1
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Holland ED, Miller HL, Millette MM, Taylor RJ, Drucker GL, Dent EW. A methodology for specific disruption of microtubule polymerization into dendritic spines. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:mr3. [PMID: 38630519 PMCID: PMC11238079 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-02-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines, the mushroom-shaped extensions along dendritic shafts of excitatory neurons, are critical for synaptic function and are one of the first neuronal structures disrupted in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Microtubule (MT) polymerization into dendritic spines is an activity-dependent process capable of affecting spine shape and function. Studies have shown that MT polymerization into spines occurs specifically in spines undergoing plastic changes. However, discerning the function of MT invasion of dendritic spines requires the specific inhibition of MT polymerization into spines, while leaving MT dynamics in the dendritic shaft, synaptically connected axons and associated glial cells intact. This is not possible with the unrestricted, bath application of pharmacological compounds. To specifically disrupt MT entry into spines we coupled a MT elimination domain (MTED) from the Efa6 protein to the actin filament-binding peptide LifeAct. LifeAct was chosen because actin filaments are highly concentrated in spines and are necessary for MT invasions. Temporally controlled expression of this LifeAct-MTED construct inhibits MT entry into dendritic spines, while preserving typical MT dynamics in the dendrite shaft. Expression of this construct will allow for the determination of the function of MT invasion of spines and more broadly, to discern how MT-actin interactions affect cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D. Holland
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Hannah L. Miller
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Matthew M. Millette
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Russell J. Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Gabrielle L. Drucker
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Erik W. Dent
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
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2
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Donovan EJ, Agrawal A, Liberman N, Kalai JI, Adler AJ, Lamper AM, Wang HQ, Chua NJ, Koslover EF, Barnhart EL. Dendrite architecture determines mitochondrial distribution patterns in vivo. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114190. [PMID: 38717903 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal morphology influences synaptic connectivity and neuronal signal processing. However, it remains unclear how neuronal shape affects steady-state distributions of organelles like mitochondria. In this work, we investigated the link between mitochondrial transport and dendrite branching patterns by combining mathematical modeling with in vivo measurements of dendrite architecture, mitochondrial motility, and mitochondrial localization patterns in Drosophila HS (horizontal system) neurons. In our model, different forms of morphological and transport scaling rules-which set the relative thicknesses of parent and daughter branches at each junction in the dendritic arbor and link mitochondrial motility to branch thickness-predict dramatically different global mitochondrial localization patterns. We show that HS dendrites obey the specific subset of scaling rules that, in our model, lead to realistic mitochondrial distributions. Moreover, we demonstrate that neuronal activity does not affect mitochondrial transport or localization, indicating that steady-state mitochondrial distributions are hard-wired by the architecture of the neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eavan J Donovan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Anamika Agrawal
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Nicole Liberman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jordan I Kalai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Avi J Adler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Adam M Lamper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hailey Q Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nicholas J Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Elena F Koslover
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Erin L Barnhart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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3
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Holland ED, Miller HL, Millette MM, Taylor RJ, Drucker GL, Dent EW. A Methodology for Specific Disruption of Microtubules in Dendritic Spines. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.04.583370. [PMID: 38496454 PMCID: PMC10942340 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.04.583370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic spines, the mushroom-shaped extensions along dendritic shafts of excitatory neurons, are critical for synaptic function and are one of the first neuronal structures disrupted in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Microtubule (MT) polymerization into dendritic spines is an activity-dependent process capable of affecting spine shape and function. Studies have shown that MT polymerization into spines occurs specifically in spines undergoing plastic changes. However, discerning the function of MT invasion of dendritic spines requires the specific inhibition of MT polymerization into spines, while leaving MT dynamics in the dendritic shaft, synaptically connected axons and associated glial cells intact. This is not possible with the unrestricted, bath application of pharmacological compounds. To specifically disrupt MT entry into spines we coupled a MT elimination domain (MTED) from the Efa6 protein to the actin filament-binding peptide LifeAct. LifeAct was chosen because actin filaments are highly concentrated in spines and are necessary for MT invasions. Temporally controlled expression of this LifeAct-MTED construct inhibits MT entry into dendritic spines, while preserving typical MT dynamics in the dendrite shaft. Expression of this construct will allow for the determination of the function of MT invasion of spines and more broadly, to discern how MT-actin interactions affect cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah L. Miller
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705
| | - Matthew M. Millette
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Russell J. Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Gabrielle L. Drucker
