterfly species reveals that actin is repeatedly re-arranged during scale development and crucially when the optical nanostructures are forming. Furthermore, actin perturbation experiments at these later developmental stages resulted in near total loss of structural colour in H. sara. Overall, this shows that actin plays a vital and direct templating role during structural colour formation in butterfly scales, providing ridge patterning mechanisms that are likely universal across lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Lloyd
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Stephanie L Burg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Jana Harizanova
- Central Laser Facility-Science & Technology Facility Council, The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esther Garcia
- Central Laser Facility-Science & Technology Facility Council, The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Olivia Hill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Juan Enciso-Romero
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Rory L Cooper
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
| | - Silja Flenner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Elena Longo
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Imke Greving
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Nicola J Nadeau
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
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5
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Guo L, Kruglyak L. Genetics and biology of coloration in reptiles: the curious case of the Lemon Frost geckos. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:479-486. [PMID: 37642275 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00015.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are more than 10,000 reptile species, and reptiles have historically contributed to our understanding of biology, genetics research into class Reptilia has lagged compared with other animals. Here, we summarize recent progress in genetics of coloration in reptiles, with a focus on the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. We highlight genetic approaches that have been used to examine variation in color and pattern formation in this species as well as to provide insights into mechanisms underlying skin cancer. We propose that their long breeding history in captivity makes leopard geckos one of the most promising emerging reptilian models for genetic studies. More broadly, technological advances in genetics, genomics, and gene editing may herald a golden era for studies of reptile biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Guo
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Geriatrics Center and Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Leonid Kruglyak
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
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6
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Thayer RC, Patel NH. A meta-analysis of butterfly structural colors: their color range, distribution and biological production. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245940. [PMID: 37937662 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Butterfly scales are among the richest natural sources of optical nanostructures, which produce structural color and iridescence. Several recurring nanostructure types have been described, such as ridge multilayers, gyroids and lower lamina thin films. While the optical mechanisms of these nanostructure classes are known, their phylogenetic distributions and functional ranges have not been described in detail. In this Review, we examine a century of research on the biological production of structural colors, including their evolution, development and genetic regulation. We have also created a database of more than 300 optical nanostructures in butterflies and conducted a meta-analysis of the color range, abundance and phylogenetic distribution of each nanostructure class. Butterfly structural colors are ubiquitous in short wavelengths but extremely rare in long wavelengths, especially red. In particular, blue wavelengths (around 450 nm) occur in more clades and are produced by more kinds of nanostructures than other hues. Nanostructure categories differ in prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, color range and brightness. For example, lamina thin films are the least bright; perforated lumen multilayers occur most often but are almost entirely restricted to the family Lycaenidae; and 3D photonic crystals, including gyroids, have the narrowest wavelength range (from about 450 to 550 nm). We discuss the implications of these patterns in terms of nanostructure evolution, physical constraint and relationships to pigmentary color. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future research, such as analyses of subadult and Hesperid structural colors and the identification of genes that directly build the nanostructures, with relevance for biomimetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Thayer
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nipam H Patel
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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7
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Nakazato Y, Otaki JM. Live Detection of Intracellular Chitin in Butterfly Wing Epithelial Cells In Vivo Using Fluorescent Brightener 28: Implications for the Development of Scales and Color Patterns. INSECTS 2023; 14:753. [PMID: 37754721 PMCID: PMC10532232 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the major component of the extracellular cuticle and plays multiple roles in insects. In butterflies, chitin builds wing scales for structural colors. Here, we show that intracellular chitin in live cells can be detected in vivo with fluorescent brightener 28 (FB28), focusing on wing epithelial cells of the small lycaenid butterfly Zizeeria maha immediately after pupation. A relatively small number of cells at the apical surface of the epithelium were strongly FB28-positive in the cytosol and seemed to have extensive ER-Golgi networks, which may be specialized chitin-secreting cells. Some cells had FB28-positive tadpole-tail-like or rod-like structures relative to the nucleus. We detected FB28-positive hexagonal intracellular objects and their associated structures extending toward the apical end of the cell, which may be developing scale bases and shafts. We also observed FB28-positive fibrous intracellular structures extending toward the basal end. Many cells were FB28-negative in the cytosol, which contained FB28-positive dots or discs. The present data are crucial to understanding the differentiation of the butterfly wing epithelium, including scale formation and color pattern determination. The use of FB28 in probing intracellular chitin in live cells may be applicable to other insect systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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8
