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Nandi A, Zhang A, Chu ZT, Xie WJ, Xu Z, Dong S, Warshel A. Exploring the Light-Emitting Agents in Renilla Luciferases by an Effective QM/MM Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13875-13885. [PMID: 38718165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Bioluminescence is a fascinating natural phenomenon, wherein organisms produce light through specific biochemical reactions. Among these organisms, Renilla luciferase (RLuc) derived from the sea pansy Renilla reniformis is notable for its blue light emission and has potential applications in bioluminescent tagging. Our study focuses on RLuc8, a variant of RLuc with eight amino acid substitutions. Recent studies have shown that the luminescent emitter coelenteramide can adopt multiple protonation states, which may be influenced by nearby residues at the enzyme's active site, demonstrating a complex interplay between protein structure and bioluminescence. Herein, using the quantum mechanical consistent force field method and the semimacroscopic protein dipole-Langevin dipole method with linear response approximation, we show that the phenolate state of coelenteramide in RLuc8 is the primary light-emitting species in agreement with experimental results. Our calculations also suggest that the proton transfer (PT) from neutral coelenteramide to Asp162 plays a crucial role in the bioluminescence process. Additionally, we reproduced the observed emission maximum for the amide anion in RLuc8-D120A and the pyrazine anion in the presence of a Na+ counterion in RLuc8-D162A, suggesting that these are the primary emitters. Furthermore, our calculations on the neutral emitter in the engineered AncFT-D160A enzyme, structurally akin to RLuc8-D162A but with a considerably blue-shifted emission peak, aligned with the observed data, possibly explaining the variance in emission peaks. Overall, this study demonstrates an effective approach to investigate chromophores' bimolecular states while incorporating the PT process in emission spectra calculations, contributing valuable insights for future studies of PT in photoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
| | - Aoxuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
| | - Zhen Tao Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
| | - Wen Jun Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zhongxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Arieh Warshel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
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2
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Schramm S, Weiß D. Bioluminescence - The Vibrant Glow of Nature and its Chemical Mechanisms. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400106. [PMID: 38469601 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Bioluminescence, the mesmerizing natural phenomenon where living organisms produce light through chemical reactions, has long captivated scientists and laypersons alike, offering a rich tapestry of insights into biological function, ecology, evolution as well as the underlying chemistry. This comprehensive introductory review systematically explores the phenomenon of bioluminescence, addressing its historical context, geographic dispersion, and ecological significance with a focus on their chemical mechanisms. Our examination begins with terrestrial bioluminescence, discussing organisms from different habitats. We analyze thefireflies of Central Europe's meadows and the fungi in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil. Additionally, we inspect bioluminescent species in New Zealand, specifically river-dwelling snails and mosquito larvae found in Waitomo Caves. Our exploration concludes in the Siberian Steppes, highlighting the area's luminescent insects and annelids. Transitioning to the marine realm, the second part of this review examines marine bioluminescent organisms. We explore this phenomenon in deep-sea jellyfish and their role in the ecosystem. We then move to Toyama Bay, Japan, where seasonal bioluminescence of dinoflagellates and ostracods present a unique case study. We also delve into the bacterial world, discussing how bioluminescent bacteria contribute to symbiotic relationships. For each organism, we contextualize its bioluminescence, providing details about its discovery, ecological function, and geographical distribution. A special focus lies on the examination of the underlying chemical mechanisms that enables these biological light displays. Concluding this review, we present a series of practical bioluminescence and chemiluminescence experiments, providing a resource for educational demonstrations and student research projects. Our goal with this review is to provide a summary of bioluminescence across the diverse ecological contexts, contributing to the broader understanding of this unique biological phenomenon and its chemical mechanisms serving researchers new to the field, educators and students alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schramm
- University of Applied Sciences Dresden (HTW Dresden), Friedrich-List-Platz 1, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Weiß
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
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3
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Porta-de-la-Riva M, Morales-Curiel LF, Carolina Gonzalez A, Krieg M. Bioluminescence as a functional tool for visualizing and controlling neuronal activity in vivo. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:024203. [PMID: 38348359 PMCID: PMC10861157 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.2.024203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The use of bioluminescence as a reporter for physiology in neuroscience is as old as the discovery of the calcium-dependent photon emission of aequorin. Over the years, luciferases have been largely replaced by fluorescent reporters, but recently, the field has seen a renaissance of bioluminescent probes, catalyzed by unique developments in imaging technology, bioengineering, and biochemistry to produce luciferases with previously unseen colors and intensity. This is not surprising as the advantages of bioluminescence make luciferases very attractive for noninvasive, longitudinal in vivo observations without the need of an excitation light source. Here, we review how the development of dedicated and specific sensor-luciferases afforded, among others, transcranial imaging of calcium and neurotransmitters, or cellular metabolites and physical quantities such as forces and membrane voltage. Further, the increased versatility and light output of luciferases have paved the way for a new field of functional bioluminescence optogenetics, in which the photon emission of the luciferase is coupled to the gating of a photosensor, e.g., a channelrhodopsin and we review how they have been successfully used to engineer synthetic neuronal connections. Finally, we provide a primer to consider important factors in setting up functional bioluminescence experiments, with a particular focus on the genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans, and discuss the leading challenges that the field needs to overcome to regain a competitive advantage over fluorescence modalities. Together, our paper caters to experienced users of bioluminescence as well as novices who would like to experience the advantages of luciferases in their own hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Porta-de-la-Riva
