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Espinoza-García N, Salazar-Camarena DC, Marín-Rosales M, Reyes-Mata MP, Ramírez-Dueñas MG, Muñoz-Valle JF, Borunda-Calderón IM, González-Palacios A, Palafox-Sánchez CA. High Interleukin 21 Levels in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Association with Clinical Variables and rs2221903 Polymorphism. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4512. [PMID: 39124778 PMCID: PMC11313274 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and diverse tissue and organ inflammatory affections. Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is implicated in B cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, class switching, and immunoglobulin production; therefore, it is considered a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of SLE. However, its association with disease activity and clinical phenotypes remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the association of IL-21 levels with the disease activity and clinical phenotypes in patients with SLE. Also, we analyzed the IL21 polymorphisms associated with increased IL-21 levels. Methods: The IL-21 serum levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The rs2221903 and rs2055979 polymorphisms were assessed in 300 healthy controls (HCs) and 300 patients with SLE by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The levels of IL-21 were monitored during follow-up visits in 59 patients with SLE. Results: The patients with SLE showed higher IL-21 levels compared to the HCs. The IL-21 levels did not correlate with Mex-SLEDAI and were not different in patients with inactive, mild-moderate, and severe disease. The IL-21 levels were increased in patients with hematological affection. The ROC curve analysis revealed that the IL-21 levels had good predictive power in discriminating among patients with SLE and HCs. In a follow-up analysis, the levels of IL-21 remained higher in the patients with SLE even when the patients were in remission. Also, the rs2221903 polymorphism was associated with increased IL-21 levels. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of IL-21 as a key cytokine in SLE. IL-21 levels are higher in patients with SLE and remain increased regardless of disease activity. According to the ROC analysis, IL-21 is a potential biomarker of SLE. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore the relationship between IL-21 and the clinical phenotypes of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Espinoza-García
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Biología Molecular en Medicina (DCBMM), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Diana Celeste Salazar-Camarena
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.C.S.-C.); (M.M.-R.); (M.P.R.-M.); (A.G.-P.)
| | - Miguel Marín-Rosales
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.C.S.-C.); (M.M.-R.); (M.P.R.-M.); (A.G.-P.)
- Hospital General de Occidente, Secretaría de Salud Jalisco, Guadalajara 45170, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Paulina Reyes-Mata
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.C.S.-C.); (M.M.-R.); (M.P.R.-M.); (A.G.-P.)
| | - María Guadalupe Ramírez-Dueñas
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (M.G.R.-D.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (M.G.R.-D.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - Itzel María Borunda-Calderón
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas (DCB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Aarón González-Palacios
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.C.S.-C.); (M.M.-R.); (M.P.R.-M.); (A.G.-P.)
| | - Claudia Azucena Palafox-Sánchez
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.C.S.-C.); (M.M.-R.); (M.P.R.-M.); (A.G.-P.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (M.G.R.-D.); (J.F.M.-V.)
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Xiong H, Tang Z, Xu Y, Shi Z, Guo Z, Liu X, Tan G, Ai X, Guo Q. CD19 +CD24 highCD27 + B cell and interleukin 35 as potential biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Adv Rheumatol 2022; 62:48. [PMID: 36494762 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-022-00279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that associates with aberrant activation of B lymphocytes and excessive autoantibodies. Interleukin 10 (IL-10)/interleukin 35 (IL-35) and IL-10/IL-35-producing regulatory B cells have been demonstrated to possess immunosuppressive functions during systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we detected the proportion of CD19+CD24highCD27+ B cells as well as IL-10 and IL-35 levels in peripheral blood of SLE patients and healthy individuals, and investigated their relations with clinical features of SLE. METHODS 41 SLE patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited. The patients were divided into groups based on SLEDAI score, anti-dsDNA antibody, rash, nephritis and hematological disorder. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of CD24hiCD27+ B cells. ELISA was used to detect serum levels of IL-10 and IL-35. RESULTS Our results showed that the CD19+CD24highCD27+ B population was decreased in active SLE patients, and anti-correlated with the disease activity. Of note, we found significant increase of IL-10 and decrease of IL-35 in SLE patients with disease activity score > 4, lupus nephritis or hematological disorders compared to those without related clinical features. CONCLUSIONS Reduced CD19+CD24highCD27+ B cells expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Moreover, we supposed that IL-35 instead of IL-10 played a crucial role in immune regulation during SLE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zengqi Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenrui Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixuan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhen Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuechen Ai