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Wei J, Pan F, Ping H, Yang K, Wang Y, Wang Q, Fu Z. Bioinspired Additive Manufacturing of Hierarchical Materials: From Biostructures to Functions. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0164. [PMID: 37303599 PMCID: PMC10254471 DOI: 10.34133/research.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Throughout billions of years, biological systems have evolved sophisticated, multiscale hierarchical structures to adapt to changing environments. Biomaterials are synthesized under mild conditions through a bottom-up self-assembly process, utilizing substances from the surrounding environment, and meanwhile are regulated by genes and proteins. Additive manufacturing, which mimics this natural process, provides a promising approach to developing new materials with advantageous properties similar to natural biological materials. This review presents an overview of natural biomaterials, emphasizing their chemical and structural compositions at various scales, from the nanoscale to the macroscale, and the key mechanisms underlying their properties. Additionally, this review describes the designs, preparations, and applications of bioinspired multifunctional materials produced through additive manufacturing at different scales, including nano, micro, micro-macro, and macro levels. The review highlights the potential of bioinspired additive manufacturing to develop new functional materials and insights into future directions and prospects in this field. By summarizing the characteristics of natural biomaterials and their synthetic counterparts, this review inspires the development of new materials that can be utilized in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Wei
- Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Institute for Advanced Study,
Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- Department of Chemistry,
University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Hang Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yang
- Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Institute for Advanced Study,
Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials Deformation and Damage from Multi-Scale, Institute for Advanced Study,
Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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9
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Finet C, Ruan Q, Bei YY, You En Chan J, Saranathan V, Yang JKW, Monteiro A. Multi-scale dissection of wing transparency in the clearwing butterfly Phanus vitreus. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230135. [PMID: 37254701 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical transparency is rare in terrestrial organisms, and often originates through loss of pigmentation and reduction in scattering. The coloured wings of some butterflies and moths have repeatedly evolved transparency, offering examples of how they function optically and biologically. Because pigments are primarily localized in the scales that cover a colourless wing membrane, transparency has often evolved through the complete loss of scales or radical modification of their shape. Whereas bristle-like scales have been well documented in glasswing butterflies, other scale modifications resulting in transparency remain understudied. The butterfly Phanus vitreus achieves transparency while retaining its scales and exhibiting blue/cyan transparent zones. Here, we investigate the mechanism of wing transparency in P. vitreus by light microscopy, focused ion beam milling, microspectrophotometry and optical modelling. We show that transparency is achieved via loss of pigments and vertical orientation in normal paddle-like scales. These alterations are combined with an anti-reflective nipple array on portions of the wing membrane being more exposed to light. The blueish coloration of the P. vitreus transparent regions is due to the properties of the wing membrane, and local scale nanostructures. We show that scale retention in the transparent patches might be explained by these perpendicular scales having hydrophobic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Finet
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372 Singapore
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang Bei
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372 Singapore
| | - Vinodkumar Saranathan
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, National University of Singapore, 138609 Singapore
- NUS Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (NUSNNI), National University of Singapore, 117581 Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372 Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
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10
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Bálint Z, Katona G, Sáfián S, Collins S, Piszter G, Kertész K, Biró LP. Measuring and Modelling Structural Colours of Euphaedra neophron (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Finely Tuned by Wing Scale Lower Lamina in Various Subspecies. INSECTS 2023; 14:303. [PMID: 36975988 PMCID: PMC10059759 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The nymphalid butterfly Euphaedra neophron (Hopffer, 1855) is the only structurally coloured species representing the genus along the Indian Ocean coast in East Africa and Southern Africa, with a distribution from southern Somalia to the Kwa-Zulu-Natal region of South Africa. The range of E. neophron is subdivided to several, geographically distinct populations, currently recognised as subspecies by taxonomists on the basis of violet, blue, and green-coloured morphs. We investigated the optical mechanism of all these morphs by various materials science techniques. We found that the structural colour is generated by the lower lamina of the cover scales and the different colours are tuned according to their thickness, which was also proved by modelling. The colour tuning of the different subspecies does not reflect any clinal pattern, be it geographical or altitudinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bálint
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Baross utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklós St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Katona
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Baross utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Sáfián
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Baross utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
- African Butterfly Research Institute, P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi 00800, Kenya
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute, P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi 00800, Kenya
| | - Gábor Piszter
