1
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Chen R, Yan J, Wickham JD, Gao Y. Genomic identification and evolutionary analysis of chemosensory receptor gene families in two Phthorimaea pest species: insights into chemical ecology and host adaptation. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:493. [PMID: 38762533 PMCID: PMC11102633 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects rely on sophisticated sensitive chemosensory systems to sense their complex chemical environment. This sensory process involves a combination of odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) in the chemosensory system. This study focused on the identification and characterization of these three types of chemosensory receptor genes in two closely related Phthorimaea pest species, Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth) and Phthorimaea absoluta (tomato leaf miner). RESULTS Based on manual annotation of the genome, we identified a total of 349 chemoreceptor genes from the genome of P. operculella, including 93 OR, 206 GR and 50 IR genes, while for P. absoluta, we identified 72 OR, 122 GR and 46 IR genes. Through phylogenetic analysis, we observed minimal differences in the number and types of ORs and IRs between the potato tuber moth and tomato leaf miner. In addition, we found that compared with those of tomato leaf miners, the gustatory receptor branch of P. operculella has undergone a large expansion, which may be related to P. absoluta having a narrower host range than P. operculella. Through analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of male and female antennae, we uncovered 45 DEGs (including 32ORs, 9 GRs, and 4 IRs). CONCLUSIONS Our research provides a foundation for exploring the chemical ecology of these two pests and offers new insights into the dietary differentiation of lepidopteran insects, while simultaneously providing molecular targets for developing environmentally friendly pest control methods based on insect chemoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jacob D Wickham
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 93 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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2
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Arntsen C, Guillemin J, Audette K, Stanley M. Tastant-receptor interactions: insights from the fruit fly. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1394697. [PMID: 38665300 PMCID: PMC11043608 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1394697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Across species, taste provides important chemical information about potential food sources and the surrounding environment. As details about the chemicals and receptors responsible for gustation are discovered, a complex view of the taste system is emerging with significant contributions from research using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism. In this brief review, we summarize recent advances in Drosophila gustation and their relevance to taste research more broadly. Our goal is to highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying the first step of gustatory circuits: ligand-receptor interactions in primary taste cells. After an introduction to the Drosophila taste system and how it encodes the canonical taste modalities sweet, bitter, and salty, we describe recent insights into the complex nature of carboxylic acid and amino acid detection in the context of sour and umami taste, respectively. Our analysis extends to non-canonical taste modalities including metals, fatty acids, and bacterial components, and highlights unexpected receptors and signaling pathways that have recently been identified in Drosophila taste cells. Comparing the intricate molecular and cellular underpinnings of how ligands are detected in vivo in fruit flies reveals both specific and promiscuous receptor selectivity for taste encoding. Throughout this review, we compare and contextualize these Drosophila findings with mammalian research to not only emphasize the conservation of these chemosensory systems, but to demonstrate the power of this model organism in elucidating the neurobiology of taste and feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Molly Stanley
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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3
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Sang J, Dhakal S, Shrestha B, Nath DK, Kim Y, Ganguly A, Montell C, Lee Y. A single pair of pharyngeal neurons functions as a commander to reject high salt in Drosophila melanogaster. eLife 2024; 12:RP93464. [PMID: 38573740 PMCID: PMC10994663 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Salt (NaCl), is an essential nutrient for survival, while excessive salt can be detrimental. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, internal taste organs in the pharynx are critical gatekeepers impacting the decision to accept or reject a food. Currently, our understanding of the mechanism through which pharyngeal gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) sense high salt are rudimentary. Here, we found that a member of the ionotropic receptor family, Ir60b, is expressed exclusively in a pair of GRNs activated by high salt. Using a two-way choice assay (DrosoX) to measure ingestion volume, we demonstrate that IR60b and two co-receptors IR25a and IR76b are required to prevent high salt consumption. Mutants lacking external taste organs but retaining the internal taste organs in the pharynx exhibit much higher salt avoidance than flies with all taste organs but missing the three IRs. Our findings highlight the vital role for IRs in a pharyngeal GRN to control ingestion of high salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun Sang
