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Bagińska M, Kałuża A, Tota Ł, Piotrowska A, Maciejczyk M, Mucha D, Ouergui I, Kubacki R, Czerwińska-Ledwig O, Ambroży D, Witkowski K, Pałka T. The Impact of Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Aerobic Capacity and Biometric-Structural Indicators among Obese Women-A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:380. [PMID: 38256514 PMCID: PMC10816855 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, a common lifestyle-related condition, is correlated with factors like inadequate physical activity. Its connection to diverse health issues presents a significant challenge to healthcare. This pilot study investigated the effects of hypoxic training on aerobic capacity and biometric-structural indicators in obese women. The secondary objective was to determine the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of the planned research procedures and their potential for larger-scale implementation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-one non-trained women with first-degree obesity were randomly assigned to even normobaric hypoxic training (H + E), normoxic training (E), passive exposure to hypoxia (H), and a control group (C). Training sessions were conducted three times a week for four weeks (12 training sessions). Body composition parameters were assessed, metabolic thresholds were determined, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured before and after interventions. RESULTS The results demonstrated that training in hypoxic conditions significantly affected somatic parameters, with the H + E group achieving the best outcomes in terms of weight reduction and improvements in body composition indicators (p < 0.001). Normoxic training also induced a positive impact on body weight and body composition, although the results were less significant compared to the H + E group (p < 0.001). Additionally, training in hypoxic conditions significantly improved the aerobic capacity among the participants (p < 0.001). The H + E group achieved the best results in enhancing respiratory endurance and oxygen consumption (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this pilot study suggest, that hypoxic training can be effective for weight reduction and improving the aerobic capacity in obese women. Despite study limitations, these findings indicate that hypoxic training could be an innovative approach to address obesity and related conditions. Caution is advised in interpreting the results, considering both the strengths and limitations of the pilot study. Before proceeding to a larger-scale study, the main study should be expanded, including aspects such as dietary control, monitoring physical activity, and biochemical blood analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Bagińska
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland (T.P.)
| | - Anna Kałuża
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland (T.P.)
| | - Łukasz Tota
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland (T.P.)
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland (T.P.)
| | - Dariusz Mucha
- Department of Body Renovation and Body Posture Correction, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- Sports Science, Health and Movement, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef 7100, Tunisia
| | - Rafał Kubacki
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Czerwińska-Ledwig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Witkowski
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Physical Education in Wrocław, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland (T.P.)
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2
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Guo H, Cheng L, Duolikun D, Yao Q. Aerobic Exercise Training Under Normobaric Hypoxic Conditions to Improve Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. High Alt Med Biol 2023; 24:312-320. [PMID: 38127802 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Guo, Hai, Linjie Cheng, Dilihumaier Duolikun, and Qiaoling Yao. Aerobic exercise training under normobaric hypoxic conditions to improve glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight and obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. High Alt Med Biol. 24:312-320, 2023. Background: Obesity is a critical public health issue around the world, reaching epidemic proportions in some countries. However, only a few studies have examined the effects of hypoxic training on metabolic parameters in an obese population. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of aerobic exercise training under normobaric hypoxic conditions versus normoxic training in improving glucose and lipid metabolism in obese individuals. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Wan Fang databases (up to August 2021) was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of overweight or obese human subjects eligible for inclusion. Main study endpoints were changes in body mass index (BMI), waist/hip (W/H) ratio, leptin, blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as blood lipids between hypoxic and normoxic conditioning. Results: Fourteen RCTs with a total of 413 subjects qualified for inclusion. Pooled analyses revealed that BMI (d = 0.38), W/H ratio (d = 0), blood glucose (d = 0.01), and triglyceride (d = -2.27) were not significantly different between aerobic exercise training under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. However, significant differences were found in heart rate at rest (d = -4.50) between aerobic exercise training under hypoxic versus normoxic conditions. Conclusions: In conclusion, no significant benefits were noted in aerobic exercise training under hypoxic conditions over normoxic conditions in overweight or obese individuals. However, the maximum training heart rate mm was significantly higher under hypoxic conditions than under normoxic conditions. Future studies with larger samples controlling for exercise-related parameters, and addressing the potential modifying effects of level of hypoxia, sex, or age on the role of hypoxic exercise training are warranted. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020221680.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Guo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Perioperative Organ Protection Laboratory, Urumqi, China
