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Liu D, Zhan J, Wang S, Chen L, Zhu Q, Nie R, Zhou X, Zheng W, Luo X, Wang B, Nie J, Ye X. Chrysanthemum morifolium attenuates metabolic and alcohol-associated liver disease via gut microbiota and PPARα/γ activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155774. [PMID: 38820659 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD) shows a high prevalence rate in liver patients, but there is currently no effective treatment for MetALD. As a typical edible traditional Chinese medicinal herb, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties of water extract of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (WECM) has been demonstrated. However, its therapeutic effect on MetALD and the associated mechanisms remain unclear. PURPOSE To investigate the underlying mechanisms of WECM against MetALD. METHODS We constructed a MetALD rat model following a high-fat & high-sucrose plus alcohol diet (HFHSAD). MetALD rats were treated with WECM at 2.1, 4.2, and 8.4 g/kg/d for six weeks. Efficacy was determined, and pathways associated with WECM against MetALD were predicted through serum and hepatic biochemical marker measurement, histopathological section analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing of the gut microbiota and untargeted serum metabolomics analyses. Changes in genes and proteins in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and gamma (PPARγ) signaling pathways were detected by RT‒PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS WECM treatment significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia and markers of liver injury in MetALD rats. Moreover, WECM improved vascular endothelial function, hypertension, and systematic oxidative stress. Mechanistically, WECM treatment altered the overall structure of the gut microbiota through maintaining Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio and reducing harmful bacterial abundances such as Clostridium, Faecalibaculum, and Herminiimonas. Notably, WECM promoted 15-deoxy-△12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) release and further activated the PPARγ to reduce serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. Additionally, WECM upregulated PPARα and downregulated the levels of CD36 and FABP4 to improve lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION Our findings provide the first evidence that WECM treatment significantly improved hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in MetALD rats by regulating the gut microbiota and activating the 15d-PGJ2/PPARγ and PPARα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Jianting Zhan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Shiqin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Lvyi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ruili Nie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xuxiang Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Wuyinxiao Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Quality Control of State Drug Administration, Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Hubei Center for ADR Monitoring, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
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Mak KM, Shekhar AC. Soybean polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) is beneficial in liver and extrahepatic tissue injury: An update in experimental research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2162-2186. [PMID: 37814787 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) is a purified polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine extract of soybeans. This article updates PPC's beneficial effects on various forms of liver cell injury and other tissues in experimental research. PPC downregulates hepatocyte CYP2E1 expression and associated hepatotoxicity, as well as attenuates oxidative stress, apoptosis, lipoprotein oxidation and steatosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver injury. PPC inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production, while stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in ethanol or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Kupffer cells/macrophages. It promotes M2-type macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming of glucose and lipid metabolism. PPC mitigates steatosis in NAFLD through inhibiting polarization of pro-inflammatory M1-type Kupffer cells, alleviating metabolic inflammation, remodeling hepatic lipid metabolism, correcting imbalances between lipogenesis and lipolysis and enhancing lipoprotein secretion from hepatocytes. PPC is antifibrotic by preventing progression of alcoholic hepatic fibrosis in baboons and also prevents CCl4-induced fibrosis in rats. PPC supplementation replenishes the phosphatidylcholine content of damaged cell membranes, resulting in increased membrane fluidity and functioning. Phosphatidylcholine repletion prevents increased membrane curvature of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi and decreases sterol regulatory element binding protein-1-mediated lipogenesis, reducing steatosis. PPC remodels gut microbiota and affects hepatic lipid metabolism via the gut-hepatic-axis and also alleviates brain inflammatory responses and cognitive impairment via the gut-brain-axis. Additionally, PPC protects extrahepatic tissues from injury caused by various toxic compounds by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and membrane damage. It also stimulates liver regeneration, enhances sensitivity of cancer cells to radiotherapy/chemotherapy, and inhibits experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. PPC's beneficial effects justify it as a supportive treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aditya C Shekhar