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Erik W. Dent
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
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4
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Mallart C, Netter S, Chalvet F, Claret S, Guichet A, Montagne J, Pret AM, Malartre M. JAK-STAT-dependent contact between follicle cells and the oocyte controls Drosophila anterior-posterior polarity and germline development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1627. [PMID: 38388656 PMCID: PMC10883949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The number of embryonic primordial germ cells in Drosophila is determined by the quantity of germ plasm, whose assembly starts in the posterior region of the oocyte during oogenesis. Here, we report that extending JAK-STAT activity in the posterior somatic follicular epithelium leads to an excess of primordial germ cells in the future embryo. We show that JAK-STAT signaling is necessary for the differentiation of approximately 20 specialized follicle cells maintaining tight contact with the oocyte. These cells define, in the underlying posterior oocyte cortex, the anchoring of the germ cell determinant oskar mRNA. We reveal that the apical surface of these posterior anchoring cells extends long filopodia penetrating the oocyte. We identify two JAK-STAT targets in these cells that are each sufficient to extend the zone of contact with the oocyte, thereby leading to production of extra primordial germ cells. JAK-STAT signaling thus determines a fixed number of posterior anchoring cells required for anterior-posterior oocyte polarity and for the development of the future germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mallart
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Netter
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif- sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabienne Chalvet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sandra Claret
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Montagne
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne-Marie Pret
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif- sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marianne Malartre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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5
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Li L, Zhang N, Beati SAH, De Las Heras Chanes J, di Pietro F, Bellaiche Y, Müller HAJ, Großhans J. Kinesin-1 patterns Par-1 and Rho signaling at the cortex of syncytial embryos of Drosophila. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202206013. [PMID: 37955925 PMCID: PMC10641515 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cortex of syncytial Drosophila embryos is patterned into cap and intercap regions by centrosomes, specific sets of proteins that are restricted to their respective regions by unknown mechanisms. Here, we found that Kinesin-1 is required for the restriction of plus- and minus-ends of centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubules to the cap region, marked by EB1 and Patronin/Shot, respectively. Kinesin-1 also directly or indirectly restricts proteins and Rho signaling to the intercap, including the RhoGEF Pebble, Dia, Myosin II, Capping protein-α, and the polarity protein Par-1. Furthermore, we found that Par-1 is required for cap restriction of Patronin/Shot, and vice versa Patronin, for Par-1 enrichment at the intercap. In summary, our data support a model that Kinesin-1 would mediate the restriction of centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubules to a region close to the centrosomes and exclude Rho signaling and Par-1. In addition, mutual antagonistic interactions would refine and maintain the boundary between cap and intercap and thus generate a distinct cortical pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Seyed Amir Hamze Beati
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jose De Las Heras Chanes
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology , Paris, France
| | - Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology , Paris, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaiche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology , Paris, France
| | - Hans-Arno J Müller
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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6
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Xu Y, Wang B, Bush I, Saunders HAJ, Wildonger J, Han C. Light-induced trapping of endogenous proteins reveals spatiotemporal roles of microtubule and kinesin-1 in dendrite patterning of Drosophila sensory neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.30.560303. [PMID: 37873262 PMCID: PMC10592855 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.30.560303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal development involves numerous molecular events, whose spatiotemporal properties largely determine the biological outcomes. Conventional methods for studying gene function lack the necessary spatiotemporal resolution for precise dissection of developmental mechanisms. Optogenetic approaches are powerful alternatives, but most existing tools rely on exogenous designer proteins that produce narrow outputs and cannot be applied to diverse or endogenous proteins. To address this limitation, we developed OptoTrap, a light-inducible protein trapping system that allows manipulation of endogenous proteins tagged with GFP or split GFP. This system turns on fast and is reversible in minutes or hours. We generated OptoTrap variants optimized for neurons and epithelial cells and demonstrate effective trapping of endogenous proteins of diverse sizes, subcellular locations, and functions. Furthermore, OptoTrap allowed us to instantly disrupt microtubules and inhibit the kinesin-1 motor in specific dendritic branches of Drosophila sensory neurons. Using OptoTrap, we obtained direct evidence that microtubules support the growth of highly dynamic dendrites. Similarly, targeted manipulation of Kinesin heavy chain revealed differential spatiotemporal requirements of kinesin-1 in the patterning of low- and high-order dendritic branches, suggesting that different cargos are needed for the growth of these branches. OptoTrap allows for precise manipulation of endogenous proteins in a spatiotemporal manner and thus holds great promise for studying developmental mechanisms in a wide range of cell types and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yineng Xu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Inle Bush