| | - Linjie Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dilihumaier Duolikun
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qiaoling Yao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, China
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He Z, Qiang L, Liu Y, Gao W, Feng T, Li Y, Yan B, Girard O. Effect of Hypoxia Conditioning on Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:89. [PMID: 37747653 PMCID: PMC10519915 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of hypoxia conditioning, which involves recurrent exposure to hypoxia combined with exercise training, on improving body composition in the ageing population have not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to determine if hypoxia conditioning, compared to similar training near sea level, maximizes body composition benefits in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS A literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases (up to 27th November 2022) was performed, including the reference lists of relevant papers. Three independent reviewers extracted study characteristics and health outcome measures. Search results were limited to original studies of the effects of hypoxia conditioning on body composition in middle-aged and older adults. RESULTS Twelve studies with a total of 335 participants were included. Hypoxia conditioning induced greater reductions in body mass index (MD = -0.92, 95%CI: -1.28 to -0.55, I2 = 0%, p < 0.00001) and body fat (SMD = -0.38, 95%CI: -0.68 to -0.07, I2 = 49%, p = 0.01) in middle-aged and older adults compared with normoxic conditioning. Hypoxia conditioning improved lean mass with this effect not being larger than equivalent normoxic interventions in either middle-aged or older adults (SMD = 0.07, 95%CI -0.12 to 0.25, I2 = 0%, p = 0.48). Subgroup analysis showed that exercise in moderate hypoxia (FiO2 > 15%) had larger effects than more severe hypoxia (FiO2 ≤ 15%) for improving body mass index in middle-aged and older adults. Hypoxia exposure of at least 60 min per session resulted in larger benefits for both body mass index and body fat. CONCLUSION Hypoxia conditioning, compared to equivalent training in normoxia, induced greater body fat and body mass index improvements in middle-aged and older adults. Adding hypoxia exposure to exercise interventions is a viable therapeutic solution to effectively manage body composition in ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian He
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijun Qiang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Ningxia Vocational College of Sports, Ningxia, China
| | - Yusheng Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua University High School (Guanghua), Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Gao
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Yan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Zhang Q, Zhao W, Li S, Ding Y, Wang Y, Ji X. Intermittent Hypoxia Conditioning: A Potential Multi-Organ Protective Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Med Sci 2023; 20:1551-1561. [PMID: 37859700 PMCID: PMC10583178 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.86622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hypoxia can induce a range of systemic disorders; however, surprising resilience can be obtained through sublethal adaptation to hypoxia, a process termed as hypoxic conditioning. A particular form of this strategy, known as intermittent hypoxia conditioning hormesis, alternates exposure to hypoxic and normoxic conditions, facilitating adaptation to reduced oxygen availability. This technique, originally employed in sports and high-altitude medicine, has shown promise in multiple pathologies when applied with calibrated mild to moderate hypoxia and appropriate hypoxic cycles. Recent studies have extensively investigated the protective role of intermittent hypoxia conditioning and its underlying mechanisms using animal models, demonstrating its potential in organ protection. This involves a range of processes such as reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, along with enhancement of hypoxic gene expression, among others. Given that intermittent hypoxia conditioning fosters beneficial physiological responses across multiple organs and systems, this review presents a comprehensive analysis of existing studies on intermittent hypoxia and its potential advantages in various organs. It aims to draw attention to the possibility of clinically applying intermittent hypoxia conditioning as a multi-organ protective strategy. This review comprehensively discusses the protective effects of intermittent hypoxia across multiple systems, outlines potential procedures for implementing intermittent hypoxia, and provides a brief overview of the potential protective mechanisms of intermittent hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Emergency Department, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Choi JH, Park HY, Sun Y, Seo J, Lee E, Kim SW, Kim J, Lim K. Effect of exercise intervention using mobile healthcare on blood lipid level and health-related physical fitness in obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:64-70. [PMID: 37946448 PMCID: PMC10636511 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of non-face-to-face exercise intervention using mobile health (mHealth) on blood lipid levels and health-related physical fitness in obese women. METHODS Thirty obese women (aged: 39.40 ± 11.07 years, percent body fat: 37.05 ± 5.15%) were enrolled, and all completed the study. Non-face-to-face exercises were performed for 12 weeks using a mHealth and smart tracker (Charge 4, Fitbit, USA). Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (EXP) or control (CON) group. The 12-week exercise program using mHealth included resistance (twice a week for 60 min), aerobics (five times a week for 50 min), and flexibility (five times a week for 10 min). RESULTS The results showed that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Post - Pre: 9.07 mg·dL-1, p < 0.001) and ratio of low-density to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Post - Pre: -0.71 mg·dL-1, p < 0.05) significantly changed during the intervention period in EXP. There were significant increases in sit-ups (Post - Pre: 7.73 numbers, p < 0.001), grip strength (Post - Pre: 2.92 kg, p < 0.001), and sit and reach (Post - Pre: 2.51 cm, p < 0.01) in EXP. CONCLUSION Non-face-to-face exercise using mHealth for 12 weeks improved blood lipid levels and health-related physical fitness; therefore, it can help improve compliance through self-monitoring and lifestyle changes by increasing physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Choi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Seo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tee CCL, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:327-348. [PMID: 36441492 PMCID: PMC9877079 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health issue and a primary risk factor for metabolic-related disorders. While physical inactivity is one of the main contributors to obesity, it is a modifiable risk factor with exercise training as an established non-pharmacological treatment to prevent the onset of metabolic-related disorders, including obesity. Exposure to hypoxia via normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude via reduced inspired oxygen fraction), termed hypoxic conditioning, in combination with exercise has been increasingly shown in the last decade to enhance blood glucose regulation and decrease the body mass index, providing a feasible strategy to treat obesity. However, there is no current consensus in the literature regarding the optimal combination of exercise variables such as the mode, duration, and intensity of exercise, as well as the level of hypoxia to maximize fat loss and overall body compositional changes with hypoxic conditioning. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of such diverse exercise and hypoxic variables on the systematic and myocellular mechanisms, along with physiological responses, implicated in the development of obesity. These include markers of appetite regulation and inflammation, body conformational changes, and blood glucose regulation. As such, we consolidate findings from human studies to provide greater clarity for implementing hypoxic conditioning with exercise as a safe, practical, and effective treatment strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim SW, Jung K, Lim K. Comparison of Vascular Function, Cardiometabolic Parameters, Hemorheological Function, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Between Middle-Aged Korean Women With and Without Obesity—A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:809029. [PMID: 35422707 PMCID: PMC9002013 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.809029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare vascular function, cardiometabolic parameters, hemorheological function, and cardiorespiratory fitness in middle-aged Korean women according to obesity defined using body mass index (BMI). A total of 32 Korean women aged between 34 and 60 years (16 without obesity, mean age 46.31 ± 7.49 years and 16 with obesity, mean age 49.68 ± 6.69 years) participated in this study. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. The body composition, vascular function, cardiometabolic parameters, hemorheological function, and cardiorespiratory fitness of all participants were measured. Statistical differences in the dependent parameters between individuals with and without obesity were analyzed, and the correlations between BMI and the dependent variables were verified. The obese group showed significantly worse results (p < 0.05) for body composition (significantly higher weight, BMI, fat mass, and percent body fat), vascular function [significantly higher branchial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and lower flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD)], cardiometabolic parameters [significantly higher insulin and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], hemorheological function (significantly lower erythrocyte deformability and higher aggregation), and cardiorespiratory fitness [significantly lower maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)] compared to the non-obese group. In addition, BMI showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) with baPWV (r = 0.430); total cholesterol (r = 0.376), triglyceride (r = 0.411), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.462), and insulin (r = 0.477) levels; HOMA-IR (r = 0.443); and erythrocyte aggregation (r = 0.406), and a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) with VO2max (r = −0.482) and FMD (r = −0.412). Our study confirmed that obesity is a major determinant for deterioration of vascular function, cardiometabolic parameters, hemorheological function, and cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyounghwa Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kiwon Lim,