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklós St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Kertész
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklós St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Péter Biró
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklós St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Hund AK, Stretch E, Smirnoff D, Roehrig GH, Snell-Rood EC. Broadening the Taxonomic Breadth of Organisms in the Bio-Inspired Design Process. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:48. [PMID: 36810379 PMCID: PMC9944075 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Generating a range of biological analogies is a key part of the bio-inspired design process. In this research, we drew on the creativity literature to test methods for increasing the diversity of these ideas. We considered the role of the problem type, the role of individual expertise (versus learning from others), and the effect of two interventions designed to increase creativity-going outside and exploring different evolutionary and ecological "idea spaces" using online tools. (2) We tested these ideas with problem-based brainstorming assignments from a 180-person online course in animal behavior. (3) Student brainstorming was generally drawn to mammals, and the breadth of ideas was affected more by the assigned problem than by practice over time. Individual biological expertise had a small but significant effect on the taxonomic breadth of ideas, but interactions with team members did not. When students were directed to consider other ecosystems and branches of the tree of life, they increased the taxonomic diversity of biological models. In contrast, going outside resulted in a significant decrease in the diversity of ideas. (4) We offer a range of recommendations to increase the breadth of biological models generated in the bio-inspired design process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Hund
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stretch
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dimitri Smirnoff
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gillian H. Roehrig
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emilie C. Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
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12
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Tang CF, Li FF, Cao Y, Liao HJ. Universal cooling patterns of the butterfly wing scales hierarchy deduced from the heterogeneous thermal and structural properties of Tirumala limniace (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae). INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1761-1772. [PMID: 35452162 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The radiative cooling of butterfly wing scales hierarchy has great value in understanding how poikilotherms adapt to the environment and developing bionic materials. However, it remains unclear what the cooling system is like and how the variation of hierarchy affects the cooling efficiency. Therefore, the correlation between the variations of the structure and emissivity of scale hierarchy is thoroughly investigated in Tirumala limniace (Cramer, 1775), whose thermal properties are highly heterogeneous among different wings and regions but similar between males and females. Patterns were deduced from the biological and model simulation experiments. The scale hierarchy varies at the micro- to nanolevel on both surface and section, corresponding to the variating emissivity. Scales on wing veins and margins have large nanostructured units with small lumens and are distinctly thickened, which bring extraordinarily high emissivity. The variations of light and dark scales, respectively, lead to the high emissivity of the middle region of wings and the front wings. Generally, the elevation of the inner surface area and the thickness of the chitin is the key to enhancing the cooling efficiency. For the first time, the effects of the variation of hierarchy toward emissivity of the mid-infrared spectrum are systematically clarified. It is demonstrated that wing scales integrally differentiate in coping with the heterogeneous cooling needs, which may benefit in balancing multifunctions and the development toward the adaptation to the abiotic environment. The study provides insights into the comprehensive thermoregulation system of butterflies and the further development of radiative cooling materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Fei Tang
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan-Fan Li
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Cao
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huai-Jian Liao
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
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13
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Zhang C, Chu G, Ruan Z, Tang N, Song C, Li Q, Zhou W, Jin J, Haick H, Chen Y, Cui D. Biomimetic Self-Assembling Metal-Organic Architectures with Non-Iridescent Structural Coloration for Synergetic Antibacterial and Osteogenic Activity of Implants. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16584-16597. [PMID: 36001338 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Materials in nature feature versatile and programmable interactions to render macroscopic architectures with multiscale structural arrangements. By rationally combining metal-carboxylate and metal-organophosphate coordination interactions, Au25(MHA)18 (MHA, 6-mercaptohexanoic acid) nanocluster self-assembled structural color coating films and phytic acid (PA)-metal coordination complexes are sequentially constructed on the surface of titanium implants. The Lewis acid-base coordination principle applies for these metal-organic coordination networks. The isotropic arrangement of nanoclusters with a short-range order is investigated via grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. The integration of robust M-O (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) and labile Cu-O coordination bonds with high connectivity of Au25(MHA)18 nanoclusters enables these artificial photonic structures to achieve a combination of mechanical stability and bacteriostatic activity. Moreover, the colorless and transparent PA-metal complex layer allows the viewing of the structural color and surface wettability switching to hydrophilic and makes feasible the interfacial biomineralization of hydroxyapatite. Collectively, these modular metal-organic coordination-driven assemblies are predictive and rational material design strategies with tunable hierarchy and diversity. The complete metal-organic architectures will not only help improve the physicochemical properties of the bone-implant interface with synergistic antibacterial and osseointegration activities but also can boost surface engineering of medical metal implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangyu Chu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zesong Ruan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cunfeng Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qichao Li