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Subash Dhakal
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Bhanu Shrestha
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Nath
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Kim
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Anindya Ganguly
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
| | - Craig Montell
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUnited States
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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4
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Sang J, Dhakal S, Shrestha B, Nath DK, Kim Y, Ganguly A, Montell C, Lee Y. A single pair of pharyngeal neurons functions as a commander to reject high salt in Drosophila melanogaster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.17.562703. [PMID: 37904986 PMCID: PMC10614918 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Salt is an essential nutrient for survival, while excessive NaCl can be detrimental. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, internal taste organs in the pharynx are critical gatekeepers impacting the decision to accept or reject a food. Currently, our understanding of the mechanism through which pharyngeal gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) sense high salt are rudimentary. Here, we found that a member of the ionotropic receptor family, Ir60b, is expressed exclusively in a pair of GRNs activated by high salt. Using a two-way choice assay (DrosoX) to measure ingestion volume, we demonstrate that IR60b and two coreceptors IR25a and IR76b, are required to prevent high salt consumption. Mutants lacking external taste organs but retaining the internal taste organs in the pharynx exhibit much higher salt avoidance than flies with all taste organs but missing the three IRs. Our findings highlight the vital role for IRs in a pharyngeal GRN to control ingestion of high salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun Sang
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Subash Dhakal
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Bhanu Shrestha
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Nath
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Kim
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Anindya Ganguly
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA United States
| | - Craig Montell
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA United States
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
- Lead Contract
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5
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Wang JJT, Steenwyk JL, Brem RB. Natural trait variation across Saccharomycotina species. FEMS Yeast Res 2024; 24:foae002. [PMID: 38218591 PMCID: PMC10833146 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Among molecular biologists, the group of fungi called Saccharomycotina is famous for its yeasts. These yeasts in turn are famous for what they have in common-genetic, biochemical, and cell-biological characteristics that serve as models for plants and animals. But behind the apparent homogeneity of Saccharomycotina species lie a wealth of differences. In this review, we discuss traits that vary across the Saccharomycotina subphylum. We describe cases of bright pigmentation; a zoo of cell shapes; metabolic specialties; and species with unique rules of gene regulation. We discuss the genetics of this diversity and why it matters, including insights into basic evolutionary principles with relevance across Eukarya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson J -T Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jacob L Steenwyk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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6
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Chen R, Ai D, Wang G, Wang B. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the antenna and proboscis reveals feeding state-dependent chemosensory genes in Eupeodes corollae. Open Biol 2024; 14:230208. [PMID: 38195061 PMCID: PMC10776234 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The physiological state of an insect can affect its olfactory system. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of nutrition-dependent states on odour-guided behaviours in hoverflies remains unclear. In this study, comparative transcriptome analysis of the antenna and proboscis from Eupeodes corollae under different feeding states was conducted. Compared with the previously published antennal transcriptome, a total of 32 novel chemosensory genes were identified, including 4 ionotropic receptors, 17 gustatory receptors, 9 odorant binding proteins and 2 chemosensory proteins. Analysis of differences in gene expression between different feeding states in male and female antennae and proboscises revealed that the expression levels of chemosensory genes were impacted by feeding state. For instance, the expression levels of EcorOBP19 in female antennae, EcorOBP6 in female proboscis, and EcorOR6, EcorOR14, EcorIR5 and EcorIR84a in male antennae were significantly upregulated after feeding. On the other hand, the expression levels of EcorCSP7 in male proboscis and EcorOR40 in male antennae were significantly downregulated. These findings suggest that nutritional state plays a role in the adaptation of hoverflies' olfactory system to food availability. Overall, our study provides important insights into the plasticity and adaptation of chemosensory systems in hoverflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Ai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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7