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis-Felipe Morales-Curiel
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Carolina Gonzalez
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Krieg
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Palkina KA, Karataeva TA, Perfilov MM, Fakhranurova LI, Markina NM, Somermeyer LG, Garcia-Perez E, Vazquez-Vilar M, Rodriguez-Rodriguez M, Vazquez-Vilriales V, Shakhova ES, Mitiouchkina T, Belozerova OA, Kovalchuk SI, Alekberova A, Malyshevskaia AK, Bugaeva EN, Guglya EB, Balakireva A, Sytov N, Bezlikhotnova A, Boldyreva DI, Babenko VV, Kondrashov FA, Choob VV, Orzaez D, Yampolsky IV, Mishin AS, Sarkisyan KS. A hybrid pathway for self-sustained luminescence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1992. [PMID: 38457503 PMCID: PMC10923510 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The fungal bioluminescence pathway can be reconstituted in other organisms allowing luminescence imaging without exogenously supplied substrate. The pathway starts from hispidin biosynthesis-a step catalyzed by a large fungal polyketide synthase that requires a posttranslational modification for activity. Here, we report identification of alternative compact hispidin synthases encoded by a phylogenetically diverse group of plants. A hybrid bioluminescence pathway that combines plant and fungal genes is more compact, not dependent on availability of machinery for posttranslational modifications, and confers autonomous bioluminescence in yeast, mammalian, and plant hosts. The compact size of plant hispidin synthases enables additional modes of delivery of autoluminescence, such as delivery with viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia A. Palkina
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Karataeva
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim M. Perfilov
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liliia I. Fakhranurova
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda M. Markina
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena Garcia-Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Valéncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Vazquez-Vilar
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Valéncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Valéncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Vazquez-Vilriales
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Valéncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ekaterina S. Shakhova
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Mitiouchkina
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Belozerova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Kovalchuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Alekberova
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena K. Malyshevskaia
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena B. Guglya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasia Balakireva
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita Sytov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Daria I. Boldyreva
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav V. Babenko
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fyodor A. Kondrashov
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Vladimir V. Choob
- Botanical Garden of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory 1 b.12, Moscow 119234 Russia
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Valéncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ilia V. Yampolsky
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Light Bio Inc., Ketchum, ID, USA
| | - Alexander S. Mishin
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen S. Sarkisyan
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Light Bio Inc., Ketchum, ID, USA
- Synthetic Biology Group, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Shakhova ES, Karataeva TA, Markina NM, Mitiouchkina T, Palkina KA, Perfilov MM, Wood MG, Hoang TT, Hall MP, Fakhranurova LI, Alekberova AE, Malyshevskaia AK, Gorbachev DA, Bugaeva EN, Pletneva LK, Babenko VV, Boldyreva DI, Gorokhovatsky AY, Balakireva AV, Gao F, Choob VV, Encell LP, Wood KV, Yampolsky IV, Sarkisyan KS, Mishin AS. An improved pathway for autonomous bioluminescence imaging in eukaryotes. Nat Methods 2024; 21:406-410. [PMID: 38253843 PMCID: PMC10927554 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of the bioluminescence pathway in the fungus Neonothopanus nambi enabled engineering of eukaryotes with self-sustained luminescence. However, the brightness of luminescence in heterologous hosts was limited by performance of the native fungal enzymes. Here we report optimized versions of the pathway that enhance bioluminescence by one to two orders of magnitude in plant, fungal and mammalian hosts, and enable longitudinal video-rate imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Shakhova
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Karataeva
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda M Markina
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Mitiouchkina
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniia A Palkina
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim M Perfilov
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna E Alekberova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena K Malyshevskaia
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorbachev
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Vladislav V Babenko
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria I Boldyreva
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Y Gorokhovatsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Balakireva
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Feng Gao
- Synthetic Biology Group, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vladimir V Choob
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Botanical Garden of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Ilia V Yampolsky
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Light Bio Inc, Ketchum, ID, USA
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen S Sarkisyan
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Synthetic Biology Group, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Light Bio Inc, Ketchum, ID, USA.
