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Morozov YM, Rakic P. Lateral expansion of the mammalian cerebral cortex is related to anchorage of centrosomes in apical neural progenitors. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae293. [PMID: 39024157 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the main microtubule organizing center in stem cells, and its mother centriole, anchored to the cell membrane, serves as the basal body of the primary cilium. Prolonged anchorage of centrosomes and primary cilia to the apical segment of the membrane of apical neural progenitor cells is considered vital for interkinetic nuclear translocation and repetitive cycling in the ventricular zone. In contrast, the basolateral anchorage of primary cilia has been regarded as the first step in delamination and conversion of apical to basal neural progenitor cells or neurons. Using electron microscopy analysis of serial sections, we show that centrosomes, in a fraction of cells, anchor to the basolateral cell membrane immediately after cell division and before development of cilia. In other cells, centrosomes situate freely in the cytoplasm, increasing their probability of subsequent apical anchorage. In mice, anchored centrosomes in the cells shortly after mitosis predominate during the entire cerebral neurogenesis, whereas in macaque monkeys, cytoplasmic centrosomes are more numerous. Species-specific differences in the ratio of anchored and free cytoplasmic centrosomes appear to be related to prolonged neurogenesis in the ventricular zone that is essential for lateral expansion of the cerebral cortex in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M Morozov
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, 333 Cedar Street, SHM, C-303, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, 333 Cedar Street, SHM, C-303, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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Ducza L, Gaál B. The Neglected Sibling: NLRP2 Inflammasome in the Nervous System. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1006-1028. [PMID: 38722788 PMCID: PMC11081174 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While classical NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 1 (NLRP1) and NLRP3 inflammasomal proteins have been extensively investigated, the contribution of NLRP2 is still ill-defined in the nervous system. Given the putative significance of NLRP2 in orchestrating neuroinflammation, further inquiry is needed to gain a better understanding of its connectome, hence its specific targeting may hold a promising therapeutic implication. Therefore, bioinformatical approach for extracting information, specifically in the context of neuropathologies, is also undoubtedly preferred. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review study selectively targeting only NLRP2. Increasing, but still fragmentary evidence should encourage researchers to thoroughly investigate this inflammasome in various animal- and human models. Taken together, herein we aimed to review the current literature focusing on the role of NLRP2 inflammasome in the nervous system and more importantly, we provide an algorithm-based protein network of human NLRP2 for elucidating potentially valuable molecular partnerships that can be the beginning of a new discourse and future therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Ducza
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary, Hungary
| | - Botond Gaál
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary, Hungary
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Soundararajan A, Wang T, Pattabiraman PP. Proteomic analysis uncovers clusterin-mediated disruption of actin-based contractile machinery in the trabecular meshwork to lower intraocular pressure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.16.580757. [PMID: 38405803 PMCID: PMC10888873 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.16.580757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a major cause of blindness, is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to improper drainage of aqueous humor via the trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow pathway. Our recent work identified that loss of clusterin resulted in elevated IOP. This study delves deeper to elucidate the role of clusterin in IOP regulation. Employing an ex vivo human anterior segment perfusion model, we established that constitutive expression and secretion as well as exogenous addition of clusterin can significantly lower IOP. Interestingly, clusterin significantly lowered transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2)-induced IOP elevation. This effect was linked to the suppression of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and, highlighting the crucial role of clusterin in maintaining ECM equilibrium. A comprehensive global proteomic approach revealed the broad impact of clusterin on TM cell structure and function by identifying alterations in protein expression related to cytoskeletal organization, protein processing, and cellular mechanics, following clusterin induction. These findings underscore the beneficial modulation of TM cell structure and functionality by clusterin. Specifically, clusterin influences the actin-cytoskeleton and focal adhesion dynamics, which are instrumental in cell contractility and adhesion processes. Additionally, it suppresses the activity of proteins critical in TGFβ2, G-protein, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, which are vital for the regulation of ocular pressure. By delineating these targeted effects of clusterin within the TM outflow pathway, our findings pave the way for novel treatment strategies aimed at mitigating the progression of ocular hypertension and glaucoma through targeted molecular interventions.