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Zhao Y, Johansson E, Duan J, Han Z, Alenius M. Fat- and sugar-induced signals regulate sweet and fat taste perception in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113387. [PMID: 37934669 PMCID: PMC11212107 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the interplay between taste perception and macronutrients. While sugar's and protein's self-regulation of taste perception is known, the role of fat remains unclear. We reveal that in Drosophila, fat overconsumption reduces fatty acid taste in favor of sweet perception. Conversely, sugar intake increases fatty acid perception and suppresses sweet taste. Genetic investigations show that the sugar signal, gut-secreted Hedgehog, suppresses sugar taste and enhances fatty acid perception. Fat overconsumption induces unpaired 2 (Upd2) secretion from adipose tissue to the hemolymph. We reveal taste neurons take up Upd2, which triggers Domeless suppression of fatty acid perception. We further show that the downstream JAK/STAT signaling enhances sweet perception and, via Socs36E, fine-tunes Domeless activity and the fatty acid taste perception. Together, our results show that sugar regulates Hedgehog signaling and fat induces Upd2 signaling to balance nutrient intake and to regulate sweet and fat taste perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpo Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jianli Duan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mattias Alenius
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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8
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Dweck HKM, Carlson JR. Diverse mechanisms of taste coding in Drosophila. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj7032. [PMID: 37976361 PMCID: PMC10656072 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Taste systems encode chemical cues that drive vital behaviors. We have elucidated noncanonical features of taste coding using an unconventional kind of electrophysiological analysis. We find that taste neurons of Drosophila are much more sensitive than previously thought. They have a low spontaneous firing frequency that depends on taste receptors. Taste neurons have a dual function as olfactory neurons: They are activated by most tested odorants, including N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), at a distance. DEET can also inhibit certain taste neurons, revealing that there are two modes of taste response: activation and inhibition. We characterize electrophysiological OFF responses and find that the tastants that elicit them are related in structure. OFF responses link tastant identity to behavior: the magnitude of the OFF response elicited by a tastant correlated with the egg laying behavior it elicited. In summary, the sensitivity and coding capacity of the taste system are much greater than previously known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany K M Dweck
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - John R Carlson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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9
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Pandey P, Shrestha B, Lee Y. Acid and Alkali Taste Sensation. Metabolites 2023; 13:1131. [PMID: 37999227 PMCID: PMC10673112 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms rely on pH levels for a multitude of crucial biological processes, such as the digestion of food and the facilitation of enzymatic reactions. Among these organisms, animals, including insects, possess specialized taste organs that enable them to discern between acidic and alkaline substances present in their food sources. This ability is vital, as the pH of these compounds directly influences both the nutritional value and the overall health impact of the ingested substances. In response to the various chemical properties of naturally occurring compounds, insects have evolved peripheral taste organs. These sensory structures play a pivotal role in identifying and distinguishing between nourishing and potentially harmful foods. In this concise review, we aim to provide an in-depth examination of the molecular mechanisms governing pH-dependent taste responses, encompassing both acidic and alkaline stimuli, within the peripheral taste organs of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, drawing insights from a comprehensive analysis of existing research articles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Youngseok Lee
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; (P.P.); (B.S.)