| | - Alexander S Mishin
- Planta LLC, Moscow, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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6
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Ran C, Pu K. Molecularly generated light and its biomedical applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314468. [PMID: 37955419 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly generated light, referred to here as "molecular light", mainly includes bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, and Cerenkov luminescence. Molecular light possesses unique dual features of being both a molecule and a source of light. Its molecular nature enables it to be delivered as molecules to regions deep within the body, overcoming the limitations of natural sunlight and physically generated light sources like lasers and LEDs. Simultaneously, its light properties make it valuable for applications such as imaging, photodynamic therapy, photo-oxidative therapy, and photobiomodulation. In this review article, we provide an updated overview of the diverse applications of molecular light and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of molecular light across various domains. Lastly, we present forward-looking perspectives on the potential of molecular light in the realms of molecular imaging, photobiological mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and photobiomodulation. While some of these perspectives may be considered bold and contentious, our intent is to inspire further innovations in the field of molecular light applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Park MJ, Kim E, Kim MJ, Jang Y, Ryoo R, Ka KH. Cloning and Expression Analysis of Bioluminescence Genes in Omphalotus guepiniiformis Reveal Stress-Dependent Regulation of Bioluminescence. MYCOBIOLOGY 2024; 52:42-50. [PMID: 38415178 PMCID: PMC10896133 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2024.2302661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence that arises from a luciferase-catalyzed oxidation reaction of luciferin. Molecular biology and comparative genomics have recently elucidated the genes involved in fungal bioluminescence and the evolutionary history of their clusters. However, most studies on fungal bioluminescence have been limited to observing the changes in light intensity under various conditions. To understand the molecular basis of bioluminescent responses in Omphalotus guepiniiformis under different environmental conditions, we cloned and sequenced the genes of hispidin synthase, hispidin-3-hydroxylase, and luciferase enzymes, which are pivotal in the fungal bioluminescence pathway. Each gene showed high sequence similarity to that of other luminous fungal species. Furthermore, we investigated their transcriptional changes in response to abiotic stresses. Wound stress enhanced the bioluminescence intensity by increasing the expression of bioluminescence pathway genes, while temperature stress suppressed the bioluminescence intensity via the non-transcriptional pathway. Our data suggested that O. guepiniiformis regulates bioluminescence to respond differentially to specific environmental stresses. To our knowledge, this is the first study on fungal bioluminescence at the gene expression level. Further studies are required to address the biological and ecological meaning of different bioluminescence responses in changing environments, and O. quepiniiformis could be a potential model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Park
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Kim
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jun Kim
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongseon Jang
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rhim Ryoo
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyeon Ka
- Forest Microbiology Division, Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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8
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Calvache C, Vazquez‐Vilar M, Moreno‐Giménez E, Orzaez D. A quantitative autonomous bioluminescence reporter system with a wide dynamic range for Plant Synthetic Biology. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:37-47. [PMID: 37882352 PMCID: PMC10754000 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant Synthetic Biology aims to enhance the capacities of plants by designing and integrating synthetic gene circuits (SGCs). Quantitative reporting solutions that can produce quick, rich datasets affordably are necessary for SGC optimization. In this paper, we present a new, low-cost, and high-throughput reporter system for the quantitative measurement of gene expression in plants based on autonomous bioluminescence. This method eliminates the need for an exogenous supply of luciferase substrate by exploiting the entire Neonothopanus nambi fungal bioluminescence cyclic pathway to build a self-sustained reporter. The HispS gene, the pathway's limiting step, was set up as the reporter's transcriptional entry point as part of the new system's design, which significantly improved the output's dynamic range and brought it on par with that of the gold standard FLuc/RLuc reporter. Additionally, transient ratiometric measurements in N. benthamiana were made possible by the addition of an enhanced GFP as a normalizer. The performance of new NeoLuc/eGFP system was extensively validated with SGCs previously described, including phytohormone and optogenetic sensors. Furthermore, we employed NeoLuc/eGFP in the optimization of challenging SGCs, including new configurations for an agrochemical (copper) switch, a new blue optogenetic sensor, and a dual copper/red-light switch for tight regulation of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Calvache
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValénciaValenciaSpain
| | - Marta Vazquez‐Vilar
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValénciaValenciaSpain
| | - Elena Moreno‐Giménez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValénciaValenciaSpain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValénciaValenciaSpain