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim SW, Lim K. Effects of Interval Training Under Hypoxia on the Autonomic Nervous System and Arterial and Hemorheological Function in Healthy Women. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:79-90. [PMID: 35140525 PMCID: PMC8818981 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s344233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study verified the effects of interval training under hypoxia, a novel exercise modality for health promotion, on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and arterial and hemorheological function in healthy women. Methods Twenty healthy Korean women (age: 19–29 [24.85 ± 3.84] years) were equally assigned to interval normoxic training (INT, n = 10; residing and training under normoxia) and interval hypoxic training (IHT, n = 10; residing under normoxia and training under 526 mmHg hypobaric hypoxia) groups. All participants performed 90-min of training sessions composed of 15-min of warm-up, 60-min of interval training, and 15-min of cool-down. The interval training sessions composed of 10 repetitions of interval exercise using a treadmill (5 min of exercise corresponding to 90–95% maximal heart rate [HR] and 1 min of rest). The training was performed 3 days per week for 6 weeks. All participants underwent body composition, HR variability, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), red blood cell (RBC) deformability and aggregation, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) measurements before and after training. Results There were no significant differences in body composition between the groups. The IHT group showed a significant improvement in the ANS function (root mean square of successive differences, high frequency, and low frequency/high frequency ratio), arterial stiffness, arterial endothelial function (FMD), hemorheological function (RBC deformability and aggregation), and aerobic performance (VO2max) compared with the INT (all p < 0.05). Conclusion In comparison with the interval training under normoxia, the interval training under hypoxia is a novel and effective exercise modality for promoting aerobic performance with the ANS and arterial and hemorheological function in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduated School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduated School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Płoszczyca K, Czuba M, Langfort J, Baranowski M. Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia Combined with a Mixed Diet Contributes to Improvement in Lipid Profile in Trained Cyclists. Nutrients 2021; 13:3481. [PMID: 34684480 PMCID: PMC8538977 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effects of live high-train low method (LH-TL) and intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) with a controlled mixed diet on lipid profile in cyclists. Thirty trained male cyclists at a national level with at least six years of training experience participated in the study. The LH-TL group was exposed to hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.5%) for 11-12 h a day and trained under normoxia for 3 weeks. In the IHT group, participants followed the IHT routine three times a week under hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.5%) at lactate threshold intensity. The control group (N) lived and trained under normoxia. The results showed that the 3-week LH-TL method significantly improved all lipid profile variables. The LH-TL group showed a significant increase in HDL-C by 9.0% and a decrease in total cholesterol (TC) by 9.2%, LDL-C by 18.2%, and triglycerides (TG) by 27.6%. There were no significant changes in lipid profiles in the IHT and N groups. ∆TG and ∆TC were significantly higher in the LH-TL group compared to the N group. In conclusion, hypoxic conditions combined with a mixed diet can induce beneficial changes in lipid profile even in highly trained athletes. The effectiveness of the hypoxic stimulus is closely related to the hypoxic training method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Płoszczyca
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Marcin Baranowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
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Effects of Acute Hypoxia on Lactate Thresholds and High-Intensity Endurance Performance-A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147573. [PMID: 34300024 PMCID: PMC8306057 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present project compared acute hypoxia-induced changes in lactate thresholds (methods according to Mader, Dickhuth and Cheng) with changes in high-intensity endurance performance. Six healthy and well-trained volunteers conducted graded cycle ergometer tests in normoxia and in acute normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude 3000 m) to determine power output at three lactate thresholds (PMader, PDickhuth, PCheng). Subsequently, participants performed two maximal 30-min cycling time trials in normoxia (test 1 for habituation) and one in normobaric hypoxia to determine mean power output (Pmean). PMader, PDickhuth and PCheng decreased significantly from normoxia to hypoxia by 18.9 ± 9.6%, 18.4 ± 7.3%, and 11.5 ± 6.0%, whereas Pmean decreased by only 8.3 ± 1.6%. Correlation analyses revealed strong and significant correlations between Pmean and PMader (r = 0.935), PDickhuth (r = 0.931) and PCheng (r = 0.977) in normoxia and partly weaker significant correlations between Pmean and PMader (r = 0.941), PDickhuth (r = 0.869) and PCheng (r = 0.887) in hypoxia. PMader and PCheng did not significantly differ from Pmean (p = 0.867 and p = 0.784) in normoxia, whereas this was only the case for PCheng (p = 0.284) in hypoxia. Although investigated in a small and select sample, the results suggest a cautious application of lactate thresholds for exercise intensity prescription in hypoxia.