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10
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Dey M, Brown E, Charlu S, Keene A, Dahanukar A. Evolution of fatty acid taste in drosophilids. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113297. [PMID: 37864792 PMCID: PMC10697176 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies of related but ecologically distinct species can reveal how the nervous system evolves to drive behaviors that are particularly suited to certain environments. Drosophila melanogaster is a generalist that feeds and oviposits on most overripe fruits. A sibling species, D. sechellia, is an obligate specialist of Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit, which is rich in fatty acids (FAs). To understand evolution of noni taste preference, we characterized behavioral and cellular responses to noni-associated FAs in three related drosophilids. We find that mixtures of sugar and noni FAs evoke strong aversion in the generalist species but not in D. sechellia. Surveys of taste sensory responses reveal noni FA- and species-specific differences in at least two mechanisms-bitter neuron activation and sweet neuron inhibition-that correlate with shifts in noni preference. Chemoreceptor mutant analysis in D. melanogaster predicts that multiple genetic changes account for evolution of gustatory preference in D. sechellia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Dey
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sandhya Charlu
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alex Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Anupama Dahanukar
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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11
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Ruedenauer FA, Parreño MA, Grunwald Kadow IC, Spaethe J, Leonhardt SD. The ecology of nutrient sensation and perception in insects. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:994-1004. [PMID: 37328389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Insects are equipped with neurological, physiological, and behavioral tools to locate potential food sources and assess their nutritional quality based on volatile and chemotactile cues. We summarize current knowledge on insect taste perception and the different modalities of reception and perception. We suggest that the neurophysiological mechanisms of reception and perception are closely linked to the species-specific ecology of different insects. Understanding these links consequently requires a multidisciplinary approach. We also highlight existing knowledge gaps, especially in terms of the exact ligands of receptors, and provide evidence for a perceptional hierarchy suggesting that insects have adapted their reception and perception to preferentially perceive nutrient stimuli that are important for their fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Ruedenauer
- Plant-Insect Interactions, Research Department Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
| | - Maria Alejandra Parreño
- Plant-Insect Interactions, Research Department Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Bonn, University Clinic Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Spaethe
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sara D Leonhardt
- Plant-Insect Interactions, Research Department Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
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12
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Yang J, Tang R, Chen S, Chen Y, Yuan K, Huang R, Wang L. Exposure to high-sugar diet induces transgenerational changes in sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior via H3K27me3 reprogramming. eLife 2023; 12:e85365. [PMID: 37698486 PMCID: PMC10558205 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health is facing a host of new threats linked to unbalanced diets, including high-sugar diet (HSD), which contributes to the development of both metabolic and behavioral disorders. Studies have shown that diet-induced metabolic dysfunctions can be transmitted to multiple generations of offspring and exert long-lasting health burden. Meanwhile, whether and how diet-induced behavioral abnormalities can be transmitted to the offspring remains largely unclear. Here, we showed that ancestral HSD exposure suppressed sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior in the offspring in Drosophila. These behavioral deficits were transmitted through the maternal germline and companied by the enhancement of H3K27me3 modifications. PCL-PRC2 complex, a major driver of H3K27 trimethylation, was upregulated by ancestral HSD exposure, and disrupting its activity eliminated the transgenerational inheritance of sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior deficits. Elevated H3K27me3 inhibited the expression of a transcriptional factor Cad and suppressed sweet sensitivity of the sweet-sensing gustatory neurons, reshaping the sweet perception and feeding behavior of the offspring. Taken together, we uncovered a novel molecular mechanism underlying behavioral abnormalities spanning multiple generations of offspring upon ancestral HSD exposure, which would contribute to the further understanding of long-term health risk of unbalanced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ruijun Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Shiye Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yinan Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kai Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- The Biobank of Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Rui Huang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
| | - Liming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