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9
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Wang Q, Hu Z, Li Z, Liu T, Bian G. Exploring the Application and Prospects of Synthetic Biology in Engineered Living Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2305828. [PMID: 37677048 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
At the intersection of synthetic biology and materials science, engineered living materials (ELMs) exhibit unprecedented potential. Possessing unique "living" attributes, ELMs represent a significant paradigm shift in material design, showcasing self-organization, self-repair, adaptability, and evolvability, surpassing conventional synthetic materials. This review focuses on reviewing the applications of ELMs derived from bacteria, fungi, and plants in environmental remediation, eco-friendly architecture, and sustainable energy. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress and emerging design strategies for ELMs in various application fields from the perspectives of synthetic biology and materials science. In addition, the review provides valuable references for the design of novel ELMs, extending the potential applications of future ELMs. The investigation into the synergistic application possibilities amongst different species of ELMs offers beneficial reference information for researchers and practitioners in this field. Finally, future trends and development challenges of synthetic biology for ELMs in the coming years are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Center of Materials Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhehui Hu
- Center of Materials Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhixuan Li
- Center of Materials Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guangkai Bian
- Center of Materials Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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10
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Thar HM, Treesubsuntorn C, Thiravetyan P, Dolphen R. Development of light-emitting Episcia lilacina leaf by applying Vibrio campbellii RMT1 and extending the glowing by CaCl 2 and yeast extract. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28657-9. [PMID: 37421531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Glowing Episcia lilacina was generated through foliar application of the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio campbellii RMT1. Firstly, different nutrient formulas were tested, incorporating yeast extract and various inorganic salts, such as CaCl2, MgCl2, MgSO4, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, and NaCl, in order to enhance bacterial growth and light emission. The combination of 0.15% of yeast extract and 0.3% of CaCl2 in a nutrient broth (NB) + 1% NaCl medium extended light emission to 24 h and resulted in higher light intensity compared to other combinations of yeast extract and inorganic salts. The peak intensity reached approximately 1.26 × 108 relative light units (RLU) at 7 h. The optimal presence of inorganic salt ions likely contributed to enhanced light emission, while the yeast extract acted as a nutrient source. Secondly, the effect of proline on salt-induced stress symptoms was investigated by applying 20 mM proline to the glowing plant. Additionally, a 0.5% agar nutrient was spread on the leaves prior to bacteria application to support bacterial growth and penetration. Exogenous proline application led to a significant accumulation of proline in plant cells, resulting in decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. However, the proline accumulation also reduced the light intensity of the bioluminescent bacteria. This study demonstrates the potential for generating light on a living plant using bioluminescent bacteria. Further understanding of the interaction between plants and light-emitting bacteria could contribute to the development of sustainably light-emitting plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu Myat Thar
- Division of Biotechnology, Schools of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Chairat Treesubsuntorn
- Division of Biotechnology, Schools of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Paitip Thiravetyan
- Division of Biotechnology, Schools of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Rujira Dolphen
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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11
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Brooks EG, Elorriaga E, Liu Y, Duduit JR, Yuan G, Tsai CJ, Tuskan GA, Ranney TG, Yang X, Liu W. Plant Promoters and Terminators for High-Precision Bioengineering. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2023; 5:0013. [PMID: 37849460 PMCID: PMC10328392 DOI: 10.34133/bdr.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High-precision bioengineering and synthetic biology require fine-tuning gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Gene transcription is tightly regulated by promoters and terminators. Promoters determine the timing, tissues and cells, and levels of the expression of genes. Terminators mediate transcription termination of genes and affect mRNA levels posttranscriptionally, e.g., the 3'-end processing, stability, translation efficiency, and nuclear to cytoplasmic export of mRNAs. The promoter and terminator combination affects gene expression. In the present article, we review the function and features of plant core promoters, proximal and distal promoters, and terminators, and their effects on and benchmarking strategies for regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Brooks
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Estefania Elorriaga
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - James R. Duduit
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resource, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Thomas G. Ranney
- Mountain Crop Improvement Lab, Department of Horticultural Science, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC 28759, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resource, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Wusheng Liu