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- Department of Second Dental Clinic, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Jiale Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology, Institute Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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14
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Autofluorescent Biomolecules in Diptera: From Structure to Metabolism and Behavior. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144458. [PMID: 35889334 PMCID: PMC9318335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-based phenomena in insects have long attracted researchers’ attention. Surface color distribution patterns are commonly used for taxonomical purposes, while optically-active structures from Coleoptera cuticle or Lepidoptera wings have inspired technological applications, such as biosensors and energy accumulation devices. In Diptera, besides optically-based phenomena, biomolecules able to fluoresce can act as markers of bio-metabolic, structural and behavioral features. Resilin or chitinous compounds, with their respective blue or green-to-red autofluorescence (AF), are commonly related to biomechanical and structural properties, helpful to clarify the mechanisms underlying substrate adhesion of ectoparasites’ leg appendages, or the antennal abilities in tuning sound detection. Metarhodopsin, a red fluorescing photoproduct of rhodopsin, allows to investigate visual mechanisms, whereas NAD(P)H and flavins, commonly relatable to energy metabolism, favor the investigation of sperm vitality. Lipofuscins are AF biomarkers of aging, as well as pteridines, which, similarly to kynurenines, are also exploited in metabolic investigations. Beside the knowledge available in Drosophila melanogaster, a widely used model to study also human disorder and disease mechanisms, here we review optically-based studies in other dipteran species, including mosquitoes and fruit flies, discussing future perspectives for targeted studies with various practical applications, including pest and vector control.
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15
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Antennapedia and optix regulate metallic silver wing scale development and cell shape in Bicyclus anynana butterflies. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111052. [PMID: 35793633 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterfly wing scales can develop intricate cuticular nanostructures that produce silver colors, but the underlying genetic and physical basis of such colors is mostly unexplored. Here, we characterize different types of wild-type silver scales in Bicyclus anynana butterflies and show that the varying thickness of the air layer between two cuticular laminas is most important for producing silvery broadband reflectance. We then address the function of five genes-apterous A, Ultrabithorax, doublesex, Antennapedia, and optix-in silver scale development by examining crispants with either ectopic gains or losses of silver scales. Simultaneous transformations of three parameters-loss of the upper lamina, increased lower lamina thickness, and increased pigmentation-occur when silver scales become brown and vice versa when brown scales become silver. Antennapedia and optix are high-level regulators of different silver scale types and determine cell shape in both sexes. Moreover, Antennapedia is involved in determining ridge and crossrib orientation.
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16
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Brien MN, Enciso-Romero J, Lloyd VJ, Curran EV, Parnell AJ, Morochz C, Salazar PA, Rastas P, Zinn T, Nadeau NJ. The genetic basis of structural colour variation in mimetic
Heliconius
butterflies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200505. [PMID: 35634924 PMCID: PMC9149798 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural colours, produced by the reflection of light from ultrastructures, have evolved multiple times in butterflies. Unlike pigmentary colours and patterns, little is known about the genetic basis of these colours. Reflective structures on wing-scale ridges are responsible for iridescent structural colour in many butterflies, including the Müllerian mimics Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene. Here, we quantify aspects of scale ultrastructure variation and colour in crosses between iridescent and non-iridescent subspecies of both of these species and perform quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. We show that iridescent structural colour has a complex genetic basis in both species, with offspring from crosses having a wide variation in blue colour (both hue and brightness) and scale structure measurements. We detect two different genomic regions in each species that explain modest amounts of this variation, with a sex-linked QTL in H. erato but not H. melpomene. We also find differences between species in the relationships between structure and colour, overall suggesting that these species have followed different evolutionary trajectories in their evolution of structural colour. We then identify genes within the QTL intervals that are differentially expressed between subspecies and/or wing regions, revealing likely candidates for genes controlling structural colour formation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Genetic basis of adaptation and speciation: from loci to causative mutations’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie N. Brien
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Juan Enciso-Romero
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Victoria J. Lloyd
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Emma V. Curran
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrew J. Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | | | - Patricio A. Salazar
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Zinn
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Nicola J. Nadeau
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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17