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13
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Pradhan RN, Shrestha B, Lee Y. Molecular Basis of Hexanoic Acid Taste in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cells 2023; 46:451-460. [PMID: 37202372 PMCID: PMC10336273 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals generally prefer nutrients and avoid toxic and harmful chemicals. Recent behavioral and physiological studies have identified that sweet-sensing gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) in Drosophila melanogaster mediate appetitive behaviors toward fatty acids. Sweet-sensing GRN activation requires the function of the ionotropic receptors IR25a, IR56d, and IR76b, as well as the gustatory receptor GR64e. However, we reveal that hexanoic acid (HA) is toxic rather than nutritious to D. melanogaster. HA is one of the major components of the fruit Morinda citrifolia (noni). Thus, we analyzed the gustatory responses to one of major noni fatty acids, HA, via electrophysiology and proboscis extension response (PER) assay. Electrophysiological tests show this is reminiscent of arginine-mediated neuronal responses. Here, we determined that a low concentration of HA induced attraction, which was mediated by sweet-sensing GRNs, and a high concentration of HA induced aversion, which was mediated by bitter-sensing GRNs. We also demonstrated that a low concentration of HA elicits attraction mainly mediated by GR64d and IR56d expressed by sweet-sensing GRNs, but a high concentration of HA activates three gustatory receptors (GR32a, GR33a, and GR66a) expressed by bitter-sensing GRNs. The mechanism of sensing HA is biphasic in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, HA inhibit sugar-mediated activation like other bitter compounds. Taken together, we discovered a binary HA-sensing mechanism that may be evolutionarily meaningful in the foraging niche of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhanu Shrestha
- Department of Bio & Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Department of Bio & Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
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14
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Brown E, Worden K, Li Y, Masek P, Keene AC. Innate and Conditioned Taste Processing in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2023; 2023:pdb.top107864. [PMID: 36787965 PMCID: PMC10750968 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top107864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral detection of tastants allows animals to detect the dietary value of food and its potential toxicity. Many tastants such as sugars and fats elicit reflexive appetitive responses, whereas other foods such as quinine induce aversion. The relative value of food can change in accordance with an animal's internal state and prior experience. Understanding the neural and genetic bases for the detection and response to tastants, as well as how these behaviors change with experience, is central to sensory neuroscience. The presentation of attractive tastants to the proboscis or legs of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster induces a robust and reflexive proboscis-extension response (PER). This quantifiable response can be used to study the receptors underlying taste detection, the neural circuits involved in sensory processing, and the musculature required for a simple feeding behavior. Furthermore, we have developed a memory assay pairing appetitive and bitter tastants, resulting in aversive taste conditioning, in which the PER response to attractive tastants is diminished. Unlike many memory assays, this assay does not require specialized equipment and can be readily implemented in teaching and research laboratories. Here, we introduce protocols for studying the PER feeding response and aversive taste memory in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brown
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Kurtresha Worden
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Pavel Masek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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15
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Li X, Sun Y, Gao S, Li Y, Liu L, Zhu Y. Taste coding of heavy metal ion-induced avoidance in Drosophila. iScience 2023; 26:106607. [PMID: 37128604 PMCID: PMC10148117 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing pollution of heavy metals poses great risks to animals globally. Their survival likely relies on an ability to detect and avoid harmful heavy metal ions (HMIs). Currently, little is known about the neural mechanisms of HMI detection. Here, we show that Drosophila and related species of Drosophilidae actively avoid toxic HMIs at micromolar concentrations. The high sensitivity to HMIs is biologically relevant. Particularly, their sensitivity to cadmium is as high as that to the most bitter substance, denatonium. Detection of HMIs in food requires Gr66a + gustatory neurons but is independent of bitter-taste receptors. In these neurons, the ionotropic receptors IR76b, IR25a, and IR7a are required for the perception of heavy metals. Furthermore, IR47a mediates the activation of a distinct group of non-Gr66a + gustatory neurons elicited by HMIs. Together, our findings reveal a surprising taste quality represented by noxious metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
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16
