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Hancke D, Suárez OV. Corrigendum to "A review of the diversity of Cryptosporidium in Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and Mus musculus: what we know and challenges for the future" [Acta Tropica Vol 226 (2022), 106244]. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106340. [PMID: 35177240 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hancke
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Roedores, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida Intendente Cantilo s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4° Piso Laboratorio 104 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Olga Virginia Suárez
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Roedores, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida Intendente Cantilo s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4° Piso Laboratorio 104 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Galán-Puchades MT, Trelis M, Sáez-Durán S, Cifre S, Gosálvez C, Sanxis-Furió J, Pascual J, Bueno-Marí R, Franco S, Peracho V, Montalvo T, Fuentes MV. One Health Approach to Zoonotic Parasites: Molecular Detection of Intestinal Protozoans in an Urban Population of Norway Rats, Rattus norvegicus, in Barcelona, Spain. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030311. [PMID: 33799948 PMCID: PMC7998591 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rattus norvegicus, the brown or Norway rat, is the most abundant mammal after humans in urban areas, where they live in close proximity to people. Among rodent-borne diseases, the reservoir role of Norway rats of zoonotic parasites in cities has practically been ignored. Considering the parasitic diseases in the One Health approach, we intended to identify and quantify the zoonotic intestinal protozoans (ZIP) in an urban population of R. norvegicus in the city of Barcelona, Spain. We studied the presence of ZIP in 100 rats trapped in parks (n = 15) as well as in the city’s sewage system (n = 85) in the winter of 2016/17. The protozoans were molecularly identified by means of a multiplex PCR (AllplexTM Gastrointestinal Panel-Parasite Assay). We also investigated the presence of co-infections among the species found. Four ZIP were identified, presenting significant prevalences in sewers, specifically Blastocystis (83.5%), Giardia duodenalis (37.7%), Cryptosporidium spp. (34.1%), and Dientamoeba fragilis (14.1%). Several co-infections among the detected ZIP were also detected. The reservoir role of ZIP that Norway rats play in cities as well as the role rats may play as sentinels of zoonotic parasites affecting humans in urban areas are strongly backed up by our findings. The increasing worldwide urbanization, climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic are factors that are producing an increase in human–rat interactions. Our results should be considered a warning to the authorities to intensify rat control and surveillance in public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Galán-Puchades
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (S.S.-D.); (S.C.); (C.G.); (J.S.-F.); (R.B.-M.); (M.V.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-962544536; Fax: +34-963544769
| | - María Trelis
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (S.S.-D.); (S.C.); (C.G.); (J.S.-F.); (R.B.-M.); (M.V.F.)
| | - Sandra Sáez-Durán
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (S.S.-D.); (S.C.); (C.G.); (J.S.-F.); (R.B.-M.); (M.V.F.)
| | - Susana Cifre
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (S.S.-D.); (S.C.); (C.G.); (J.S.-F.); (R.B.-M.); (M.V.F.)
| | - Carla Gosálvez
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (S.S.-D.); (S.C.); (C.G.); (J.S.-F.); (R.B.-M.); (M.V.F.)
| | - Joan Sanxis-Furió
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (S.S.-D.); (S.C.); (C.G.); (J.S.-F.); (R.B.-M.); (M.V.F.)
- Department of Research and Development, Laboratorios Lokímica, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Pascual
- Pest Surveillance and Control, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), 08023 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.); (S.F.); (V.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Rubén Bueno-Marí
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (S.S.-D.); (S.C.); (C.G.); (J.S.-F.); (R.B.-M.); (M.V.F.)
- Department of Research and Development, Laboratorios Lokímica, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Franco
- Pest Surveillance and Control, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), 08023 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.); (S.F.); (V.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Víctor Peracho
- Pest Surveillance and Control, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), 08023 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.); (S.F.); (V.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomás Montalvo
- Pest Surveillance and Control, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), 08023 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.); (S.F.); (V.P.); (T.M.)
- CIBERESP Epidemiology and Public Health, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Màrius Vicent Fuentes
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (S.S.-D.); (S.C.); (C.G.); (J.S.-F.); (R.B.-M.); (M.V.F.)