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Harriet AJ Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jill Wildonger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Pediatrics Department and Biological Sciences Division, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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7
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Lu W, Lakonishok M, Gelfand VI. The dynamic duo of microtubule polymerase Mini spindles/XMAP215 and cytoplasmic dynein is essential for maintaining Drosophila oocyte fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303376120. [PMID: 37722034 PMCID: PMC10523470 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303376120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In many species, only one oocyte is specified among a group of interconnected germline sister cells. In Drosophila melanogaster, 16 interconnected cells form a germline cyst, where one cell differentiates into an oocyte, while the rest become nurse cells that supply the oocyte with mRNAs, proteins, and organelles through intercellular cytoplasmic bridges named ring canals via microtubule-based transport. In this study, we find that a microtubule polymerase Mini spindles (Msps), the Drosophila homolog of XMAP215, is essential for maintenance of the oocyte specification. mRNA encoding Msps is transported and concentrated in the oocyte by dynein-dependent transport along microtubules. Translated Msps stimulates microtubule polymerization in the oocyte, causing more microtubule plus ends to grow from the oocyte through the ring canals into nurse cells, further enhancing nurse cell-to-oocyte transport by dynein. Knockdown of msps blocks the oocyte growth and causes gradual loss of oocyte determinants. Thus, the Msps-dynein duo creates a positive feedback loop, ensuring oocyte fate maintenance by promoting high microtubule polymerization activity in the oocyte, and enhancing dynein-dependent nurse cell-to-oocyte transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60611
| | - Margot Lakonishok
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60611
| | - Vladimir I. Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60611
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8
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Cai Y, Liu Z, Gao T, Hu G, Yin W, Wāng Y, Zhao L, Xu D, Wang H, Wei T. Newly discovered developmental and ovarian toxicity of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol in Drosophila melanogaster and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside's protective effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162474. [PMID: 36863584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a pervasive environmental pollutant that is unintentionally produced during industrial production and food processing. Although some studies reported the carcinogenicity and male reproduction toxicity of 3-MCPD thus far, it remains unexplored whether 3-MCPD hazards to female fertility and long-term development. In this study, the model Drosophila melanogaster was employed to evaluate risk assessment of emerging environmental contaminants 3-MCPD at various levels. We found that flies on dietary exposure to 3-MCPD incurred lethality in a concentration- and time-dependent way and interfered with metamorphosis and ovarian development, resulting in developmental retardance, ovarian deformity and female fecundity disorders. Mechanistically, 3-MCPD caused redox imbalance observed as a drastically increased oxidative status in ovaries, confirmed by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased antioxidant activities, which is probably responsible for female reproductive impairments and developmental retardance. Intriguingly, these defects can be substantially prevented by a natural antioxidant, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), further confirming a critical role of ovarian oxidative damage in the developmental and reproductive toxicity of 3-MCPD. The present study expanded the findings that 3-MCPD acts as a developmental and female reproductive toxicant, and our work provides a theoretical basis for the exploitation of a natural antioxidant resource as a dietary antidote for the reproductive and developmental hazards of environmental toxicants that act via increasing ROS in the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zongzhong Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tiantian Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guoyi Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yán Wāng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China.
| | - Lingli Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Tian Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China.
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9
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Lu W, Lakonishok M, Gelfand VI. Drosophila oocyte specification is maintained by the dynamic duo of microtubule polymerase Mini spindles/XMAP215 and dynein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531953. [PMID: 36945460 PMCID: PMC10028982 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
In many species, only one oocyte is specified among a group of interconnected germline sister cells. In Drosophila melanogaster , 16-cell interconnected cells form a germline cyst, where one cell differentiates into an oocyte, while the rest become nurse cells that supply the oocyte with mRNAs, proteins, and organelles through intercellular cytoplasmic bridges named ring canals via microtubule-based transport. In this study, we find that a microtubule polymerase Mini spindles (Msps), the Drosophila homolog of XMAP215, is essential for the oocyte fate determination. mRNA encoding Msps is concentrated in the oocyte by dynein-dependent transport along microtubules. Translated Msps stimulates microtubule polymerization in the oocyte, causing more microtubule plus ends to grow from the oocyte through the ring canals into nurse cells, further enhancing nurse cell-to-oocyte transport by dynein. Knockdown of msps blocks the oocyte growth and causes gradual loss of oocyte determinants. Thus, the Msps-dynein duo creates a positive feedback loop, enhancing dynein-dependent nurse cell-to-oocyte transport and transforming a small stochastic difference in microtubule polarity among sister cells into a clear oocyte fate determination. Significance statement Oocyte determination in Drosophila melanogaster provides a valuable model for studying cell fate specification. We describe the crucial role of the duo of microtubule polymerase Mini spindles (Msps) and cytoplasmic dynein in this process. We show that Msps is essential for oocyte fate determination. Msps concentration in the oocyte is achieved through dynein-dependent transport of msps mRNA along microtubules. Translated Msps stimulates microtubule polymerization in the oocyte, further enhancing nurse cell-to-oocyte transport by dynein. This creates a positive feedback loop that transforms a small stochastic difference in microtubule polarity among sister cells into a clear oocyte fate determination. Our findings provide important insights into the mechanisms of oocyte specification and have implications for understanding the development of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Margot Lakonishok