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Moon SM, Kim DW, Lee S, Eom T, Jeon SH, Shim BS. Precisely tuned photonic properties of crystalline nanocellulose biocomposite coatings by gradually tailored nanoarchitectures. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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In vivo visualization of butterfly scale cell morphogenesis in Vanessa cardui. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112009118. [PMID: 34845021 PMCID: PMC8670486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112009118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms exhibit functional micro- and nanoscale materials with structural definition and performance that challenge synthetic fabrication techniques, yet we know little about the processes that enable their formation. Using butterfly scales as a model system for functional biomaterials, we establish a timeline of scale formation and quantify relevant structural parameters for developing painted lady butterflies. We overcome challenges of previous efforts by imaging structure formation directly in living organisms, which allows us to continuously observe the evolving wing tissue and the fine details of individual scale cells. Visualization of scale structure formation in live butterflies forms the basis for modeling the underlying biomechanical processes and opens avenues for their translation into advanced fabrication strategies. During metamorphosis, the wings of a butterfly sprout hundreds of thousands of scales with intricate microstructures and nano-structures that determine the wings’ optical appearance, wetting characteristics, thermodynamic properties, and aerodynamic behavior. Although the functional characteristics of scales are well known and prove desirable in various applications, the dynamic processes and temporal coordination required to sculpt the scales’ many structural features remain poorly understood. Current knowledge of scale growth is primarily gained from ex vivo studies of fixed scale cells at discrete time points; to fully understand scale formation, it is critical to characterize the time-dependent morphological changes throughout their development. Here, we report the continuous, in vivo, label-free imaging of growing scale cells of Vanessa cardui using speckle-correlation reflection phase microscopy. By capturing time-resolved volumetric tissue data together with nanoscale surface height information, we establish a morphological timeline of wing scale formation and gain quantitative insights into the underlying processes involved in scale cell patterning and growth. We identify early differences in the patterning of cover and ground scales on the young wing and quantify geometrical parameters of growing scale features, which suggest that surface growth is critical to structure formation. Our quantitative, time-resolved in vivo imaging of butterfly scale development provides the foundation for decoding the processes and biomechanical principles involved in the formation of functional structures in biological materials.
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19
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Dolinko A, Borgmann L, Lutz C, Curticean ER, Wacker I, Vidal MS, Szischik C, Donie Y, Inchaussandague M, Skigin D, Hölscher H, Tubaro P, Barreira A. Analysis of the optical properties of the silvery spots on the wings of the Gulf Fritillary, Dione vanillae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19341. [PMID: 34588495 PMCID: PMC8481520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral face of the wings of the butterfly Dione vanillae is covered with bright and shiny silvery spots. These areas contain densely packed ground- and coverscales with a bright metallic appearance reflecting more than 50% of light uniformly over the visible range. Our analysis shows that this optically attractive feature is caused by the inner microstructure of the scales located in these areas. Electron microscopy of cross sections through the scales shows that upper and lower lamina, supporting trabeculae, and topping ridges can be approximated by a 'circus tent'-like geometry. By simulating its optical properties, we show that a moderate disorder of this geometry is important for the uniform reflection of light resulting in the silvery appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Dolinko
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luisa Borgmann
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Lutz
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ernest Ronald Curticean
- CryoEM, BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene Wacker
- CryoEM, BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - María Sol Vidal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Candela Szischik
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yidenekachew Donie
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marina Inchaussandague
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana Skigin
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hendrik Hölscher
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Pablo Tubaro
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias, Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" MACN-CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Barreira
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias, Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" MACN-CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Price-Waldman R, Stoddard MC. Avian Coloration Genetics: Recent Advances and Emerging Questions. J Hered 2021; 112:395-416. [PMID: 34002228 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The colorful phenotypes of birds have long provided rich source material for evolutionary biologists. Avian plumage, beaks, skin, and eggs-which exhibit a stunning range of cryptic and conspicuous forms-inspired early work on adaptive coloration. More recently, avian color has fueled discoveries on the physiological, developmental, and-increasingly-genetic mechanisms responsible for phenotypic variation. The relative ease with which avian color traits can be quantified has made birds an attractive system for uncovering links between phenotype and genotype. Accordingly, the field of avian coloration genetics is burgeoning. In this review, we highlight recent advances and emerging questions associated with the genetic underpinnings of bird color. We start by describing breakthroughs related to 2 pigment classes: carotenoids that produce red, yellow, and orange in most birds and psittacofulvins that produce similar colors in parrots. We then discuss structural colors, which are produced by the interaction of light with nanoscale materials and greatly extend the plumage palette. Structural color genetics remain understudied-but this paradigm is changing. We next explore how colors that arise from interactions among pigmentary and structural mechanisms may be controlled by genes that are co-expressed or co-regulated. We also identify opportunities to investigate genes mediating within-feather micropatterning and the coloration of bare parts and eggs. We conclude by spotlighting 2 research areas-mechanistic links between color vision and color production, and speciation-that have been invigorated by genetic insights, a trend likely to continue as new genomic approaches are applied to non-model species.