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Zhang Q, Zhou Y, He Q, Zhao H, Zhou F, Chi P, Li Q. Effects of modified-BHI medium on the growth and metabolites of Akkermansia muciniphila. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1921-1930. [PMID: 38752110 PMCID: PMC11091034 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk) has recently become popular due to its therapeutic effect on various diseases. However, Akk's high-density cultivation is difficult due to its anaerobic characteristics. Therefore, Akk was cultured with modified brain-heart infusion (M-BHI) to reach 1011 CFU/mL. 1H-NMR determined the metabolites of Akk and validated them by an amino acid analyzer. Compared to the BHI, Akk significantly up-regulated lactate, histidine, fumaric acid, cytidine, threonine, arginine, and hydroxyproline in the M-BHI and significantly down-regulated methionine, trimethylamine, and sarcosine. Regarding pathway enrichment analysis, histidine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism mainly regulate differential metabolites. In addition, M-BHI alters the metabolic profile by affecting Akk's involvement in amino acid metabolism remodeling. Changed metabolites showed that Akk fermentation in M-BHI may play a physiological role in regulating immune homeostasis and reducing risk factors related to diseases. Therefore, M-BHI provides a promising reference for Akk cultivation in future industrial preparation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01492-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinren Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Yupan Zhou
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Qianzu He
- Guangxi University Hospital, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Guangxi University Hospital, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Fan Zhou
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Pengcheng Chi
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Quanyang Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
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Raya Tonetti F, Eguileor A, Mrdjen M, Pathak V, Travers J, Nagy LE, Llorente C. Gut-liver axis: Recent concepts in pathophysiology in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00873. [PMID: 38691396 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The growing recognition of the role of the gut microbiome's impact on alcohol-associated diseases, especially in alcohol-associated liver disease, emphasizes the need to understand molecular mechanisms involved in governing organ-organ communication to identify novel avenues to combat alcohol-associated diseases. The gut-liver axis refers to the bidirectional communication and interaction between the gut and the liver. Intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis within the gut-liver axis, and this axis plays a significant role in alcohol-associated liver disease. The intricate communication between intestine and liver involves communication between multiple cellular components in each organ that enable them to carry out their physiological functions. In this review, we focus on novel approaches to understanding how chronic alcohol exposure impacts the microbiome and individual cells within the liver and intestine, as well as the impact of ethanol on the molecular machinery required for intraorgan and interorgan communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Raya Tonetti
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alvaro Eguileor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marko Mrdjen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vai Pathak
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jared Travers
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Li XY, Yu ZL, Zhao YC, Wang DD, Xue CH, Zhang TT, Wang YM. Gut Microbiota Metabolite TMA May Mediate the Effects of TMAO on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in C57BL/6J Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300443. [PMID: 38456781 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Gut microbiota can convert a variety of alkaloids and TMAO into TMA, which is then transported by the blood to the liver, and converted into TMAO. In recent years, TMAO has attracted wide attention as a metabolic risk factor in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other diseases. However, it is still unclear about the role of gut microbial metabolite TMA in the adverse health impacts of TMAO. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6J is treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral TMAO for 8 weeks, the area under the OGTT curve of oral group is significantly increased by about 15% compared to the control and injection groups. Serum triglyceride levels in the oral group are significantly higher by 28.2% and 24.6% than those in the control and injection groups, respectively. Meanwhile, cholesterol content in serum is significantly elevated by 27.6% and 30.7%. Similarly, proinflammatory factors gene expressions are significantly increased with oral but not i.p. TMAO intervention. Furthermore, transformation in HepG2 cells shows that TMAO could not be converted into TMA by hepatocytes. CONCLUSION The adverse effects of TMAO on glucose and lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice may act through gut microbiota metabolite TMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Li
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266404, P. R. China
| | - Zhu-Lin Yu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266404, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Cai Zhao
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266404, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266404, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266404, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266404, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266404, P. R. China
- Sanya Institute of Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Sanya, Sanya, Hainan Province, 572024, P. R. China
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6
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Rodrigues SG, van der Merwe S, Krag A, Wiest R. Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and medical perspective in chronic liver diseases. Semin Immunol 2024; 71:101859. [PMID: 38219459 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana G Rodrigues