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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10
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Niu F, Liu Y, Sun K, Xu S, Dong J, Yu C, Yan K, Wei Z. Autoinhibition and activation mechanisms revealed by the triangular-shaped structure of myosin Va. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd4187. [PMID: 36490350 PMCID: PMC9733927 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the prototype of unconventional myosin motor family, myosin Va (MyoVa) transport cellular cargos along actin filaments in diverse cellular processes. The off-duty MyoVa adopts a closed and autoinhibited state, which can be relieved by cargo binding. The molecular mechanisms governing the autoinhibition and activation of MyoVa remain unclear. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the two full-length, closed MyoVa heavy chains in complex with 12 calmodulin light chains at 4.78-Å resolution. The MyoVa adopts a triangular structure with multiple intra- and interpolypeptide chain interactions in establishing the closed state with cargo binding and adenosine triphosphatase activity inhibited. Structural, biochemical, and cellular analyses uncover an asymmetric autoinhibition mechanism, in which the cargo-binding sites in the two MyoVa heavy chains are differently protected. Thus, specific and efficient MyoVa activation requires coincident binding of multiple cargo adaptors, revealing an intricate and elegant activity regulation of the motor in response to cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Niu
- Brain Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Brain Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- SUSTech-HIT Joint PhD Program, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kang Sun
- Brain Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shun Xu
- Brain Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayuan Dong
- Brain Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Yu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaige Yan
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Brain Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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11
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Milas A, de-Carvalho J, Telley IA. Follicle cell contact maintains main body axis polarity in the Drosophila melanogaster oocyte. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213703. [PMID: 36409222 PMCID: PMC9682419 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, the anterior-posterior body axis is maternally established and governed by differential localization of partitioning defective (Par) proteins within the oocyte. At mid-oogenesis, Par-1 accumulates at the oocyte posterior end, while Par-3/Bazooka is excluded there but maintains its localization along the remaining oocyte cortex. Past studies have proposed the need for somatic cells at the posterior end to initiate oocyte polarization by providing a trigger signal. To date, neither the molecular identity nor the nature of the signal is known. Here, we provide evidence that mechanical contact of posterior follicle cells (PFCs) with the oocyte cortex causes the posterior exclusion of Bazooka and maintains oocyte polarity. We show that Bazooka prematurely accumulates exclusively where posterior follicle cells have been mechanically detached or ablated. Furthermore, we provide evidence that PFC contact maintains Par-1 and oskar mRNA localization and microtubule cytoskeleton polarity in the oocyte. Our observations suggest that cell-cell contact mechanics modulates Par protein binding sites at the oocyte cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Rua da Quinta Grande, Portugal
| | - Jorge de-Carvalho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Rua da Quinta Grande, Portugal
| | - Ivo A. Telley
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Rua da Quinta Grande, Portugal,Correspondence to Ivo A. Telley:
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12
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Meiring JCM, Grigoriev I, Nijenhuis W, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Opto-katanin, an optogenetic tool for localized, microtubule disassembly. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4660-4674.e6. [PMID: 36174574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers that separate chromosomes during mitosis and serve as rails for intracellular transport and organelle positioning. Manipulation of microtubules is widely used in cell and developmental biology, but tools for precise subcellular spatiotemporal control of microtubules are currently lacking. Here, we describe a light-activated system for localized recruitment of the microtubule-severing enzyme katanin. This system, named opto-katanin, uses targeted illumination with blue light to induce rapid, localized, and reversible microtubule depolymerization. This tool allows precise clearing of a subcellular region of microtubules while preserving the rest of the microtubule network, demonstrating that regulation of katanin recruitment to microtubules is sufficient to control its severing activity. The tool is not toxic in the absence of blue light and can be used to disassemble both dynamic and stable microtubules in primary neurons as well as in dividing cells. We show that opto-katanin can be used to locally block vesicle transport and to clarify the dependence of organelle morphology and dynamics on microtubules. Specifically, our data indicate that microtubules are not required for the maintenance of the Golgi stacks or the tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum but are needed for the formation of new membrane tubules. Finally, we demonstrate that this tool can be applied to study the contribution of microtubules to cell mechanics by showing that microtubule bundles can exert forces constricting the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C M Meiring
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands; Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CB, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands; Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CB, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands.