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Nebauer CA, Schleifer MC, Ruedenauer FA, Leonhardt SD, Spaethe J. Perception, regulation, and fitness effects of pollen phytosterols in the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023:e16165. [PMID: 37071779 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Many flowering plants depend on insects for pollination and thus attract pollinators by offering rewards, mostly nectar and pollen. Bee pollinators rely on pollen as their main nutrient source. Pollen provides all essential micro- and macronutrients including substances that cannot be synthesized by bees themselves, such as sterols, which bees need for processes such as hormone production. Variations in sterol concentrations may consequently affect bee health and reproductive fitness. We therefore hypothesized that (1) these variations in pollen sterols affect longevity and reproduction in bumble bees and (2) can thus be perceived via the bees' antennae before consumption. METHODS We studied the effect of sterols on longevity and reproduction of Bombus terrestris workers in feeding experiments and investigated sterol perception using chemotactile proboscis extension response (PER) conditioning. RESULTS Workers could perceive several sterols (cholesterol, cholestenone, desmosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol) via their antennae but not differentiate between them. However, when sterols were presented in pollen, and not as a single compound, the bees were unable to differentiate between pollen differing in sterol content. Additionally, different sterol concentrations in pollen neither affected pollen consumption nor brood development or worker longevity. CONCLUSIONS Since we used both natural concentrations and concentrations higher than those found in pollen, our results indicate that bumble bees may not need to pay specific attention to pollen sterol content beyond a specific threshold. Naturally encountered concentrations might fully support their sterol requirements and higher concentrations do not seem to have negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Nebauer
- Plant-Insect Interactions, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marielle C Schleifer
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian A Ruedenauer
- Plant-Insect Interactions, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sara D Leonhardt
- Plant-Insect Interactions, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Spaethe
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Mi T, Mack JO, Koolmees W, Lyon Q, Yochimowitz L, Teng ZQ, Jiang P, Montell C, Zhang YV. Alkaline taste sensation through the alkaliphile chloride channel in Drosophila. Nat Metab 2023; 5:466-480. [PMID: 36941450 PMCID: PMC10665042 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The sense of taste is an important sentinel governing what should or should not be ingested by an animal, with high pH sensation playing a critical role in food selection. Here we explore the molecular identities of taste receptors detecting the basic pH of food using Drosophila melanogaster as a model. We identify a chloride channel named alkaliphile (Alka), which is both necessary and sufficient for aversive taste responses to basic food. Alka forms a high-pH-gated chloride channel and is specifically expressed in a subset of gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs). Optogenetic activation of alka-expressing GRNs is sufficient to suppress attractive feeding responses to sucrose. Conversely, inactivation of these GRNs causes severe impairments in the aversion to high pH. Altogether, our discovery of Alka as an alkaline taste receptor lays the groundwork for future research on alkaline taste sensation in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Mi
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John O Mack
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Quinn Lyon
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Craig Montell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Yali V Zhang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Physiology, The Diabetes Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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18
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Molecular sensors in the taste system of Drosophila. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:693-707. [PMID: 36828965 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most animals, including humans and insects, consume foods based on their senses. Feeding is mostly regulated by taste and smell. Recent insect studies shed insight into the cross-talk between taste and smell, sweetness and temperature, sweetness and texture, and other sensory modality pairings. Five canonical tastes include sweet, umami, bitter, salty, and sour. Furthermore, other receptors that mediate the detection of noncanonical sensory attributes encoded by taste stimuli, such as Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, lipid, and carbonation, have been characterized. Deorphanizing receptors and interactions among different modalities are expanding the taste field. METHODS Our study explores the taste system of Drosophila melanogaster and perception processing in insects to broaden the neuroscience of taste. Attractive and aversive taste cues and their chemoreceptors are categorized as tables. In addition, we summarize the recent progress in animal behavior as affected by the integration of multisensory information in relation to different gustatory receptor neuronal activations, olfaction, texture, and temperature. We mainly focus on peripheral responses and insect decision-making. CONCLUSION Drosophila is an excellent model animal to study the cellular and molecular mechanism of the taste system. Despite the divergence in the receptors to detect chemicals, taste research in the fruit fly can offer new insights into the many different taste sensors of animals and how to test the interaction among different sensory modalities.