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McLendon JM, Zhang X, Stein CS, Baehr LM, Bodine SC, Boudreau RL. A Specialized Centrosome-Proteasome Axis Mediates Proteostasis and Influences Cardiac Stress through Txlnb. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.580020. [PMID: 38405715 PMCID: PMC10888801 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.580020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Background Centrosomes localize to perinuclear foci where they serve multifunctional roles, arranging the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and anchoring ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) machinery. In mature cardiomyocytes, centrosomal proteins redistribute into a specialized perinuclear cage-like structure, and a potential centrosome-UPS interface has not been studied. Taxilin-beta (Txlnb), a cardiomyocyte-enriched protein, belongs to a family of centrosome adapter proteins implicated in protein quality control. We hypothesize that Txlnb plays a key role in centrosomal-proteasomal crosstalk in cardiomyocytes. Methods Integrative bioinformatics assessed centrosomal gene dysregulation in failing hearts. Txlnb gain/loss-of-function studies were conducted in cultured cardiomyocytes and mice. Txlnb's role in cardiac proteotoxicity and hypertrophy was examined using CryAB-R120G mice and transverse aortic constriction (TAC), respectively. Molecular modeling investigated Txlnb structure/function. Results Human failing hearts show consistent dysregulation of many centrosome-associated genes, alongside UPS-related genes. Txlnb emerged as a candidate regulator of cardiomyocyte proteostasis that localizes to the perinuclear centrosomal compartment. Txlnb's interactome strongly supports its involvement in cytoskeletal, microtubule, and UPS processes, particularly centrosome-related functions. Overexpressing Txlnb in cardiomyocytes reduced ubiquitinated protein accumulation and enhanced proteasome activity during hypertrophy. Txlnb-knockout (KO) mouse hearts exhibit proteasomal insufficiency and altered cardiac growth, evidenced by ubiquitinated protein accumulation, decreased 26Sβ5 proteasome activity, and lower mass with age. In Cryab-R120G mice, Txlnb loss worsened heart failure, causing lower ejection fractions. After TAC, Txlnb-KO mice also showed reduced ejection fraction, increased heart mass, and elevated ubiquitinated protein accumulation. Investigations into the molecular mechanisms revealed that Txlnb-KO did not affect proteasomal subunit expression but led to the upregulation of Txlna and several centrosomal proteins (Cep63, Ofd1, and Tubg) suggesting altered centrosomal dynamics. Structural predictions support Txlnb's role as a specialized centrosomal-adapter protein bridging centrosomes with proteasomes, confirmed by microtubule-dependent perinuclear localization. Conclusions Together, these data provide initial evidence connecting Txlnb to cardiac proteostasis, hinting at the potential importance of functional bridging between specialized centrosomes and UPS in cardiomyocytes.