- Department of Dermatology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
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Amend A, Wickli N, Schäfer AL, Sprenger DTL, Manz RA, Voll RE, Chevalier N. Dual Role of Interleukin-10 in Murine NZB/W F1 Lupus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1347. [PMID: 33572870 PMCID: PMC7866297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As a key anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 is crucial in preventing inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, in human and murine lupus, its role remains controversial. Our aim was to understand regulation and immunologic effects of IL-10 on different immune functions in the setting of lupus. This was explored in lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice in vitro and vivo to understand IL-10 effects on individual immune cells as well as in the complex in vivo setting. We found pleiotropic IL-10 expression that largely increased with progressing lupus, while IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) levels remained relatively stable. In vitro experiments revealed pro- and anti-inflammatory IL-10 effects. Particularly, IL-10 decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and slowed B cell proliferation, thereby triggering plasma cell differentiation. The frequent co-expression of ICOS, IL-21 and cMAF suggests that IL-10-producing CD4 T cells are important B cell helpers in this context. In vitro and in vivo effects of IL-10 were not fully concordant. In vivo IL-10R blockade slightly accelerated clinical lupus manifestations and immune dysregulation. Altogether, our side-by-side in vitro and in vivo comparison of the influence of IL-10 on different aspects of immunity shows that IL-10 has dual effects. Our results further reveal that the overall outcome may depend on the interplay of different factors such as target cell, inflammatory and stimulatory microenvironment, disease model and state. A comprehensive understanding of such influences is important to exploit IL-10 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Amend
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Centre—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (N.W.); (A.-L.S.); (D.T.L.S.); (R.E.V.)
| | - Natalie Wickli
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Centre—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (N.W.); (A.-L.S.); (D.T.L.S.); (R.E.V.)
| | - Anna-Lena Schäfer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Centre—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (N.W.); (A.-L.S.); (D.T.L.S.); (R.E.V.)
| | - Dalina T. L. Sprenger
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Centre—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (N.W.); (A.-L.S.); (D.T.L.S.); (R.E.V.)
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Reinhard E. Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Centre—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (N.W.); (A.-L.S.); (D.T.L.S.); (R.E.V.)
| | - Nina Chevalier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Centre—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (N.W.); (A.-L.S.); (D.T.L.S.); (R.E.V.)
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Geginat J, Vasco M, Gerosa M, Tas SW, Pagani M, Grassi F, Flavell RA, Meroni P, Abrignani S. IL-10 producing regulatory and helper T-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Immunol 2019; 44:101330. [PMID: 31735515 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterised by the production of pathogenic autoantibodies against nuclear self-antigens. The anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokine Interleukin-10 appears to play a paradoxical pathogenic role in SLE and is therefore currently therapeutically targeted in clinical trials. It is generally assumed that the pathogenic effect of IL-10 in SLE is due to its growth and differentiation factor activity on autoreactive B-cells, but effects on other cells might also play a role. To date, a unique cellular source of pathogenic IL-10 in SLE has not been identified. In this review, we focus on the contribution of different CD4+T-cell subsets to IL-10 and autoantibody production in SLE. In particular, we discuss that IL-10 produced by different subsets of adaptive regulatory T-cells, follicular helper T-cells and extra-follicular B-helper T-cells is likely to have different effects on autoreactive B-cell responses. A better understanding of the role of IL-10 in B-cell responses and lupus would allow to identify the most promising therapies for individual SLE patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Geginat
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.