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13
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Milas A, Telley IA. Polarity Events in the Drosophila melanogaster Oocyte. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895876. [PMID: 35602591 PMCID: PMC9117655 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a pre-requirement for many fundamental processes in animal cells, such as asymmetric cell division, axon specification, morphogenesis and epithelial tissue formation. For all these different processes, polarization is established by the same set of proteins, called partitioning defective (Par) proteins. During development in Drosophila melanogaster, decision making on the cellular and organism level is achieved with temporally controlled cell polarization events. The initial polarization of Par proteins occurs as early as in the germline cyst, when one of the 16 cells becomes the oocyte. Another marked event occurs when the anterior–posterior axis of the future organism is defined by Par redistribution in the oocyte, requiring external signaling from somatic cells. Here, we review the current literature on cell polarity events that constitute the oogenesis from the stem cell to the mature egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milas
- *Correspondence: Ana Milas, ; Ivo A. Telley,
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14
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Baron DM, Fenton AR, Saez-Atienzar S, Giampetruzzi A, Sreeram A, Shankaracharya, Keagle PJ, Doocy VR, Smith NJ, Danielson EW, Andresano M, McCormack MC, Garcia J, Bercier V, Van Den Bosch L, Brent JR, Fallini C, Traynor BJ, Holzbaur ELF, Landers JE. ALS-associated KIF5A mutations abolish autoinhibition resulting in a toxic gain of function. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110598. [PMID: 35385738 PMCID: PMC9134378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of disease mutations is critical to advancing treatments. ALS-associated mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule motor KIF5A result in skipping of exon 27 (KIF5AΔExon27) and the encoding of a protein with a novel 39 amino acid residue C-terminal sequence. Here, we report that expression of ALS-linked mutant KIF5A results in dysregulated motor activity, cellular mislocalization, altered axonal transport, and decreased neuronal survival. Single-molecule analysis revealed that the altered C terminus of mutant KIF5A results in a constitutively active state. Furthermore, mutant KIF5A possesses altered protein and RNA interactions and its expression results in altered gene expression/splicing. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that causative ALS mutations result in a toxic gain of function in the intracellular motor KIF5A that disrupts intracellular trafficking and neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree M Baron
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Adam R Fenton
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony Giampetruzzi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Aparna Sreeram
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Pamela J Keagle
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Victoria R Doocy
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nathan J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Eric W Danielson
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Megan Andresano
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mary C McCormack
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jaqueline Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Valérie Bercier
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan R Brent
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Claudia Fallini
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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15
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Lu W, Lakonishok M, Serpinskaya AS, Gelfand VI. A novel mechanism of bulk cytoplasmic transport by cortical dynein in Drosophila ovary. eLife 2022; 11:75538. [PMID: 35170428 PMCID: PMC8896832 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein, a major minus-end directed microtubule motor, plays essential roles in eukaryotic cells. Drosophila oocyte growth is mainly dependent on the contribution of cytoplasmic contents from the interconnected sister cells, nurse cells. We have previously shown that cytoplasmic dynein is required for Drosophila oocyte growth and assumed that it simply transports cargoes along microtubule tracks from nurse cells to the oocyte. Here, we report that instead of transporting individual cargoes along stationary microtubules into the oocyte, cortical dynein actively moves microtubules within nurse cells and from nurse cells to the oocyte via the cytoplasmic bridges, the ring canals. This robust microtubule movement is sufficient to drag even inert cytoplasmic particles through the ring canals to the oocyte. Furthermore, replacing dynein with a minus-end directed plant kinesin linked to the actin cortex is sufficient for transporting organelles and cytoplasm to the oocyte and driving its growth. These experiments show that cortical dynein performs bulk cytoplasmic transport by gliding microtubules along the cell cortex and through the ring canals to the oocyte. We propose that the dynein-driven microtubule flow could serve as a novel mode of fast cytoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Margot Lakonishok
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Anna S Serpinskaya
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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16
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Lu W, Gelfand VI. Tissue architecture: Two kinesins collaborate in building basement membrane. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R162-R165. [PMID: 35231409 PMCID: PMC10132488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Basement membranes are essential for tissue architecture and development. A new study reveals that two microtubule motors, kinesin-3 and kinesin-1, work collaboratively to direct basement membrane protein secretion in the Drosophila follicular epithelium for correct tissue movement.