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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12
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Seeing is understanding. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1003-1004. [PMID: 37474715 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
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13
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Zheng P, Ge J, Ji J, Zhong J, Chen H, Luo D, Li W, Bi B, Ma Y, Tong W, Han L, Ma S, Zhang Y, Wu J, Zhao Y, Pan R, Fan P, Lu M, Du H. Metabolic engineering and mechanical investigation of enhanced plant autoluminescence. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [PMID: 37155328 PMCID: PMC10363767 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The fungal bioluminescence pathway (FBP) was identified from glowing fungi, which releases self-sustained visible green luminescence. However, weak bioluminescence limits the potential application of the bioluminescence system. Here, we screened and characterized a C3'H1 (4-coumaroyl shikimate/quinate 3'-hydroxylase) gene from Brassica napus, which efficiently converts p-coumaroyl shikimate to caffeic acid and hispidin. Simultaneous expression of BnC3'H1 and NPGA (null-pigment mutant in A. nidulans) produces more caffeic acid and hispidin as the natural precursor of luciferin and significantly intensifies the original fungal bioluminescence pathway (oFBP). Thus, we successfully created enhanced FBP (eFBP) plants emitting 3 × 1011 photons/min/cm2 , sufficient to illuminate its surroundings and visualize words clearly in the dark. The glowing plants provide sustainable and bio-renewable illumination for the naked eyes, and manifest distinct responses to diverse environmental conditions via caffeic acid biosynthesis pathway. Importantly, we revealed that the biosynthesis of caffeic acid and hispidin in eFBP plants derived from the sugar pathway, and the inhibitors of the energy production system significantly reduced the luminescence signal rapidly from eFBP plants, suggesting that the FBP system coupled with the luciferin metabolic flux functions in an energy-driven way. These findings lay the groundwork for genetically creating stronger eFBP plants and developing more powerful biological tools with the FBP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jieyu Ge
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Ji
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingling Zhong
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daren Luo
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Bi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Ma
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanghui Tong
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leiqin Han
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Ma
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ronghui Pan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Du
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Liu X, Wang M, Liu Y. Chemistry in Fungal Bioluminescence: Theoretical Studies on Biosynthesis of Luciferin from Caffeic Acid and Regeneration of Caffeic Acid from Oxidized Luciferin. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030369. [PMID: 36983537 PMCID: PMC10053366 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal bioluminescence is widely distributed in the terrestrial environment. At a specific stage of growth, luminescent fungi shine green light at the fruiting body or mycelium. From the viewpoint of chemistry, fungal bioluminescence involves an in vivo cycle of caffeic acid. The complete cycle is composed of three stages: biosynthesis of luciferin from caffeic acid, luminescence process from luciferin to oxidized luciferin, and regeneration of caffeic acid from oxidized luciferin. Experimental studies roughly proposed this cycle but not the detailed reaction process and mechanism. Our previous theoretical study clearly described the mechanism of the middle stage. The present article attempts to describe the reaction processes and mechanisms of the other two stages by theoretical calculations. A complete theoretical study on the chemistry in the entire process of fungal bioluminescence is helpful to deeply understand fungal bioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- School of Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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15
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Chamness JC, Kumar J, Cruz AJ, Rhuby E, Holum MJ, Cody JP, Tibebu R, Gamo ME, Starker CG, Zhang F, Voytas DF. An extensible vector toolkit and parts library for advanced engineering of plant genomes. THE PLANT GENOME 2023:e20312. [PMID: 36896468 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant biotechnology is rife with new advances in transformation and genome engineering techniques. A common requirement for delivery and coordinated expression in plant cells, however, places the design and assembly of transformation constructs at a crucial juncture as desired reagent suites grow more complex. Modular cloning principles have simplified some aspects of vector design, yet many important components remain unavailable or poorly adapted for rapid implementation in biotechnology research. Here, we describe a universal Golden Gate cloning toolkit for vector construction. The toolkit chassis is compatible with the widely accepted Phytobrick standard for genetic parts, and supports assembly of arbitrarily complex T-DNAs through improved capacity, positional flexibility, and extensibility in comparison to extant kits. We also provision a substantial library of newly adapted Phytobricks, including regulatory elements for monocot and dicot gene expression, and coding sequences for genes of interest such as reporters, developmental regulators, and site-specific recombinases. Finally, we use a series of dual-luciferase assays to measure contributions to expression from promoters, terminators, and from cross-cassette interactions attributable to enhancer elements in certain promoters. Taken together, these publicly available cloning resources can greatly accelerate the testing and deployment of new tools for plant engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Chamness