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Yahia A, Li D, Lejerkrans S, Rajagopalan S, Kalnak N, Tammimies K. Whole exome sequencing and polygenic assessment of a Swedish cohort with severe developmental language disorder. Hum Genet 2024; 143:169-183. [PMID: 38300321 PMCID: PMC10881898 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Developmental language disorder (DLD) overlaps clinically, genetically, and pathologically with other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), corroborating the concept of the NDD continuum. There is a lack of studies to understand the whole genetic spectrum in individuals with DLD. Previously, we recruited 61 probands with severe DLD from 59 families and examined 59 of them and their families using microarray genotyping with a 6.8% diagnostic yield. Herein, we investigated 53 of those probands using whole exome sequencing (WES). Additionally, we used polygenic risk scores (PRS) to understand the within family enrichment of neurodevelopmental difficulties and examine the associations between the results of language-related tests in the probands and language-related PRS. We identified clinically significant variants in four probands, resulting in a 7.5% (4/53) molecular diagnostic yield. Those variants were in PAK2, MED13, PLCB4, and TNRC6B. We also prioritized additional variants for future studies for their role in DLD, including high-impact variants in PARD3 and DIP2C. PRS did not explain the aggregation of neurodevelopmental difficulties in these families. We did not detect significant associations between the language-related tests and language-related PRS. Our results support using WES as the first-tier genetic test for DLD as it can identify monogenic DLD forms. Large-scale sequencing studies for DLD are needed to identify new genes and investigate the polygenic contribution to the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Yahia
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danyang Li
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sanna Lejerkrans
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shyam Rajagopalan
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nelli Kalnak
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Kristiina Tammimies
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tao J, Guo P, Lai H, Peng H, Guo Z, Yuan Y, Yu X, Shen X, Liu J, Xier Z, Li G, Yang Y. TXLNG improves insulin resistance in obese subjects in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ATF4 transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 568-569:111928. [PMID: 37028586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity contributes to insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. Insulin promotes 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and facilitates glucose entry into muscle, adipose, and other tissues. In this study, differential gene expression was analyzed using four datasets, and taxilin gamma (TXLNG) was the only shared downregulated gene in all four datasets. TXLNG expression was significantly reduced in obese subjects according to online datasets and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin-resistant (IR) mice according to experimental investigations. TXLNG overexpression significantly improved IR induced by HFD in mouse models by reducing body weight and epididymal adipose weight, decreasing mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and reducing adipocyte size. High-glucose/high-insulin-stimulated adipocytes exhibited decreased TXLNG and increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). IR significantly decreased glucose uptake, cell surface glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) levels, and Akt phosphorylation, while increasing the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in adipocytes. However, these changes were significantly reversed by TXLNG overexpression, while they were exacerbated by TXLNG knockdown. TXLNG overexpression had no effect on ATF4 protein levels, while ATF4 overexpression increased ATF4 protein levels. Furthermore, ATF4 overexpression notably abolished the improvements in IR adipocyte dysfunction caused by TXLNG overexpression. In conclusion, TXLNG improves IR in obese subjects in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ATF4 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Hongmei Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Zitong Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Yujuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Zulipiyemu Xier
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Yining Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China.
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Ma D, Wang F, Teng J, Huang N, Chen J. Structure and function of distal and subdistal appendages of the mother centriole. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286880. [PMID: 36727648 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are composed of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material. The two centrioles in G1 phase are distinguished by the localization of their appendages in the distal and subdistal regions; the centriole possessing both types of appendage is older and referred to as the mother centriole, whereas the other centriole lacking appendages is the daughter centriole. Both distal and subdistal appendages in vertebrate cells consist of multiple proteins assembled in a hierarchical manner. Distal appendages function mainly in the initial process of ciliogenesis, and subdistal appendages are involved in microtubule anchoring, mitotic spindle regulation and maintenance of ciliary signaling. Mutations in genes encoding components of both appendage types are implicated in ciliopathies and developmental defects. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in knowledge regarding the composition and assembly of centriolar appendages, as well as their roles in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Camargo Ortega G, Götz M. Centrosome heterogeneity in stem cells regulates cell diversity. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:707-719. [PMID: 35750615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are at the source of creating cellular diversity. Multiple mechanisms, including basic cell biological processes, regulate their fate. The centrosome is at the core of many stem cell functions and recent work highlights the association of distinct proteins at the centrosome in stem cell differentiation. As showcased by a novel centrosome protein regulating neural stem cell differentiation, it is timely to review the heterogeneity of the centrosome at protein and RNA levels and how this impacts their function in stem and progenitor cells. Together with evidence for heterogeneity of other organelles so far considered as similar between cells, we call for exploring the cell type-specific composition of organelles as a way to expand protein function in development with relevance to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Camargo Ortega
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH, Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; 4 SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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