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17
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Doerflinger H, Zimyanin V, St Johnston D. The Drosophila anterior-posterior axis is polarized by asymmetric myosin activation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:374-385.e4. [PMID: 34856125 PMCID: PMC8791603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila anterior-posterior axis is specified at mid-oogenesis when the Par-1 kinase is recruited to the posterior cortex of the oocyte, where it polarizes the microtubule cytoskeleton to define where the axis determinants, bicoid and oskar mRNAs, localize. This polarity is established in response to an unknown signal from the follicle cells, but how this occurs is unclear. Here we show that the myosin chaperone Unc-45 and non-muscle myosin II (MyoII) are required upstream of Par-1 in polarity establishment. Furthermore, the myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) is di-phosphorylated at the oocyte posterior in response to the follicle cell signal, inducing longer pulses of myosin contractility at the posterior that may increase cortical tension. Overexpression of MRLC-T21A that cannot be di-phosphorylated or treatment with the myosin light-chain kinase inhibitor ML-7 abolishes Par-1 localization, indicating that the posterior of MRLC di-phosphorylation is essential for both polarity establishment and maintenance. Thus, asymmetric myosin activation polarizes the anterior-posterior axis by recruiting and maintaining Par-1 at the posterior cortex. This raises an intriguing parallel with anterior-posterior axis formation in C. elegans, where MyoII also acts upstream of the PAR proteins to establish polarity, but to localize the anterior PAR proteins rather than Par-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Doerflinger
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Vitaly Zimyanin
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
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18
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Del Castillo U, Norkett R, Lu W, Serpinskaya A, Gelfand VI. Ataxin-2 is essential for cytoskeletal dynamics and neurodevelopment in Drosophila. iScience 2022; 25:103536. [PMID: 34977501 PMCID: PMC8689088 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxin-2 (Atx2) is a highly conserved RNA binding protein. Atx2 undergoes polyglutamine expansion leading to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). However, the physiological functions of Atx2 in neurons remain unknown. Here, using the powerful genetics of Drosophila, we show that Atx2 is essential for normal neuronal cytoskeletal dynamics and organelle trafficking. Upon neuron-specific Atx2 loss, the microtubule and actin networks were abnormally stabilized and cargo transport was drastically inhibited. Depletion of Atx2 caused multiple morphological defects in the nervous system of third instar larvae. These include reduced brain size, impaired axon development, and decreased dendrite outgrowth. Defects in the nervous system caused loss of the ability to crawl and lethality at the pupal stage. Taken together, these data mark Atx2 as a major regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics and denote Atx2 as an essential gene in neurodevelopment, as well as a neurodegenerative factor. Atx2 is a major regulator of the cytoskeleton in neurons Atx2 is responsible for maintaining dynamic cytoskeletal networks Atx2 depletion in the Drosophila larval CNS severely impairs organelle transport Atx2 is necessary for correct neurite outgrowth and CNS development in Drosophila
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Affiliation(s)
- Urko Del Castillo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rosalind Norkett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anna Serpinskaya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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19
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Arabidopsis thaliana myosin XIK is recruited to the Golgi through interaction with a MyoB receptor. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1182. [PMID: 34645991 PMCID: PMC8514473 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell organelles are highly mobile and their positioning play key roles in plant growth, development and responses to changing environmental conditions. Movement is acto-myosin dependent. Despite controlling the dynamics of several organelles, myosin and myosin receptors identified so far in Arabidopsis thaliana generally do not localise to the organelles whose movement they control, raising the issue of how specificity is determined. Here we show that a MyoB myosin receptor, MRF7, specifically localises to the Golgi membrane and affects its movement. Myosin XI-K was identified as a putative MRF7 interactor through mass spectrometry analysis. Co-expression of MRF7 and XI-K tail triggers the relocation of XI-K to the Golgi, linking a MyoB/myosin complex to a specific organelle in Arabidopsis. FRET-FLIM confirmed the in vivo interaction between MRF7 and XI-K tail on the Golgi and in the cytosol, suggesting that myosin/myosin receptor complexes perhaps cycle on and off organelle membranes. This work supports a traditional mechanism for organelle movement where myosins bind to receptors and adaptors on the organelle membranes, allowing them to actively move on the actin cytoskeleton, rather than passively in the recently proposed cytoplasmic streaming model. Perico et al. use co-expression analysis and a FRET-FLIM approach to show that the Arabidopsis MyoB myosin receptor, MRF7, triggers the relocation of Myosin XI-K to the Golgi. As such, this study provides evidence for plant myosin recruitment and control of organelle movement.