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jitesh Kumar
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anna J Cruz
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elissa Rhuby
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mason J Holum
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jon P Cody
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Redeat Tibebu
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria Elena Gamo
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Colby G Starker
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel F Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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16
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Garcia AGK, Steinbrenner AD. Bringing Plant Immunity to Light: A Genetically Encoded, Bioluminescent Reporter of Pattern-Triggered Immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:139-149. [PMID: 36583694 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-22-0160-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants rely on innate immune systems to defend against a wide variety of biotic attackers. Key components of innate immunity include cell-surface pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pest- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Unlike other classes of receptors that often have visible cell-death immune outputs upon activation, PRRs generally lack rapid methods for assessing function. Here, we describe a genetically encoded bioluminescent reporter of immune activation by heterologously expressed PRRs in the model organism Nicotiana benthamiana. We characterized N. benthamiana transcriptome changes in response to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and subsequent PAMP treatment to identify pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-associated marker genes, which were then used to generate promoter-luciferase fusion fungal bioluminescence pathway (FBP) constructs. A reporter construct termed pFBP_2xNbLYS1::LUZ allows for robust detection of PTI activation by heterologously expressed PRRs. Consistent with known PTI signaling pathways, reporter activation by receptor-like protein (RLP) PRRs is dependent on the known adaptor of RLP PRRs, i.e., SOBIR1. The FBP reporter minimizes the amount of labor, reagents, and time needed to assay function of PRRs and displays robust sensitivity at biologically relevant PAMP concentrations, making it ideal for high throughput screens. The tools described in this paper will be powerful for investigations of PRR function and characterization of the structure-function of plant cell-surface receptors. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G K Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
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17
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Davis W, Endo M, Locke JCW. Spatially specific mechanisms and functions of the plant circadian clock. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:938-951. [PMID: 35640123 PMCID: PMC9516738 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Like many organisms, plants have evolved a genetic network, the circadian clock, to coordinate processes with day/night cycles. In plants, the clock is a pervasive regulator of development and modulates many aspects of physiology. Clock-regulated processes range from the correct timing of growth and cell division to interactions with the root microbiome. Recently developed techniques, such as single-cell time-lapse microscopy and single-cell RNA-seq, are beginning to revolutionize our understanding of this clock regulation, revealing a surprising degree of organ, tissue, and cell-type specificity. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our spatial view of the clock across the plant, both in terms of how it is regulated and how it regulates a diversity of output processes. We outline how understanding these spatially specific functions will help reveal the range of ways that the clock provides a fitness benefit for the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Davis
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Motomu Endo
- Authors for correspondence: (M.E.); (J.C.W.L.)
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18
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Moreno-Giménez E, Selma S, Calvache C, Orzáez D. GB_SynP: A Modular dCas9-Regulated Synthetic Promoter Collection for Fine-Tuned Recombinant Gene Expression in Plants. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3037-3048. [PMID: 36044643 PMCID: PMC9486966 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Programmable transcriptional factors based on the CRISPR architecture are becoming commonly used in plants for endogenous gene regulation. In plants, a potent CRISPR tool for gene induction is the so-called dCasEV2.1 activation system, which has shown remarkable genome-wide specificity combined with a strong activation capacity. To explore the ability of dCasEV2.1 to act as a transactivator for orthogonal synthetic promoters, a collection of DNA parts was created (GB_SynP) for combinatorial synthetic promoter building. The collection includes (i) minimal promoter parts with the TATA box and 5'UTR regions, (ii) proximal parts containing single or multiple copies of the target sequence for the gRNA, thus functioning as regulatory cis boxes, and (iii) sequence-randomized distal parts that ensure the adequate length of the resulting promoter. A total of 35 promoters were assembled using the GB_SynP collection, showing in all cases minimal background and predictable activation levels depending on the proximal parts used. GB_SynP was also employed in a combinatorial expression analysis of an autoluminescence pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana, showing the value of this tool in extracting important biological information such as the determination of the limiting steps in an enzymatic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno-Giménez