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Schalk van der Merwe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre for Liver Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Pearlmutter BS, Carlisle MG, Wilson BM, Sangwan N, Donskey CJ. Pulsed dosing and extended daily dosing of oral vancomycin do not facilitate clearance of Clostridioides difficile colonization in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0090323. [PMID: 38095427 PMCID: PMC10777828 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00903-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin taper and pulse regimens are commonly used to treat recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections, but the mechanism by which these regimens might reduce recurrences is unclear. Here, we used a mouse model to test the hypothesis that pulse dosing of vancomycin after a 10-day treatment course enhances clearance of C. difficile from the intestinal tract. Mice with C. difficile colonization received 10 days of once-daily oral vancomycin followed by 20 days of treatment with saline (controls), daily vancomycin, or pulse dosing of vancomycin every 2 or 3 days. Stool samples were collected to measure the concentration of C. difficile during and after treatment, vancomycin concentrations, and growth of vegetative C. difficile during every 3 days dosing. Pulse dosing of vancomycin was not effective in maintaining suppression of C. difficile (P > 0.05 in comparison to saline controls); growth of vegetative C. difficile occurred between pulse doses when vancomycin decreased to undetectable levels. Daily dosing of vancomycin suppressed C. difficile during treatment, but recurrent colonization occurred after treatment in more than 75% of mice, and by post-treatment day 14, there was no significant difference among the control, pulse dosing, and daily dosing groups (P > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that pulse dosing of vancomycin every 2 or 3 days does not facilitate the clearance of C. difficile spores in mice. Studies are needed to examine the impact of vancomycin taper and pulsed regimens in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basya S. Pearlmutter
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew G. Carlisle
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brigid M. Wilson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Lerner Research Institute/Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Curtis J. Donskey
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Lerner Research Institute/Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Yang M, Massad K, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O’Carroll KF, Li G. Gut microbiota and metabolite interface-mediated hepatic inflammation. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2024; 6:e00037. [PMID: 38283696 PMCID: PMC10810350 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Immunologic and metabolic signals regulated by gut microbiota and relevant metabolites mediate bidirectional interaction between the gut and liver. Gut microbiota dysbiosis, due to diet, lifestyle, bile acids, and genetic and environmental factors, can advance the progression of chronic liver disease. Commensal gut bacteria have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects depending on their species and relative abundance in the intestine. Components and metabolites derived from gut microbiota-diet interaction can regulate hepatic innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as liver parenchymal cells, significantly impacting liver inflammation. In this mini review, recent findings of specific bacterial species and metabolites with functions in regulating liver inflammation are first reviewed. In addition, socioeconomic and environmental factors, hormones, and genetics that shape the profile of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites and components with the function of priming or dampening liver inflammation are discussed. Finally, current clinical trials evaluating the factors that manipulate gut microbiota to treat liver inflammation and chronic liver disease are reviewed. Overall, the discussion of microbial and metabolic mediators contributing to liver inflammation will help direct our future studies on liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Katina Massad
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eric T. Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin F. Staveley-O’Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Zhang Y, Fang XM. The pan-liver network theory: From traditional chinese medicine to western medicine. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:401-436. [PMID: 38149555 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-22-00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the liver is the "general organ" that is responsible for governing/maintaining the free flow of qi over the entire body and storing blood. According to the classic five elements theory, zang-xiang theory, yin-yang theory, meridians and collaterals theory, and the five-viscera correlation theory, the liver has essential relationships with many extrahepatic organs or tissues, such as the mother-child relationships between the liver and the heart, and the yin-yang and exterior-interior relationships between the liver and the gallbladder. The influences of the liver to the extrahepatic organs or tissues have been well-established when treating the extrahepatic diseases from the perspective of modulating the liver by using the ancient classic prescriptions of TCM and the acupuncture and moxibustion. In modern medicine, as the largest solid organ in the human body, the liver has the typical functions of filtration and storage of blood; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, hormones, and foreign chemicals; formation of bile; storage of vitamins and iron; and formation of coagulation factors. The liver also has essential endocrine function, and acts as an immunological organ due to containing the resident immune cells. In the perspective of modern human anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, the liver has the organ interactions with the extrahepatic organs or tissues, for example, the gut, pancreas, adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, kidney, brain, spleen, eyes, skin, bone, and sexual organs, through the circulation (including hemodynamics, redox signals, hepatokines, metabolites, and the translocation of microbiota or its products, such as endotoxins), the neural signals, or other forms of pathogenic factors, under normal or diseases status. The organ interactions centered on the liver not only influence the homeostasis of these indicated organs or tissues, but also contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic [dysfunction]-associated fatty liver diseases, and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases), pulmonary diseases, hyperuricemia and gout, chronic kidney disease, and male and female sexual dysfunction. Therefore, based on TCM and modern medicine, the liver has the bidirectional interaction with the extrahepatic organ or tissue, and this established bidirectional interaction system may further interact with another one or more extrahepatic organs/tissues, thus depicting a complex "pan-hepatic network" model. The pan-hepatic network acts as one of the essential mechanisms of homeostasis and the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology; Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong; Issue 12th of Guangxi Apprenticeship Education of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shi-Cheng Class of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine), College of Continuing Education, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Ming Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine (Guangxi Hospital of Integrated Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Ruikang Clinical Faculty of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine), Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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10
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Hsu CL, Schnabl B. The gut-liver axis and gut microbiota in health and liver disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:719-733. [PMID: 37316582 PMCID: PMC10794111 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The trillions of microorganisms in the human intestine are important regulators of health, and disruptions in the gut microbial communities can cause disease. The gut, liver and immune system have a symbiotic relationship with these microorganisms. Environmental factors, such as high-fat diets and alcohol consumption, can disrupt and alter microbial communities. This dysbiosis can lead to dysfunction of the intestinal barrier, translocation of microbial components to the liver and development or progression of liver disease. Changes in metabolites produced by gut microorganisms can also contribute to liver disease. In this Review, we discuss the importance of the gut microbiota in maintenance of health and the alterations in microbial mediators that contribute to liver disease. We present strategies for modulation of the intestinal microbiota and/or their metabolites as potential treatments for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Mrdjen M, Huang E, Pathak V, Bellar A, Welch N, Dasarathy J, Streem D, McClain CJ, Mitchell M, Radaeva S, Barton B, Szabo G, Dasarathy S, Wang Z, Hazen SL, Brown JM, Nagy LE. Dysregulated meta-organismal metabolism of aromatic amino acids in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0284. [PMID: 37820283 PMCID: PMC10578770 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol consumption impairs gut barrier function and perturbs the gut microbiome. Although shifts in bacterial communities in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) have been characterized, less is known about the interactions between host metabolism and circulating microbe-derived metabolites during the progression of ALD. METHODS A large panel of gut microbiome-derived metabolites of aromatic amino acids was quantified by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography with online tandem mass spectrometry in plasma from healthy controls (n = 29), heavy drinkers (n = 10), patients with moderate (n = 16) or severe alcohol-associated hepatitis (n = 40), and alcohol-associated cirrhosis (n = 10). RESULTS The tryptophan metabolites, serotonin and indole-3-propionic acid, and tyrosine metabolites, p-cresol sulfate, and p-cresol glucuronide, were decreased in patients with ALD. Patients with severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and alcohol-associated cirrhosis had the largest decrease in concentrations of tryptophan and tyrosine-derived metabolites compared to healthy control. Western blot analysis and interrogation of bulk RNA sequencing data from patients with various liver pathologies revealed perturbations in hepatic expression of phase II metabolism enzymes involved in sulfonation and glucuronidation in patients with severe forms of ALD. CONCLUSIONS We identified several metabolites decreased in ALD and disruptions of hepatic phase II metabolism. These results indicate that patients with more advanced stages of ALD, including severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and alcohol-associated cirrhosis, had complex perturbations in metabolite concentrations that likely reflect both changes in the composition of the gut microbiome community and the ability of the host to enzymatically modify the gut-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mrdjen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily Huang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vai Pathak
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Annette Bellar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicole Welch
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaividhya Dasarathy
- Department of Family Medicine, Metro Health Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David Streem
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Cleveland Clinic Lutheran Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mack Mitchell
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Svetlana Radaeva
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce Barton
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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12
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Kaufmann B, Seyfried N, Hartmann D, Hartmann P. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G42-G61. [PMID: 37129252 PMCID: PMC10312326 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00017.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics has become an important therapy in numerous gastrointestinal diseases in recent years. Modifying the gut microbiota, this therapeutic approach helps to restore a healthy microbiome. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-associated liver disease are among the leading causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. A disrupted intestinal barrier, microbial translocation, and an altered gut microbiome metabolism, or metabolome, are crucial in the pathogenesis of these chronic liver diseases. As pro-, pre-, and synbiotics modulate these targets, they were identified as possible new treatment options for liver disease. In this review, we highlight the current findings on clinical and mechanistic effects of this therapeutic approach in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kaufmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nick Seyfried