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20
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Kimura K, Motegi F. Fluid flow dynamics in cellular patterning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:3-9. [PMID: 34274213 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of complex forms of multicellular organisms depends on the spatial arrangement of cellular architecture and functions. The interior design of the cell is patterned by spatially biased distributions of molecules and biochemical reactions in the cytoplasm and/or on the plasma membrane. In recent years, a dynamic change in the cytoplasmic fluid flow has emerged as a key physical process of driving long-range transport of molecules to particular destinations within the cell. Here, recent experimental advances in the understanding of the generation of the various types of cytoplasmic flows and contributions to intracellular patterning are reviewed with a particular focus on feedback mechanisms between the mechanical properties of fluid flow and biochemical signaling during animal cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kimura
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan.
| | - Fumio Motegi
- Instiute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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21
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Lu W, Lakonishok M, Gelfand VI. Gatekeeper function for Short stop at the ring canals of the Drosophila ovary. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3207-3220.e4. [PMID: 34089646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth of the Drosophila oocyte requires transport of cytoplasmic materials from the interconnected sister cells (nurse cells) through ring canals, the cytoplasmic bridges that remained open after incomplete germ cell division. Given the open nature of the ring canals, it is unclear how the direction of transport through the ring canal is controlled. In this work, we show that a single Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop (Shot) controls the direction of flow from nurse cells to the oocyte. Knockdown of shot changes the direction of transport through the ring canals from unidirectional (toward the oocyte) to bidirectional. After shot knockdown, the oocyte stops growing, resulting in a characteristic small oocyte phenotype. In agreement with this transport-directing function of Shot, we find that it is localized at the asymmetric actin baskets on the nurse cell side of the ring canals. In wild-type egg chambers, microtubules localized in the ring canals have uniform polarity (minus ends toward the oocyte), while in the absence of Shot, these microtubules have mixed polarity. Together, we propose that Shot functions as a gatekeeper directing transport from nurse cells to the oocyte via the organization of microtubule tracks to facilitate the transport driven by the minus-end-directed microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Margot Lakonishok
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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22
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Nishimura Y, Shi S, Zhang F, Liu R, Takagi Y, Bershadsky AD, Viasnoff V, Sellers JR. The formin inhibitor SMIFH2 inhibits members of the myosin superfamily. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237818. [PMID: 33589498 PMCID: PMC8121067 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The small molecular inhibitor of formin FH2 domains, SMIFH2, is widely used in cell biological studies. It inhibits formin-driven actin polymerization in vitro, but not polymerization of pure actin. It is active against several types of formin from different species. Here, we found that SMIFH2 inhibits retrograde flow of myosin 2 filaments and contraction of stress fibers. We further checked the effect of SMIFH2 on non-muscle myosin 2A and skeletal muscle myosin 2 in vitro, and found that SMIFH2 inhibits activity of myosin ATPase and the ability to translocate actin filaments in the gliding actin in vitro motility assay. Inhibition of non-muscle myosin 2A in vitro required a higher concentration of SMIFH2 compared with that needed to inhibit retrograde flow and stress fiber contraction in cells. We also found that SMIFH2 inhibits several other non-muscle myosin types, including bovine myosin 10, Drosophila myosin 7a and Drosophila myosin 5, more efficiently than it inhibits formins. These off-target inhibitions demand additional careful analysis in each case when solely SMIFH2 is used to probe formin functions. This article has an associated First Person interview with Yukako Nishimura, joint first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Nishimura
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Shidong Shi
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Fang Zhang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.,CNRS UMI 3639 BMC, Singapore 117411, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National university of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - James R Sellers
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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Wong S, Weisman LS. Roles and regulation of myosin V interaction with cargo. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 79:100787. [PMID: 33541831 PMCID: PMC7920922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A major question in cell biology is, how are organelles and large macromolecular complexes transported within a cell? Myosin V molecular motors play critical roles in the distribution of organelles, vesicles, and mRNA. Mis-localization of organelles that depend on myosin V motors underlie diseases in the skin, gut, and brain. Thus, the delivery of organelles to their proper destination is important for animal physiology and cellular function. Cargoes attach to myosin V motors via cargo specific adaptor proteins, which transiently bridge motors to their cargoes. Regulation of these adaptor proteins play key roles in the regulation of cargo transport. Emerging studies reveal that cargo adaptors play additional essential roles in the activation of myosin V, and the regulation of actin filaments. Here, we review how motor-adaptor interactions are controlled to regulate the proper loading and unloading of cargoes, as well as roles of adaptor proteins in the regulation of myosin V activity and the dynamics of actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wong
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lois S Weisman
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
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24
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Konjikusic MJ, Gray RS, Wallingford JB. The developmental biology of kinesins. Dev Biol 2021; 469:26-36. [PMID: 32961118 PMCID: PMC10916746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinesins are microtubule-based motor proteins that are well known for their key roles in cell biological processes ranging from cell division, to intracellular transport of mRNAs, proteins, vesicles, and organelles, and microtubule disassembly. Interestingly, many of the ~45 distinct kinesin genes in vertebrate genomes have also been associated with specific phenotypes in embryonic development. In this review, we highlight the specific developmental roles of kinesins, link these to cellular roles reported in vitro, and highlight remaining gaps in our understanding of how this large and important family of proteins contributes to the development and morphogenesis of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J Konjikusic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA.