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Sara Selma
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Camilo Calvache
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Diego Orzáez
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
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19
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LaRue T, Lindner H, Srinivas A, Exposito-Alonso M, Lobet G, Dinneny JR. Uncovering natural variation in root system architecture and growth dynamics using a robotics-assisted phenomics platform. eLife 2022; 11:76968. [PMID: 36047575 PMCID: PMC9499532 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom contains a stunning array of complex morphologies easily observed above-ground, but more challenging to visualize below-ground. Understanding the magnitude of diversity in root distribution within the soil, termed root system architecture (RSA), is fundamental in determining how this trait contributes to species adaptation in local environments. Roots are the interface between the soil environment and the shoot system and therefore play a key role in anchorage, resource uptake, and stress resilience. Previously, we presented the GLO-Roots (Growth and Luminescence Observatory for Roots) system to study the RSA of soil-grown Arabidopsis thaliana plants from germination to maturity (Rellán-Álvarez et al., 2015). In this study, we present the automation of GLO-Roots using robotics and the development of image analysis pipelines in order to examine the temporal dynamic regulation of RSA and the broader natural variation of RSA in Arabidopsis, over time. These datasets describe the developmental dynamics of two independent panels of accessions and reveal highly complex and polygenic RSA traits that show significant correlation with climate variables of the accessions’ respective origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese LaRue
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Heike Lindner
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | - Ankit Srinivas
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | | | - Guillaume Lobet
- Agrosphere Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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20
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Tzani MA, Gioftsidou DK, Kallitsakis MG, Pliatsios NV, Kalogiouri NP, Angaridis PA, Lykakis IN, Terzidis MA. Direct and Indirect Chemiluminescence: Reactions, Mechanisms and Challenges. Molecules 2021; 26:7664. [PMID: 34946744 PMCID: PMC8705051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Emission of light by matter can occur through a variety of mechanisms. When it results from an electronically excited state of a species produced by a chemical reaction, it is called chemiluminescence (CL). The phenomenon can take place both in natural and artificial chemical systems and it has been utilized in a variety of applications. In this review, we aim to revisit some of the latest CL applications based on direct and indirect production modes. The characteristics of the chemical reactions and the underpinning CL mechanisms are thoroughly discussed in view of studies from the very recent bibliography. Different methodologies aiming at higher CL efficiencies are summarized and presented in detail, including CL type and scaffolds used in each study. The CL role in the development of efficient therapeutic platforms is also discussed in relation to the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and singlet oxygen (1O2) produced, as final products. Moreover, recent research results from our team are included regarding the behavior of commonly used photosensitizers upon chemical activation under CL conditions. The CL prospects in imaging, biomimetic organic and radical chemistry, and therapeutics are critically presented in respect to the persisting challenges and limitations of the existing strategies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Tzani
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Dimitra K. Gioftsidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Michael G. Kallitsakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Nikolaos V. Pliatsios
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Natasa P. Kalogiouri
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Panagiotis A. Angaridis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Ioannis N. Lykakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Michael A. Terzidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Kaku T, Sugiura K, Entani T, Osabe K, Nagai T. Enhanced brightness of bacterial luciferase by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14994. [PMID: 34294849 PMCID: PMC8298465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the lux operon (luxCDABE) of bacterial bioluminescence system as an autonomous luminous reporter has been demonstrated in bacteria, plant and mammalian cells. However, applications of bacterial bioluminescence-based imaging have been limited because of its low brightness. Here, we engineered the bacterial luciferase (heterodimer of luxA and luxB) by fusion with Venus, a bright variant of yellow fluorescent protein, to induce bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). By using decanal as an externally added substrate, color change and ten-times enhancement of brightness was achieved in Escherichia coli when circularly permuted Venus was fused to the C-terminus of luxB. Expression of the Venus-fused luciferase in human embryonic kidney cell lines (HEK293T) or in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves together with the substrate biosynthesis-related genes (luxC, luxD and luxE) enhanced the autonomous bioluminescence. We believe the improved luciferase will forge the way towards the potential development of autobioluminescent reporter system allowing spatiotemporal imaging in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kaku
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiura
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Entani
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Osabe
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.