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Kim SW, Jung WS, Chung S, Park HY. Exercise intervention under hypoxic condition as a new therapeutic paradigm for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:331-343. [PMID: 33889283 PMCID: PMC8040082 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the health benefits of exposure to hypoxic conditions during exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exposure to hypoxic conditions during exercise training positively changes the physiological response in healthy subjects. Exposure to hypoxic conditions during exercise could markedly increase skeletal muscle glucose uptake compared to that in normoxic conditions. Furthermore, post-exercise insulin sensitivity of T2DM patients increases more when exercising under hypoxic than under normoxic conditions. Regular exercise under short-term hypoxic conditions can improve blood glucose control at lower workloads than in normoxic conditions. Additionally, exercise training under short-term hypoxic conditions can maximize weight loss in overweight and obese patients. Previous studies on healthy subjects have reported that regular exercise under hypoxic conditions had a more positive effect on vascular health than exercising under normoxic conditions. However, currently, evidence indicating that exposure to hypoxic conditions could positively affect T2DM patients in the long-term is lacking. Therefore, further evaluations of the beneficial effects of exercise under hypoxic conditions on the human body, considering different cycle lengths, duration of exposures, sessions per day, and the number of days, are necessary. In this review, we conclude that there is evidence that exercise under hypoxic conditions can yield health benefits, which is potentially valuable in terms of clinical care as a new intervention for T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Sochung Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
- Department of Sports Science and Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia-A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020106. [PMID: 33573198 PMCID: PMC7912455 DOI: 10.3390/life11020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic training is believed to be generally useful for improving exercise performance in various athletes. Nowadays, exercise intervention in hypoxia is recognized as a new therapeutic modality for health promotion and disease prevention or treatment based on the lower mortality and prevalence of people living in high-altitude environments than those living in low-altitude environments. Recently, resistance training in hypoxia (RTH), a new therapeutic modality combining hypoxia and resistance exercise, has been attempted to improve muscle hypertrophy and muscle function. RTH is known to induce greater muscle size, lean mass, increased muscle strength and endurance, bodily function, and angiogenesis of skeletal muscles than traditional resistance exercise. Therefore, we examined previous studies to understand the clinical and physiological aspects of sarcopenia and RTH for muscular function and hypertrophy. However, few investigations have examined the combined effects of hypoxic stress and resistance exercise, and as such, it is difficult to make recommendations for implementing universal RTH programs for sarcopenia based on current understanding. It should also be acknowledged that a number of mechanisms proposed to facilitate the augmented response to RTH remain poorly understood, particularly the role of metabolic, hormonal, and intracellular signaling pathways. Further RTH intervention studies considering various exercise parameters (e.g., load, recovery time between sets, hypoxic dose, and intervention period) are strongly recommended to reinforce knowledge about the adaptational processes and the effects of this type of resistance training for sarcopenia in older people.