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25
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Frank M, Citarella CG, Quinones GB, Bentley M. A novel labeling strategy reveals that myosin Va and myosin Vb bind the same dendritically polarized vesicle population. Traffic 2020; 21:689-701. [PMID: 32959500 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are specialized cells with a polarized geometry and several distinct subdomains that require specific complements of proteins. Delivery of transmembrane proteins requires vesicle transport, which is mediated by molecular motor proteins. The myosin V family of motor proteins mediates transport to the barbed end of actin filaments, and little is known about the vesicles bound by myosin V in neurons. We developed a novel strategy to visualize myosin V-labeled vesicles in cultured hippocampal neurons and systematically characterized the vesicle populations labeled by myosin Va and Vb. We find that both myosins bind vesicles that are polarized to the somatodendritic domain where they undergo bidirectional long-range transport. A series of two-color imaging experiments showed that myosin V specifically colocalized with two different vesicle populations: vesicles labeled with the transferrin receptor and vesicles labeled by low-density lipoprotein receptor. Finally, coexpression with Kinesin-3 family members found that myosin V binds vesicles concurrently with KIF13A or KIF13B, supporting the hypothesis that coregulation of kinesins and myosin V on vesicles is likely to play an important role in neuronal vesicle transport. We anticipate that this new assay will be applicable in a broad range of cell types to determine the function of myosin V motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Frank
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Clara G Citarella
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Geraldine B Quinones
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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Lasko P. Patterning the Drosophila embryo: A paradigm for RNA-based developmental genetic regulation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 11:e1610. [PMID: 32543002 PMCID: PMC7583483 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic anterior–posterior patterning is established in Drosophila melanogaster by maternally expressed genes. The mRNAs of several of these genes accumulate at either the anterior or posterior pole of the oocyte via a number of mechanisms. Many of these mRNAs are also under elaborate translational regulation. Asymmetric RNA localization coupled with spatially restricted translation ensures that their proteins are restricted to the position necessary for the developmental process that they drive. Bicoid (Bcd), the anterior determinant, and Oskar (Osk), the determinant for primordial germ cells and posterior patterning, have been studied particularly closely. In early embryos an anterior–posterior gradient of Bcd is established, activating transcription of different sets of zygotic genes depending on local Bcd concentration. At the posterior pole, Osk seeds formation of polar granules, ribonucleoprotein complexes that accumulate further mRNAs and proteins involved in posterior patterning and germ cell specification. After fertilization, polar granules associate with posterior nuclei and mature into nuclear germ granules. Osk accumulates in these granules, and either by itself or as part of the granules, stimulates germ cell division. This article is categorized under:RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization Translation > Translation Regulation RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Kinetochore protein Spindly controls microtubule polarity in Drosophila axons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12155-12163. [PMID: 32430325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005394117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule polarity in axons and dendrites defines the direction of intracellular transport in neurons. Axons contain arrays of uniformly polarized microtubules with plus-ends facing the tips of the processes (plus-end-out), while dendrites contain microtubules with a minus-end-out orientation. It has been shown that cytoplasmic dynein, targeted to cortical actin, removes minus-end-out microtubules from axons. Here we have identified Spindly, a protein known for recruitment of dynein to kinetochores in mitosis, as a key factor required for dynein-dependent microtubule sorting in axons of Drosophila neurons. Depletion of Spindly affects polarity of axonal microtubules in vivo and in primary neuronal cultures. In addition to these defects, depletion of Spindly in neurons causes major collapse of axonal patterning in the third-instar larval brain as well as severe coordination impairment in adult flies. These defects can be fully rescued by full-length Spindly, but not by variants with mutations in its dynein-binding site. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that Spindly binds F-actin, suggesting that Spindly serves as a link between dynein and cortical actin in axons. Therefore, Spindly plays a critical role during neurodevelopment by mediating dynein-driven sorting of axonal microtubules.
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Ananthanarayanan V, Mylavarapu SVS. Meeting report - the Microtubules, Motors, Transport and Trafficking (M2T2) 2019 meeting. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/8/jcs245928. [PMID: 32303556 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Molecular Motors, Transport and Trafficking (M2T2) meeting serves as a platform for both Indian and global scientists working on the cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal motors and membrane trafficking to gather and discuss the latest developments in the field. The 2019 edition of the meeting, held from 18-20 October at the National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, India and organised by Mahak Sharma (Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali) and Anindya Ghosh Roy (NBRC), was witness to stimulating research on a range of topics related to the cytoskeleton, including cytoskeletal organization, motor protein function and regulation, mechanical forces and vesicular transport, and trafficking in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Ananthanarayanan
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sivaram V S Mylavarapu
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
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