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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13
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Zhao C, Hu X, Qiu M, Bao L, Wu K, Meng X, Zhao Y, Feng L, Duan S, He Y, Zhang N, Fu Y. Sialic acid exacerbates gut dysbiosis-associated mastitis through the microbiota-gut-mammary axis by fueling gut microbiota disruption. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:78. [PMID: 37069691 PMCID: PMC10107595 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is one of the most severe diseases in humans and animals, especially on dairy farms. Mounting evidence indicates that gastrointestinal dysbiosis caused by induction of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by high-grain diet consumption and low in dietary fiber is associated with mastitis initiation and development, however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. RESULTS In the present study, we found that cows with SARA-associated mastitis have altered metabolic profiles in the rumen, with increased sialic acids level in particular. Consumption of sialic acid (SA) in antibiotic-treated mice, but not healthy mice, induced marked mastitis. SA treatment of antibiotic-treated mice also induced mucosal and systemic inflammatory responses, as evidenced by increased colon and liver injuries and several inflammatory markers. In addition, gut dysbiosis caused by antibiotic impaired gut barrier integrity, which was aggravated by SA treatment. SA potentiated serum LPS level caused by antibiotic treatment, leading to increased activation of the TLR4-NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways in the mammary gland and colon. Moreover, SA facilitated gut dysbiosis caused by antibiotic, and especially enhanced Enterobacteriaceae and Akkermansiaceae, which correlated with mastitis parameters. Fecal microbiota transplantation from SA-antibiotic-treated mice mimicked mastitis in recipient mice. In vitro experiments showed that SA prompted Escherichia coli growth and virulence gene expression, leading to higher proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Targeting the inhibition of Enterobacteriaceae by sodium tungstate or treating with the commensal Lactobacillus reuteri alleviated SA-facilitated mastitis. In addition, SARA cows had distinct ruminal microbial structure by the enrichment of SA-utilizing opportunistic pathogenic Moraxellaceae and the depletion of SA-utilizing commensal Prevotellaceae. Treating mice with the specific sialidase inhibitor zanamivir reduced SA production and Moraxellaceae abundance, and improved mastitis in mice caused by ruminal microbiota transplantation from cows with SARA-associated mastitis. CONCLUSIONS This study, for the first time, indicates that SA aggravates gut dysbiosis-induced mastitis by promoting gut microbiota disturbance and is regulated by commensal bacteria, indicating the important role of the microbiota-gut-mammary axis in mastitis pathogenesis and suggesting a potential strategy for mastitis intervention based on gut metabolism regulation. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lijuan Bao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Keyi Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiangyue Meng
- Department of Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yihong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lianjun Feng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shiyu Duan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuhong He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China.
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14
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Sharma S, Hegde P, Panda S, Orimoloye MO, Aldrich CC. Drugging the microbiome: targeting small microbiome molecules. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102234. [PMID: 36399893 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome represents a large and diverse collection of microbes that plays an integral role in human physiology and pathophysiology through interactions with the host and within the microbial community. While early work exploring links between microbiome signatures and diseases states has been associative, emerging evidence demonstrates the metabolic products of the human microbiome have more proximal causal effects on disease phenotypes. The therapeutic implications of this shift are profound as manipulation of the microbiome by the administration of live biotherapeutics, ongoing, can now be pursued alongside research efforts toward describing inhibitors of key microbiome enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of metabolites implicated in various disease states and processing of host-derived metabolites. With growing interest in 'drugging the microbiome', we review few notable microbial metabolites for which traditional drug-development campaigns have yielded compounds with therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Subhankar Panda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Moyosore O Orimoloye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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15