| | - M Vasco
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - M Gerosa
- DISCCO, Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy; ASST Istituto G. Pini, Milan, Italy
| | - S W Tas
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Rheumatology & immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Pagani
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Rheumatology & immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - F Grassi
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - R A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Pl Meroni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Abrignani
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; DISCCO, Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
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Peixoto TV, Carrasco S, Botte DAC, Catanozi S, Parra ER, Lima TM, Ugriumov N, Soriano FG, de Mello SBV, Rodrigues CM, Goldenstein-Schainberg C. CD4+CD69+ T cells and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells imbalance in peripheral blood, spleen and peritoneal lavage from pristane-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) mice. Adv Rheumatol 2019; 59:30. [DOI: 10.1186/s42358-019-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Xiao ZX, Zheng X, Hu L, Wang J, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Immunosuppressive Effect of B7-H4 Pathway in a Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1765. [PMID: 29321778 PMCID: PMC5732181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H4, one of the co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 family, has been shown to play an important role in negatively regulating the adaptive immune response by inhibiting the proliferation, activation, and cytokine production of T cells. In this study, we investigate the role of B7-H4 in development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We investigated a murine model of SLE using transfer of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) that were incubated with activated syngeneic lymphocyte-derived DNA. The recipient mouse produced anti-ds-DNA antibodies as well as displayed splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy as shown by significantly increased weights, and the kidneys showed lupus-like pathological changes include urine protein and glomerulonephritis with hyperplasia in glomeruli and increased mesangial cells and vasculitis with perivascular cell infiltration, glomerular deposition of IgG and complement C3. We showed that B7-H4 deficiency in BMDCs could cause greater production of anti-ds-DNA antibodies in transferred mice, and the lymph tissue swelling and the kidney lesions were also exacerbated with B7-H4 deficiency. Treatment with a B7-H4 antagonist antibody also aggravated the lupus model. Conversely, B7-H4 Ig alleviated the lupus manifestations. Therefore, we conclude that B7-H4 is a negative check point for the development of SLE in this murine model. These results suggest that this approach may have a clinical potential in treating human SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiu Xiao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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Caracterização de marcadores inflamatórios associados a pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico em tratamento. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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8
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Dendritic Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: From Pathogenic Players to Therapeutic Tools. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5045248. [PMID: 27122656 PMCID: PMC4829720 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5045248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
System lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial systemic autoimmune disease with a wide variety of presenting features. SLE is believed to result from dysregulated immune responses, loss of tolerance of CD4 T cells and B cells to ubiquitous self-antigens, and the subsequent production of anti-nuclear and other autoreactive antibodies. Recent research has associated lupus development with changes in the dendritic cell (DC) compartment, including altered DC subset frequency and localization, overactivation of mDCs and pDCs, and functional defects in DCs. Here we discuss the current knowledge on the role of DC dysfunction in SLE pathogenesis, with the focus on DCs as targets for interventional therapies.
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Characterization of inflammatory markers associated with systemic lupus erythematosus patients undergoing treatment. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:497-503. [PMID: 27914596 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the inflammatory profiles of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving standard treatment compared to healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS Peripheral venous blood was collected from systemic lupus erythematosus patients (n=14) and controls (n=18) at enrollment. Blood samples were used for quantification, by flow cytometry, of CD11b (integrin) and Chemokine receptor CXCR2 expression surface antigen in neutrophils and lymphocytes, while cytokines were assayed in serum samples. Purified neutrophils were assayed by their ability to phagocytize human plasma-opsonized zymosan. RESULTS Patients had a median (interquartile range) disease activity index of 1.0 (0-2.0) characteristic of patients in remission. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 serum concentrations were significantly higher in the patient group compared to controls and the phagocytic index of circulating neutrophils was significantly reduced in patients compared to controls. The levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-5, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha did not significantly differ between patients and controls. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the integrin expression levels were reduced in lymphocytes (but not in neutrophils) obtained from systemic lupus erythematosus patients, while surface expression of the chemokine receptor 2 was similar in both neutrophils and lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Systemic lupus erythematosus patients receiving standard treatment presented with elevated systemic levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, reduced neutrophil phagocytic capacity, and reduced lymphocyte expression of integrin even when symptoms were in remission. These alterations to innate immune components may put these individuals at a greater risk for acquiring infections.
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10
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Cytokines and MicroRNAs as Candidate Biomarkers for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24194-218. [PMID: 26473848 PMCID: PMC4632746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease, with varied course and symptoms. Its etiology is very complex and not clearly understood. There is growing evidence of the important role of cytokines in SLE pathogenesis, as well as their utility as biomarkers and targets in new therapies. Other potential new SLE biomarkers are microRNAs. Recently, over one hundred different microRNAs have been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the immune system. Various alterations in these microRNAs, associated with disease pathogenesis, have been described. They influence the signaling pathways and functions of immune response cells. Here, we aim to review the emerging new data on SLE etiology and pathogenesis.