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19
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Abstract
Salt taste, the taste of sodium chloride (NaCl), is mechanistically one of the most complex and puzzling among basic tastes. Sodium has essential functions in the body but causes harm in excess. Thus, animals use salt taste to ingest the right amount of salt, which fluctuates by physiological needs: typically, attraction to low salt concentrations and rejection of high salt. This concentration-valence relationship is universally observed in terrestrial animals, and research has revealed complex peripheral codes for NaCl involving multiple taste pathways of opposing valence. Sodium-dependent and -independent pathways mediate attraction and aversion to NaCl, respectively. Gustatory sensors and cells that transduce NaCl have been uncovered, along with downstream signal transduction and neurotransmission mechanisms. However, much remains unknown. This article reviews classical and recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying salt taste in mammals and insects and discusses perspectives on human salt taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyuki Taruno
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Saitama, Japan
| | - Michael D Gordon
- Department of Zoology and Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Reisenman CE, Wong J, Vedagarbha N, Livelo C, Scott K. Taste adaptations associated with host specialization in the specialist Drosophila sechellia. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb244641. [PMID: 36637369 PMCID: PMC10088416 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensory-driven host plant specialization is a major force mediating insect ecological adaptation and speciation. Drosophila sechellia, a species endemic to the Seychelles islands, feeds and oviposits on Morinda citrifolia almost exclusively. This fruit is harmless to D. sechellia but toxic to other Drosophilidae, including the closely related generalists D. simulans and D. melanogaster, because of its high content of fatty acids. While several olfactory adaptations mediating D. sechellia's preference for its host have been uncovered, the role of taste has been much less examined. We found that D. sechellia has reduced taste and feeding aversion to bitter compounds and host fatty acids that are aversive to D. melanogaster and D. simulans. The loss of aversion to canavanine, coumarin and fatty acids arose in the D. sechellia lineage, as its sister species D. simulans showed responses akin to those of D. melanogaster. Drosophila sechellia has increased taste and feeding responses towards M. citrifolia. These results are in line with D. sechellia's loss of genes that encode bitter gustatory receptors (GRs) in D. melanogaster. We found that two GR genes which are lost in D. sechellia, GR39a.a and GR28b.a, influence the reduction of aversive responses to some bitter compounds. Also, D. sechellia has increased appetite for a prominent host fatty acid compound that is toxic to its relatives. Our results support the hypothesis that changes in the taste system, specifically a reduction of sensitivity to bitter compounds that deter generalist ancestors, contribute to the specialization of D. sechellia for its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E. Reisenman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
- Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joshua Wong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Namrata Vedagarbha
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | | | - Kristin Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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21
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Jaime-Lara RB, Brooks BE, Vizioli C, Chiles M, Nawal N, Ortiz-Figueroa RSE, Livinski AA, Agarwal K, Colina-Prisco C, Iannarino N, Hilmi A, Tejeda HA, Joseph PV. A systematic review of the biological mediators of fat taste and smell. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:855-918. [PMID: 36409650 PMCID: PMC9678415 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00061.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste and smell play a key role in our ability to perceive foods. Overconsumption of highly palatable energy-dense foods can lead to increased caloric intake and obesity. Thus there is growing interest in the study of the biological mediators of fat taste and associated olfaction as potential targets for pharmacologic and nutritional interventions in the context of obesity and health. The number of studies examining mechanisms underlying fat taste and smell has grown rapidly in the last 5 years. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to summarize emerging evidence examining the biological mechanisms of fat taste and smell. A literature search was conducted of studies published in English between 2014 and 2021 in adult humans and animal models. Database searches were conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science for key terms including fat/lipid, taste, and olfaction. Initially, 4,062 articles were identified through database searches, and a total of 84 relevant articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria and are included in this review. Existing literature suggests that there are several proteins integral to fat chemosensation, including cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). This systematic review will discuss these proteins and the signal transduction pathways involved in fat detection. We also review neural circuits, key brain regions, ingestive cues, postingestive signals, and genetic polymorphism that play a role in fat perception and consumption. Finally, we discuss the role of fat taste and smell in the context of eating behavior and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario B. Jaime-Lara
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brianna E. Brooks
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlotta Vizioli
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mari Chiles
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland,4Section of Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nafisa Nawal
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rodrigo S. E. Ortiz-Figueroa
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alicia A. Livinski
- 3NIH Library, Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Khushbu Agarwal
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claudia Colina-Prisco
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Natalia Iannarino
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aliya Hilmi
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hugo A. Tejeda
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paule V. Joseph
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland,2Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
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