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Quesada-Gómez JM, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Leal A, Dorado G, Torrecillas-Baena B, Casado-Díaz A. Effects of normobaric cyclic hypoxia exposure on mesenchymal stem-cell differentiation-pilot study on bone parameters in elderly. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1667-1690. [PMID: 33505607 PMCID: PMC7789125 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) of bone marrow are the progenitor of osteoblasts and adipocytes. MSC tend to differentiate into adipocytes, instead of osteoblasts, with aging. This favors the loss of bone mass and development of osteoporosis. Hypoxia induces hypoxia inducible factor 1α gene encoding transcription factor, which regulates the expression of genes related to energy metabolism and angiogenesis. That allows a better adaptation to low O2 conditions. Sustained hypoxia has negative effects on bone metabolism, favoring bone resorption. Yet, surprisingly, cyclic hypoxia (CH), short times of hypoxia followed by long times in normoxia, can modulate MSC differentiation and improve bone health in aging. AIM To evaluate the CH effect on MSC differentiation, and whether it improves bone mineral density in elderly. METHODS MSC cultures were induced to differentiate into osteoblasts or adipocytes, in CH (3% O2 for 1, 2 or 4 h, 4 d a week). Extracellular-matrix mineralization and lipid-droplet formation were studied in MSC induced to differentiate into osteoblast or adipocytes, respectively. In addition, gene expression of marker genes, for osteogenesis or adipogenesis, have been quantified by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. The in vivo studies with elderly (> 75 years old; n = 10) were carried out in a hypoxia chamber, simulating an altitude of 2500 m above sea level, or in normoxia, for 18 wk (36 CH sessions of 16 min each). Percentages of fat mass and bone mineral density from whole body, trunk and right proximal femur (femoral, femoral neck and trochanter) were assessed, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS CH (4 h of hypoxic exposure) inhibited extracellular matrix mineralization and lipid-droplet formation in MSC induced to differentiate into osteoblasts or adipocytes, respectively. However, both parameters were not significantly affected by the other shorter hypoxia times assessed. The longest periods of hypoxia downregulated the expression of genes related to extracellular matrix formation, in MSC induced to differentiate into osteoblasts. Interestingly, osteocalcin (associated to energy metabolism) was upregulated. Vascular endothelial growth factor an expression and low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5/6/dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (associated to Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation) increased in osteoblasts. Yet, they decreased in adipocytes after CH treatments, mainly with the longest hypoxia times. However, the same CH treatments increased the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand ratio in both cell types. An increase in total bone mineral density was observed in elderly people exposed to CH, but not in specific regions. The percentage of fat did not vary between groups. CONCLUSION CH may have positive effects on bone health in the elderly, due to its possible inhibitory effect on bone resorption, by increasing the osteoprotegerin / receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Manuel Quesada-Gómez
- CIBER De Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Unidad De Gestión Clínica De Endocrinología Y Nutrición, Instituto Maimónides De Investigación Biomédica De Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | | | - Alejo Leal
- Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital de Cáceres, Cáceres 10004, Spain
| | - Gabriel Dorado
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Rabanales C6-1-E17, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Universidad de Córdoba-CIBERFES, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Bárbara Torrecillas-Baena
- CIBER De Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Unidad De Gestión Clínica De Endocrinología Y Nutrición, Instituto Maimónides De Investigación Biomédica De Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Antonio Casado-Díaz
- CIBER De Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Unidad De Gestión Clínica De Endocrinología Y Nutrición, Instituto Maimónides De Investigación Biomédica De Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain
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Effects of an Acute Pilates Program under Hypoxic Conditions on Vascular Endothelial Function in Pilates Participants: A Randomized Crossover Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072584. [PMID: 32283854 PMCID: PMC7178013 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of an acute Pilates program under hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions on the metabolic, cardiac, and vascular functions of the participants. Ten healthy female Pilates experts completed a 50-min tubing Pilates program under normoxic conditions (N trial) and under 3000 m (inspired oxygen fraction = 14.5%) hypobaric hypoxia conditions (H trial) after a 30-min exposure in the respective environments on different days. Blood pressure, branchial ankle pulse wave velocity, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the branchial artery were measured before and after the exercise. Metabolic parameters and cardiac function were assessed every minute during the exercise. Both trials showed a significant increase in FMD; however, the increase in FMD was significantly higher after the H trial than that after the N trial. Furthermore, FMD before exercise was significantly higher in the H trial than in the N trial. In terms of metabolic parameters, minute ventilation, carbon dioxide excretion, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbohydrate oxidation were significantly higher but fat oxidation was lower during the H trial than during the N trial. In terms of cardiac function, heart rate was significantly increased during the H trial than during the N trial. Our results suggested that, compared to that under normoxic conditions, Pilates exercise under hypoxic conditions led to greater metabolic and cardiac responses and also elicited an additive effect on vascular endothelial function.