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22
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Li B, Chen R, Zhu C, Kong F. Glowing plants can light up the night sky? A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3706-3715. [PMID: 34251679 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Luminescence, a physical phenomenon that producing cool light in vivo, has been found in bacteria, fungi, and animals but not yet in terrestrial higher plants. Through genetic engineering, it is feasible to introduce luminescence systems into living plant cells as biomarkers. Recently, some plants transformed with luminescent systems can glimmer in darkness, which can be observed by our naked eyes and provides a novel lighting resource. In this review, we summarized the bioassay development of luminescence in plant cells, followed by exampling the successful cases of glowing plants transformed with diverse luminescent systems. The potential key factors to design or optimize a glowing plant were also discussed. Our review is useful for the creation of the optimized glowing plants, which can be used not only in scientific research, but also as promising substitutes of artificial light sources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolong Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ru Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chenba Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fantao Kong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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23
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Khakhar A, Voytas DF. RNA Viral Vectors for Accelerating Plant Synthetic Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668580. [PMID: 34249040 PMCID: PMC8261061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The tools of synthetic biology have enormous potential to help us uncover the fundamental mechanisms controlling development and metabolism in plants. However, their effective utilization typically requires transgenesis, which is plagued by long timescales and high costs. In this review we explore how transgenesis can be minimized by delivering foreign genetic material to plants with systemically mobile and persistent vectors based on RNA viruses. We examine the progress that has been made thus far and highlight the hurdles that need to be overcome and some potential strategies to do so. We conclude with a discussion of biocontainment mechanisms to ensure these vectors can be used safely as well as how these vectors might expand the accessibility of plant synthetic biology techniques. RNA vectors stand poised to revolutionize plant synthetic biology by making genetic manipulation of plants cheaper and easier to deploy, as well as by accelerating experimental timescales from years to weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Khakhar
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Daniel F. Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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24
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Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell's Immunity. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030209. [PMID: 33800034 PMCID: PMC7999283 DOI: 10.3390/life11030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors are indispensable tools to understand a plant’s immunity as its spatiotemporal dimension is key in withstanding complex plant immune signaling. The diversity of genetically encoded biosensors in plants is expanding, covering new analytes with ever higher sensitivity and robustness, but their assortment is limited in some respects, such as their use in following biotic stress response, employing more than one biosensor in the same chassis, and their implementation into crops. In this review, we focused on the available biosensors that encompass these aspects. We show that in vivo imaging of calcium and reactive oxygen species is satisfactorily covered with the available genetically encoded biosensors, while on the other hand they are still underrepresented when it comes to imaging of the main three hormonal players in the immune response: salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid. Following more than one analyte in the same chassis, upon one or more conditions, has so far been possible by using the most advanced genetically encoded biosensors in plants which allow the monitoring of calcium and the two main hormonal pathways involved in plant development, auxin and cytokinin. These kinds of biosensor are also the most evolved in crops. In the last section, we examine the challenges in the use of biosensors and demonstrate some strategies to overcome them.
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25
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Syed AJ, Anderson JC. Applications of bioluminescence in biotechnology and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5668-5705. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01492c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescent probes have hugely benefited from the input of synthetic chemistry and protein engineering. Here we review the latest applications of these probes in biotechnology and beyond, with an eye on current limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha J. Syed
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
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26
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Sureda-Vives M, Sarkisyan KS. Bioluminescence-Driven Optogenetics. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E318. [PMID: 33260589 PMCID: PMC7760859 DOI: 10.3390/life10120318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence-based technologies are among the most commonly used methods to quantify and visualise physiology at the cellular and organismal levels. However, the potential of bioluminescence beyond reporter technologies remains largely unexplored. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging approaches employing bioluminescence as a biological light source that triggers physiological events and controls cell behaviour and discuss its possible future application in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macià Sureda-Vives
- Synthetic Biology Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, UK;
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Karen S. Sarkisyan
- Synthetic Biology Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, UK;
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
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27
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Love AC, Prescher JA. Seeing (and Using) the Light: Recent Developments in Bioluminescence Technology. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:904-920. [PMID: 32795417 PMCID: PMC7472846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence has long been used to image biological processes in vivo. This technology features luciferase enzymes and luciferin small molecules that produce visible light. Bioluminescent photons can be detected in tissues and live organisms, enabling sensitive and noninvasive readouts on physiological function. Traditional applications have focused on tracking cells and gene expression patterns, but new probes are pushing the frontiers of what can be visualized. The past few years have also seen the merger of bioluminescence with optogenetic platforms. Luciferase-luciferin reactions can drive light-activatable proteins, ultimately triggering signal transduction and other downstream events. This review highlights these and other recent advances in bioluminescence technology, with an emphasis on tool development. We showcase how new luciferins and engineered luciferases are expanding the scope of optical imaging. We also highlight how bioluminescent systems are being leveraged not just for sensing-but also controlling-biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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