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21
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Stavenga DG. The wing scales of the mother-of-pearl butterfly, Protogoniomorpha parhassus, are thin film reflectors causing strong iridescence and polarization. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271006. [PMID: 34291802 PMCID: PMC8353264 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal wings of the mother-of-pearl butterfly, Protogoniomorpha parhassus, display an angle-dependent pink, structural color. This effect is created by light interference in the lower lamina of the wing scales, which acts as an optical thin film. The scales feature extremely large windows that enhance the scale reflectance, because the upper lamina of ridges and cross-ribs is very sparse. Characteristic for thin film reflectors, the spectral shape of the reflected light strongly depends on the angle of light incidence, shifting from pink to yellow when changing the angles of illumination and observation from normal to skew, and also the degree of polarization strongly varies. The simultaneous spectral and polarization changes serve a possibly widespread, highly effective system among butterflies for intraspecific communication during flight. Summary: The dorsal wings of the mother-of-pearl butterfly, Protogoniomorpha parhassus, show characteristics of thin film reflectors, allowing simultaneous spectral and polarization changes, which may be important in intraspecific communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doekele G Stavenga
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Guo L, Bloom J, Sykes S, Huang E, Kashif Z, Pham E, Ho K, Alcaraz A, Xiao XG, Duarte-Vogel S, Kruglyak L. Genetics of white color and iridophoroma in "Lemon Frost" leopard geckos. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009580. [PMID: 34166378 PMCID: PMC8224956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The squamates (lizards and snakes) are close relatives of birds and mammals, with more than 10,000 described species that display extensive variation in a number of important biological traits, including coloration, venom production, and regeneration. Due to a lack of genomic tools, few genetic studies in squamates have been carried out. The leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius, is a popular companion animal, and displays a variety of coloration patterns. We took advantage of a large breeding colony and used linkage analysis, synteny, and homozygosity mapping to investigate a spontaneous semi-dominant mutation, “Lemon Frost”, that produces white coloration and causes skin tumors (iridophoroma). We localized the mutation to a single locus which contains a strong candidate gene, SPINT1, a tumor suppressor implicated in human skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and over-proliferation of epithelial cells in mice and zebrafish. Our work establishes the leopard gecko as a tractable genetic system and suggests that a tumor suppressor in melanocytes in humans can also suppress tumor development in iridophores in lizards. The squamates (lizards and snakes) comprise a diverse group of reptiles, with more than 10,000 described species that display extensive variation in a number of important biological traits, including coloration. In this manuscript, we used quantitative genetics and genomics to map the mutation underlying white coloration in the Lemon Frost morph of the common leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. Lemon Frost geckos have increased white body coloration with brightened yellow and orange areas. This morph also displays a high incidence of iridophoroma, a tumor of white-colored cells. We obtained phenotype information and DNA samples from geckos in a large breeding colony and used genome sequencing and genetic linkage analysis to localize the Lemon Frost mutation to a single locus. This locus contains a strong candidate gene, SPINT1, a tumor suppressor implicated in human skin cutaneous melanoma. Together with other recent advances, our work brings reptiles into the modern genetics era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Guo
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LG); (LK)
| | - Joshua Bloom
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steve Sykes
- Geckos Etc. Herpetoculture, Rocklin, California, United States of America
| | - Elaine Huang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zain Kashif
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elise Pham
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katarina Ho
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Alcaraz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Xinshu Grace Xiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sandra Duarte-Vogel
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Leonid Kruglyak
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LG); (LK)
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23
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Pomerantz AF, Siddique RH, Cash EI, Kishi Y, Pinna C, Hammar K, Gomez D, Elias M, Patel NH. Developmental, cellular and biochemical basis of transparency in clearwing butterflies. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:268372. [PMID: 34047337 PMCID: PMC8340268 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The wings of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are typically covered with thousands of flat, overlapping scales that endow the wings with colorful patterns. Yet, numerous species of Lepidoptera have evolved highly transparent wings, which often possess scales of altered morphology and reduced size, and the presence of membrane surface nanostructures that dramatically reduce reflection. Optical properties and anti-reflective nanostructures have been characterized for several ‘clearwing’ Lepidoptera, but the developmental processes underlying wing transparency are unknown. Here, we applied confocal and electron microscopy to create a developmental time series in the glasswing butterfly, Greta oto, comparing transparent and non-transparent wing regions. We found that during early wing development, scale precursor cell density was reduced in transparent regions, and cytoskeletal organization during scale growth differed between thin, bristle-like scale morphologies within transparent regions and flat, round scale morphologies within opaque regions. We also show that nanostructures on the wing membrane surface are composed of two layers: a lower layer of regularly arranged nipple-like nanostructures, and an upper layer of irregularly arranged wax-based nanopillars composed predominantly of long-chain n-alkanes. By chemically removing wax-based nanopillars, along with optical spectroscopy and analytical simulations, we demonstrate their role in generating anti-reflective properties. These findings provide insight into morphogenesis and composition of naturally organized microstructures and nanostructures, and may provide bioinspiration for new anti-reflective materials. Summary: Transparency is a fascinating, yet poorly studied, optical property in living organisms. We elucidated the developmental processes underlying scale and nanostructure formation in glasswing butterflies, and their roles in generating anti-reflective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Pomerantz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Radwanul H Siddique
- Image Sensor Lab, Samsung Semiconductor, Inc., 2 N Lake Ave. Ste. 240, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA.,Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Cash
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuriko Kishi
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Charline Pinna
- ISYEB, 45 rue Buffon, CP50, 75005, Paris, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, France
| | - Kasia Hammar
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Doris Gomez
- CEFE, 1919 route de Mende, 34090, Montpellier, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, France
| | - Marianne Elias
- ISYEB, 45 rue Buffon, CP50, 75005, Paris, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, France
| | - Nipam H Patel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.,Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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24
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Liu J, Chen Z, Xiao Y, Asano T, Li S, Peng L, Chen E, Zhang J, Li W, Zhang Y, Tong X, Kadono-Okuda K, Zhao P, He N, Arunkumar KP, Gopinathan KP, Xia Q, Willis JH, Goldsmith MR, Mita K. Lepidopteran wing scales contain abundant cross-linked film-forming histidine-rich cuticular proteins. Commun Biol 2021; 4:491. [PMID: 33888855 PMCID: PMC8062583 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Scales are symbolic characteristic of Lepidoptera; however, nothing is known about the contribution of cuticular proteins (CPs) to the complex patterning of lepidopteran scales. This is because scales are resistant to solubilization, thus hindering molecular studies. Here we succeeded in dissolving developing wing scales from Bombyx mori, allowing analysis of their protein composition. We identified a distinctive class of histidine rich (His-rich) CPs (6%-45%) from developing lepidopteran scales by LC-MS/MS. Functional studies using RNAi revealed CPs with different histidine content play distinct and critical roles in constructing the microstructure of the scale surface. Moreover, we successfully synthesized films in vitro by crosslinking a 45% His-rich CP (BmorCPR152) with laccase2 using N-acetyl- dopamine or N-β-alanyl-dopamine as the substrate. This molecular study of scales provides fundamental information about how such a fine microstructure is constructed and insights into the potential application of CPs as new biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingdan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tsunaki Asano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Enxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Keiko Kadono-Okuda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kallare P Arunkumar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, (CMER&TI), Central Silk Board, Jorhat, India
| | | | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Judith H Willis
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Marian R Goldsmith
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
| | - Kazuei Mita
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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25
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Kumar S, Foroozesh J. Chitin nanocrystals based complex fluids: A green nanotechnology. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 257:117619. [PMID: 33541647 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chitin biopolymer has received significant attention recently by many industries as a green technology. Nanotechnology has been used to make chitin nanocrystals (ChiNCs) that are rod-shaped natural nanomaterials with nanoscale size. Owing to the unique features such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, rod-shape, and excellent surface and interfacial, physiochemical, and thermo-mechanical properties; ChiNCs have been green and attractive products with wide applications specifically in medical and pharmaceutical, food and packaging, cosmetic, electrical, and electronic, and also in the oil and gas industry. This review aims to give a comprehensive and applied insight into ChiNCs technology. It starts with reviewing different sources of chitin and their extraction methods followed by the characterization of ChiNCs. Furthermore, a detailed investigation into various complex fluids (dispersions, emulsions, foams, and gels) stabilized by ChiNCs and their characterisation have been thoroughly deliberated. Finally, the current status including ground-breaking applications, untapped investigations, and future prospective have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - Jalal Foroozesh
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia.