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim J, Hwang H, Lim K. Twelve Weeks of Aerobic Exercise at the Lactate Threshold Improves Autonomic Nervous System Function, Body Composition, and Aerobic Performance in Women with Obesity. J Obes Metab Syndr 2020; 29:67-75. [PMID: 32045515 PMCID: PMC7118007 DOI: 10.7570/jomes19063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study examined the effects of a prolonged exercise intervention at the lactate threshold (LT) on body composition, aerobic performance, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in women with obesity. Methods A total of 36 obese Korean women aged 36 to 55 years (mean±standard deviation, 44.8±5.2 years) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n=18) or an experimental group (EXP, n=18); and EXP underwent aerobic exercise training three times a week at a heart rate corresponding to the LT (HR_LT) for 12 weeks. All dependent variables (body composition, aerobic performance, and ANS function parameters) were evaluated before and after training. Results Compared with the CON group, the EXP group showed significant improvement in body composition (body weight, -4.57 vs. -2.40 kg; body mass index, -1.79 vs. -0.96 kg/m2; %body fat, -4.63 vs. -1.41; fat-free mass, 3.24 vs. -0.08 kg), aerobic performance (oxygen consumption at LT, 5.74 vs. 0.12 mL/kg/min; maximal oxygen consumption, 5.41 vs. 2.14 mL/kg/min; treadmill speed at HR_LT, 1.40 vs. 0.29 km/hr; bicycle load at HR_LT, 18.62 vs. 4.52 w; and ANS function (mean RR, 50.83 vs. -15.04 ms; standard deviation of NN intervals, 5.08 vs. -0.55 ms; root mean square of successive differences, 6.42 vs. 1.87 ms; total power, 0.34 vs. 0.10 ms2; high frequency, 0.32 vs. -0.04 ms2; low frequency/high frequency, -0.09 vs. 0.01). Conclusion Aerobic exercise at the LT for 12 weeks is a practical method of improving body composition, aerobic performance, and ANS function for women with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejung Hwang
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Hypoxic exercise as an effective nonpharmacological therapeutic intervention. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:529-530. [PMID: 32203097 PMCID: PMC8115275 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Park HY, Kim S, Kim Y, Park S, Nam SS. Effects of exercise training at lactate threshold and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress related variables in obese women. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2019; 23:22-28. [PMID: 31743978 PMCID: PMC6823647 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2019.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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PARK HY, JUNG WS, KIM J, HWANG H, LIM K. Changes in the Paradigm of Traditional Exercise in Obesity Therapy and Application of a New Exercise Modality: A Narrative Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 48:1395-1404. [PMID: 32292722 PMCID: PMC7145908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is recognized as an important global health problem that increases the risk of all-cause death. It is a major risk factor for various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. METHODS We conducted this review through searching the related literature plus internet links. RESULTS Recently, many researchers have been applying various efficient alternative exercise paradigms for treating obesity, such as high-intensity interval training, whole-body vibration training, and hypoxic therapy. Compared with moderate-intensity continuous training, high-intensity interval training involves a shorter exercise time but higher energy expenditure and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption via a higher exercise intensity and is effective for treating obesity. Whole-body vibration training effectively reduces the rate of fat production and accumulation through passive vibration of the whole body and improving the body composition, muscle function, and cardiovascular function of the obese population. Hypoxic therapy has been reported to improve obesity and obesity-related diseases through appetite loss, reduced dietary intake, increased energy consumption, improved glycogen storage and fatty acid oxidation, angiogenesis and left ventricle remodeling, decreased mechanical load, and reduced sarcopenia progression due to aging. CONCLUSION The new therapeutic exercise modalities, namely, high-intensity interval training, whole-body vibration training, and hypoxic therapy, are practical, useful, and effective for improving obesity and various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases induced by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young PARK
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sang JUNG
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu KIM
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung HWANG
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon LIM
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author:
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