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Wu X, Fan X, Miyata T, Kim A, Cajigas-Du Ross CK, Ray S, Huang E, Taiwo M, Arya R, Wu J, Nagy LE. Recent Advances in Understanding of Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:411-438. [PMID: 36270295 PMCID: PMC10060166 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is one of the major diseases arising from chronic alcohol consumption and is one of the most common causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality. ALD includes asymptomatic liver steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alcohol-associated hepatitis and its complications. The progression of ALD involves complex cell-cell and organ-organ interactions. We focus on the impact of alcohol on dysregulation of homeostatic mechanisms and regulation of injury and repair in the liver. In particular, we discuss recent advances in understanding the disruption of balance between programmed cell death and prosurvival pathways, such as autophagy and membrane trafficking, in the pathogenesis of ALD. We also summarize current understanding of innate immune responses, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction and hepatic stellate cell activation, and gut-liver and adipose-liver cross talk in response to ethanol. In addition,we describe the current potential therapeutic targets and clinical trials aimed at alleviating hepatocyte injury, reducing inflammatory responses, and targeting gut microbiota, for the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wu
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Xiude Fan
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Adam Kim
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Christina K Cajigas-Du Ross
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Semanti Ray
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Emily Huang
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Moyinoluwa Taiwo
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Rakesh Arya
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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16
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Zhang Q, Xing W, Wang Q, Tang Z, Wang Y, Gao W. Gut microbiota–mitochondrial inter-talk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Nutr 2022; 9:934113. [PMID: 36204383 PMCID: PMC9530335 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.934113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a progressive disease, has exerted huge a healthcare burden worldwide. New investigations have suggested that the gut microbiota closely participates in the progression of NAFLD through the gut–liver axis or gut–brain–liver axis. The composition of the microbiota can be altered by multiple factors, primarily dietary style, nutritional supplements, or exercise. Recent evidence has revealed that gut microbiota is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in the liver by regulating crucial transcription factors, enzymes, or genes. Moreover, microbiota metabolites can also affect mitochondrial oxidative stress function and swallow formation, subsequently controlling the inflammatory response and regulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines, which are the predominant regulators of NAFLD. This review focuses on the changes in the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolites as well as the cross-talk between gut microbiota and mitochondrial function. We thus aim to comprehensively explore the potential mechanisms of gut microbiota in NAFLD and potential therapeutic strategies targeting NAFLD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yazhen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenyan Gao,
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17
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Zafari N, Velayati M, Fahim M, Maftouh M, Pourali G, Khazaei M, Nassiri M, Hassanian SM, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Kiani MA, Avan A. Role of gut bacterial and non-bacterial microbiota in alcohol-associated liver disease: Molecular mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic prospective. Life Sci 2022; 305:120760. [PMID: 35787997 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) comprises a spectrum of liver diseases that include: steatosis to alcohol-associated hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiology and potential underlying mechanisms for alcohol-associated liver disease are unclear. Moreover, the treatment of ALD remains a challenge. Intestinal microbiota include bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that are now known to be important in the development of ALD. Alcohol consumption can change the gut microbiota and function leading to liver disease. Given the importance of interactions between intestinal microbiota, alcohol, and liver injury, the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. This review focuses on the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALD and explains how this can be translated into clinical management. We discuss the potential of utilizing the gut microbiota signature as a biomarker in ALD patients. Additionally, we present an overview of the prospect of modulating the intestinal microbiota for the management of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Zafari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Velayati
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Fahim
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftouh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Pourali
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Mohammad Ali Kiani
- Department of Pediatrics, Akbar Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Xu D, Mana TS, Cadnum JL, Deshpande A, Afsari F, Sangwan N, Donskey CJ. Why Does Doxycycline Pose a Relatively Low Risk for Promotion of Clostridioides difficile Infection? Pathog Immun 2022; 7:81-94. [PMID: 35800258 PMCID: PMC9254868 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical studies suggest that doxycycline poses a low risk for promotion of Clostridioides difficile infection, but the microbiologic explanation for this finding is unclear. Methods: Mice treated with oral doxycycline, oral azithromycin, subcutaneous ceftriaxone, doxycycline plus ceftriaxone, or azithromycin plus ceftriaxone were challenged with 104 colony-forming units of 2 different C. difficile strains on day 2 of 5 of treatment. The concentration of C. difficile was measured in stool 2 and 5 days after challenge. The impact of the treatments on the microbiota was assessed by sequencing. Results: Doxycycline and azithromycin treatment did not promote colonization by either C. difficile strain in comparison to saline controls. Doxycycline treatment significantly reduced ceftriaxone-induced overgrowth of a C. difficile strain with doxycycline minimum-inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.06 µg/mL (P<0.01) but not a strain with doxycycline MIC of 48 µg/mL (P>0.05); azithromycin treatment did not reduce ceftriaxone-induced overgrowth of either strain. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed significantly lower bacterial diversity in the stool of ceftriaxone-treated mice, in comparison to doxycycline-treated and azithromycin-treated mice. Conclusions: These findings suggest that doxycycline may have a low propensity to promote C. difficile colonization because it causes relatively limited alteration of the indigenous microbiota that provide colonization resistance and because it provides inhibitory activity against some C. difficile strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Xu