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11
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The Expansion of CD25 high IL-10 high FoxP3 high B Regulatory Cells Is in Association with SLE Disease Activity. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:254245. [PMID: 26504851 PMCID: PMC4609458 DOI: 10.1155/2015/254245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B regulatory cells (Bregs) belong to a subgroup of activated B cells tasked with maintaining self-tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. While sharing similar regulatory mechanisms such as IL-10 dependency, they also defer in exhibiting their suppressive effects by expressing Fas-Ligand, TGF-beta, and PDL-1. In this study we show, for the first time, the expansion of CD25(high)FoxP3(high) Bregs in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients compared to healthy individuals (18.5 ± 3.052% versus 11.0 ± 1.654%, p < 0.001, resp.). This expansion was also shown to correlate with SLE disease activity (r = 0.75). In addition, CD25(high)FoxP3(high) Bregs were also IL-10(high) expressing and further expanded when stimulated with semaphorin 3A. In sum we show that CD25(high)FoxP3(high) are an additional subtype of Bregs, involved in regulating SLE disease activity. Being IL-10 expressing, we may assume that they are one of the sources of increased serum IL-10 in SLE patients. Further studies are required in order to assess the relation between high serum IL-10 and CD25(high)FoxP3(high) Breg cells.
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Weniger M, D'Haese JG, Angele MK, Chaudry IH. Potential therapeutic targets for sepsis in women. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1531-43. [PMID: 26083575 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1057570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gender is increasingly recognized as a key factor in trauma and sepsis. Multiple clinical and experimental studies on sepsis have shown a distinct advantage of females in the proestrus cycle to survive sepsis compared with age-matched males. In addition, estrogen treatment is beneficial in non-proestrus cycles and also in ovarectomized females. In this manuscript, the effects of gender and sex hormones in sepsis are summarized and potential gender-specific therapeutic strategies in women are evaluated. AREAS COVERED This review comprises current clinical studies on the effect of gender in sepsis and gives an overview on gender and sex hormone-related effects on immune cells and organ function. Based on clinical and experimental data, potential therapeutic targets are presented. EXPERT OPINION Estrogens and estrogen-receptor agonists have been extensively shown to be beneficial in the setting of sepsis. Clinical data, however, do not clearly support their therapeutic use. This discrepancy appears to be mainly due to insufficient study design in clinical trials conducted up to now. Therefore, improved study protocols with exact analysis of the patients' hormonal status are needed to clarify the role of gender and sex hormones in trauma and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Weniger
- a 1 Ludwig Maximilians-University, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Campus Grosshadern , Munich, Germany
| | - Jan G D'Haese
- b 2 Ludwig Maximilians-University, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Campus Grosshadern , Munich, Germany
| | - Martin K Angele
- c 3 Ludwig Maximilians-University, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Campus Grosshadern , Munich, Germany
| | - Irshad H Chaudry
- d 4 University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery , G094 Volker Hall, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA +1 205 975 2195 ; +1 205 975 9719 ;
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Mittal SK, Roche PA. Suppression of antigen presentation by IL-10. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:22-7. [PMID: 25597442 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulated antigen presentation to immune cells determines the effectiveness of an immune response. IL-10 is an immunosuppressive cytokine that regulates immune responses by inhibiting the ability of APCs to present antigens to T cells in a variety of ways. The mechanisms of IL-10-mediated immunosuppression include interference in TLR-mediated or IFNγ-mediated dendritic cell (DC) and macrophage activation as well as direct induction of genes that suppress APC function. In this review we will discuss current studies exploring the molecular mechanisms by which IL-10 suppresses APC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad K Mittal
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paul A Roche
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Characterization of the impairment of the uptake of apoptotic polymorphonuclear cells by monocyte subpopulations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2014; 23:1358-69. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314541316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient removal of apoptotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) is an important step in the resolution of inflammation, which protects tissues from the noxious contents of dying cells. While the impairment of apoptotic PMNs removal has been demonstrated for macrophages in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), recent studies show that monocytes are also capable of such phagocytosis, although their involvement in SLE is not clear. Therefore, we characterized phagocytosis of apoptotic PMNs by monocytes in 22 patients with SLE and 22 healthy controls. Using flow cytometry we demonstrate that in SLE peripheral blood monocytes show impaired phagocytosis of autologous apoptotic PMNs, while they efficiently engulf apoptotic PMNs isolated from healthy subjects. Monocytes CD14highCD16+ and CD14dimCD16+ more efficiently interacted with apoptotic neutrophils than CD16– cells both in SLE and healthy subjects. Monocytes in SLE showed modestly decreased expression of CD35 and CD91 and increased expression of T Cell Ig- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (TIM-3); however, these differences were evident mainly in selected subsets of monocytes (CD16+) while defects in phagocytosis were observed in all monocyte subsets. Apoptotic cell-dependent induction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was blunted in SLE while the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was unchanged.
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Lan Y, Luo B, Wang JL, Jiang YW, Wei YS. The association of interleukin-21 polymorphisms with interleukin-21 serum levels and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Gene 2014; 538:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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