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26
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The evolution of structural colour in butterflies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:28-34. [PMID: 33540167 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Butterflies display some of the most striking examples of structural colour in nature. These colours originate from cuticular scales that cover the wing surface, which have evolved a diverse suite of optical nanostructures capable of manipulating light. In this review we explore recent advances in the evolution of structural colour in butterflies. We discuss new insights into the underlying genetics and development of the structural colours in various nanostructure types. Improvements in -omic and imaging technologies have been paramount to these new advances and have permitted an increased appreciation of their development and evolution.
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27
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Araki Y, Sota T. Population genetic structure underlying the geographic variation in beetle structural colour with multiple transition zones. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:670-684. [PMID: 33253446 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the population genetic structure underlying the geographic variation in the structural colour of the geotrupid dung beetle, Phelotrupes auratus, which exhibits metallic body colours of different reflectance wavelengths perceived as red, green and indigo. These forms occur parapatrically in an area of Japan. The colour variation was not related to variation in climatic factors. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from restriction-site-associated DNA sequences, we discriminated five groups of populations (west/red, south/green, south/indigo, south/red and east/red) by a combination of genetic clusters (west, south and east) and three colour forms. There were three transition zones for the colour forms: two between the red and green forms were hybrid zones with steep genetic clines, which implies the existence of barriers to gene flow between regions with different colours. The remaining transition zone between the green and indigo forms lacked genetic differentiation, despite the evident colour changes, which implies regionally specific selection on the different colours. In a genomewide association study, we identified four SNPs that were associated with the red/green or indigo colour and were not linked with one another, which implies that the coloration was controlled by multiple loci, each affecting the expression of a different colour range. These loci may have controlled the transitions between different combinations of colours. Our study demonstrates that geographic colour variation within a species can be maintained by nonuniform interactions among barriers to gene flow, locally specific selection on different colours, and the effects of different colour loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Araki
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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28
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Stavenga DG, Leertouwer HL, Arikawa K. Coloration principles of the Great purple emperor butterfly (Sasakia charonda). ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2020; 6:13. [PMID: 33292721 PMCID: PMC7664033 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-020-00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal wings of male Sasakia charonda butterflies display a striking blue iridescent coloration, which is accentuated by white, orange-yellow and red spots, as well as by brown margins. The ventral wings also have a variegated, but more subdued, pattern. We investigated the optical basis of the various colors of intact wings as well as isolated wing scales by applying light and electron microscopy, imaging scatterometry and (micro)spectrophotometry. The prominent blue iridescence is due to scales with tightly packed, multilayered ridges that contain melanin pigment. The scales in the brown wing margins also contain melanin. Pigments extracted from the orange-yellow and red spots indicate the presence of 3-OH-kynurenine and ommochrome pigment. The scales in the white spots also have multilayered ridges but lack pigment. The lower lamina of the scales plays a so-far undervalued but often crucial role. Its thin-film properties color the majority of the ventral wing scales, which are unpigmented and have large windows. The lower lamina acting as a thin-film reflector generally contributes to the reflectance of the various scale types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doekele G Stavenga
- Surfaces and thin films, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hein L Leertouwer
- Surfaces and thin films, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Sokendai-Hayama, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, 240-0193, Japan
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29
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Ren A, Day CR, Hanly JJ, Counterman BA, Morehouse NI, Martin A. Convergent Evolution of Broadband Reflectors Underlies Metallic Coloration in Butterflies. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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