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Abhishek Deshpande
- Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Faezeh Afsari
- Lerner Research Institute/Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Lerner Research Institute/Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Curtis J. Donskey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Curtis J. Donskey, Infectious Diseases Section 1110W, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Phone: 216-791-3800 ext. 64788; Fax: 216-229-8509; E-mail:
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19
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Liu Z, Xu X, Shen Y, Hao Y, Cui W, Li W, Zhang X, Lv H, Li X, Hou Y, Zhang X. Altered gut microbiota and metabolites profile are associated with reduced bone metabolism in ethanol-induced osteoporosis. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13245. [PMID: 35688648 PMCID: PMC9251047 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Chronic heavy drinking causes ethanol‐induced osteoporosis (EIO). The present study aimed to explore the role of GM in EIO. Material and Methods A rat EIO model was established by chronic ethanol intake. Taking the antibiotic application as the matched group of dysbacteriosis, an integrated 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics in serum and faeces were applied to explore the association of differential metabolic phenotypes and screen out the candidate metabolites detrimental to ossification. The colon organoids were used to track the source of 5‐HT and the effect of 5‐HT on bone formation was examined in vitro. Results Compared with antibiotics application, ethanol‐gavaged decreased the BMD in rats. We found that both ethanol and antibiotic intake affected the composition of GM, but ethanol intake increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. Elevated serotonin was proved to be positively correlated with the changes of the composition of GM and faecal metabolites and inhibited the proliferation and mineralization of osteogenesis‐related cells. However, the direct secretory promotion of serotonin was absent in the colon organoids exposed to ethanol. Conclusion This study demonstrated that ethanol consumption led to osteoporosis and intestinal‐specific dysbacteriosis. Conjoint analysis of the genetic profiles of GM and metabolic phenotypes in serum and faeces allowed us to understand the endogenous metabolite, 5‐HT, as detrimental regulators in the gut‐bone axis to impair bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xilin Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yiwei Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Northern Medicine Base and Application Under Ministry of d Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenwen Cui
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.,Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hang Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yunlong Hou
- Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Administration of TCM, Harbin, China
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20
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Massey W, Osborn LJ, Banerjee R, Horak A, Fung KK, Orabi D, Chan ER, Sangwan N, Wang Z, Brown JM. Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) Is Critical for Dioxin-Induced Reorganization of the Gut Microbiome and Host Insulin Sensitivity. Metabolites 2022; 12:364. [PMID: 35448550 PMCID: PMC9029240 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to some environmental pollutants can have potent endocrine-disrupting effects, thereby promoting hormone imbalance and cardiometabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, and cardiorenal diseases. Recent evidence also suggests that many environmental pollutants can reorganize the gut microbiome to potentially impact these diverse human diseases. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is among the most potent endocrine-disrupting dioxin pollutants, yet our understanding of how TCDD impacts the gut microbiome and systemic metabolism is incompletely understood. Here, we show that TCDD exposure in mice profoundly stimulates the hepatic expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3), which is a hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme that is also responsible for the production of the gut microbiome-associated metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Interestingly, an enzymatic product of FMO3 (TMAO) has been associated with the same cardiometabolic diseases that these environmental pollutants promote. Therefore, here, we examined TCDD-induced alterations in the gut microbiome, host liver transcriptome, and glucose tolerance in Fmo3+/+ and Fmo3-/- mice. Our results show that Fmo3 is a critical component of the transcriptional response to TCDD, impacting the gut microbiome, host liver transcriptome, and systemic glucose tolerance. Collectively, this work uncovers a previously underappreciated role for Fmo3 in integrating diet-pollutant-microbe-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Massey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lucas J. Osborn
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rakhee Banerjee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anthony Horak
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kevin K. Fung
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Danny Orabi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - E. Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Microbial Sequencing & Analytics Core Facility, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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