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Ayyad C, Mateu J, Omidi M, Tamayo‐Uria I, Mohammadzadeh M. Trivariate non‐Gaussian copulas to analyze the spatial behavior of rat sightings. STAT NEERL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/stan.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ayyad
- Department of MathematicsJaume I University Castellón de la Plana Spain
| | - J. Mateu
- Department of MathematicsJaume I University Castellón de la Plana Spain
| | - M. Omidi
- Department of MathematicsIlam University Ilam Iran
| | - I. Tamayo‐Uria
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) Barcelona Spain
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Ayyad C, Mateu J, Tamayo-Uria I. Non-linear spatial modeling of rat sightings in relation to urban multi-source foci. J Infect Public Health 2018; 11:667-676. [PMID: 29885768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown rat has been living with humans in a wide variety of environmental contexts; it adversely affects public health by transmission of pathogens that can cause human diseases and allergies. Understanding behavioral aspects and environmental factors of pest species can contribute to their effective management and control. This aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of rats in Latina district of Madrid (Spain), and its relationship with several potential multi-source foci. A focus is any particular social and environmental urban scenario that favors the clustering and proliferation of rats. We have developed a statistical framework to provide valid information on the spatial distribution and behavior of the rats around identified potential foci that favor the concentration of rats in urban environments. We extended the standard Poisson regression model by the inclusion of a multiplicative non-linear function of the distance, an unstructured random effect, and a spatial random effect to account for the spatial structure of socio-demographic and environmental covariates were also considered in the model to control for potential confusion. We found evidence of an association between the spatial distribution of rats aggregated by census tracts and distance to foci, and this association was controlled by the covariates considered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ayyad
- Department of Mathematics, University Jaume I, Castellᅢᄈn, Spain.
| | - Jorge Mateu
- Department of Mathematics, University Jaume I, Castellᅢᄈn, Spain
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Conan A, O’Reilly CE, Ogola E, Ochieng JB, Blackstock AJ, Omore R, Ochieng L, Moke F, Parsons MB, Xiao L, Roellig D, Farag TH, Nataro JP, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Mintz ED, Breiman RF, Cleaveland S, Knobel DL. Animal-related factors associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children younger than five years in western Kenya: A matched case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005795. [PMID: 28783751 PMCID: PMC5559092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease remains among the leading causes of global mortality in children younger than 5 years. Exposure to domestic animals may be a risk factor for diarrheal disease. The objectives of this study were to identify animal-related exposures associated with cases of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children in rural western Kenya, and to identify the major zoonotic enteric pathogens present in domestic animals residing in the homesteads of case and control children. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterized animal-related exposures in a subset of case and control children (n = 73 pairs matched on age, sex and location) with reported animal presence at home enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study in western Kenya, and analysed these for an association with MSD. We identified potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens in pooled fecal specimens collected from domestic animals resident at children's homesteads. Variables that were associated with decreased risk of MSD were washing hands after animal contact (matched odds ratio [MOR] = 0.2; 95% CI 0.08-0.7), and presence of adult sheep that were not confined in a pen overnight (MOR = 0.1; 0.02-0.5). Variables that were associated with increased risk of MSD were increasing number of sheep owned (MOR = 1.2; 1.0-1.5), frequent observation of fresh rodent excreta (feces/urine) outside the house (MOR = 7.5; 1.5-37.2), and participation of the child in providing water to chickens (MOR = 3.8; 1.2-12.2). Of 691 pooled specimens collected from 2,174 domestic animals, 159 pools (23%) tested positive for one or more potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, non-typhoidal Salmonella, diarrheagenic E. coli, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, or rotavirus). We did not find any association between the presence of particular pathogens in household animals, and MSD in children. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Public health agencies should continue to promote frequent hand washing, including after animal contact, to reduce the risk of MSD. Future studies should address specific causal relations of MSD with sheep and chicken husbandry practices, and with the presence of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Conan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis
| | - Ciara E. O’Reilly
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Ogola
- School of Health Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - J. Benjamin Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Anna J. Blackstock
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Linus Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Fenny Moke
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Michele B. Parsons
- Division of Global Health and Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dawn Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tamer H. Farag
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James P. Nataro
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Mintz
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- International Emerging Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Darryn L. Knobel
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis
- * E-mail:
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Ng-Hublin JS, Singleton GR, Ryan U. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from wild rats and mice from rural communities in the Philippines. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Paparini A, Jackson B, Ward S, Young S, Ryan UM. Multiple Cryptosporidium genotypes detected in wild black rats (Rattus rattus) from northern Australia. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:404-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Backhans A, Fellström C. Rodents on pig and chicken farms - a potential threat to human and animal health. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2012; 2:IEE-2-17093. [PMID: 22957130 PMCID: PMC3426328 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v2i0.17093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents can cause major problems through spreading various diseases to animals and humans. The two main species of rodents most commonly found on farms around the world are the house mouse (Mus musculus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). Both species are omnivorous and can breed year-round under favourable conditions. This review describes the occurrence of pathogens in rodents on specialist pig and chicken farms, which are usually closed units with a high level of bio-security. However, wild rodents may be difficult to exclude completely, even from these sites, and can pose a risk of introducing and spreading pathogens. This article reviews current knowledge regarding rodents as a hazard for spreading disease on farms. Most literature available regards zoonotic pathogens, while the literature regarding pathogens that cause disease in farm animals is more limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Backhans
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wilkes G, Edge TA, Gannon VPJ, Jokinen C, Lyautey E, Neumann NF, Ruecker N, Scott A, Sunohara M, Topp E, Lapen DR. Associations among pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and environmental and land use factors in multiple mixed-use watersheds. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:5807-25. [PMID: 21889781 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Over a five year period (2004-08), 1171 surface water samples were collected from up to 24 sampling locations representing a wide range of stream orders, in a river basin in eastern Ontario, Canada. Water was analyzed for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cyst densities, the presence of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The study objective was to explore associations among pathogen densities/occurrence and objectively defined land use, weather, hydrologic, and water quality variables using CART (Classification and Regression Tree) and binary logistical regression techniques. E. coli O157:H7 detections were infrequent, but detections were related to upstream livestock pasture density; 20% of the detections were located where cattle have access to the watercourses. The ratio of detections:non-detections for Campylobacter spp. was relatively higher (>1) when mean air temperatures were 6% below mean study period temperature values (relatively cooler periods). Cooler water temperatures, which can promote bacteria survival and represent times when land applications of manure typically occur (spring and fall), may have promoted increased frequency of Campylobacter spp. Fifty-nine percent of all Salmonella spp. detections occurred when river discharge on a branch of the river system of Shreve stream order = 9550 was >83 percentile. Hydrological events that promote off farm/off field/in stream transport must manifest themselves in order for detection of Salmonella spp. to occur in surface water in this region. Fifty seven percent of L. monocytogenes detections occurred in spring, relative to other seasons. It was speculated that a combination of winter livestock housing, silage feeding during winter, and spring application of manure that accrued during winter, contributed to elevated occurrences of this pathogen in spring. Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocyst and cyst densities were, overall, positively associated with surface water discharge, and negatively associated with air/water temperature during spring-summer-fall. Yet, some of the highest Cryptosporidium oocyst densities were associated with low discharge conditions on smaller order streams, suggesting wildlife as a contributing fecal source. Fifty six percent of all detections of ≥ 2 bacteria pathogens (including Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli O157:H7) in water was associated with lower water temperatures (<∼ 14 °C; primarily spring and fall) and when total rainfall the week prior to sampling was >∼ 27 mm (62 percentile). During higher water temperatures (>∼ 14 °C), a higher amount of weekly rainfall was necessary to promote detection of ≥ 2 pathogens (primarily summer; weekly rainfall ∼>42 mm (>77 percentile); 15% of all ≥ 2 detections). Less rainfall may have been necessary to mobilize pathogens from adjacent land, and/or in stream sediments, during cooler water conditions; as these are times when manures are applied to fields in the area, and soil water contents and water table depths are relatively higher. Season, stream order, turbidity, mean daily temperature, surface water discharge, cropland coverage, and nearest upstream distance to a barn and pasture were variables that were relatively strong and recurrent with regard to discriminating pathogen presence and absence, and parasite densities in surface water in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wilkes
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Feng Y. Cryptosporidium in wild placental mammals. Exp Parasitol 2008; 124:128-37. [PMID: 19084007 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species are common parasites of wild placental mammals. Recent parasitological studies combined with molecular genotyping techniques have been providing valuable new insight into the host specificity and potential transmission of various Cryptosporidium species/genotypes among animals and between these animals and humans. Although Cryptosporidium in wild animals may possess a potential public health problem due to oocyst contamination in the environment, studies at various regions of the world have indicated a strong host-adaptation by these parasites and a limited potential of cross-species transmission of cryptosporidiosis among placental mammals, suggesting that these animals are probably not a major reservoir for human infection. However, Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in placental animals have been reported occasionally in humans. Therefore, public health significance of some Cryptosporidium species in wild placental mammals, such as the cervine genotype, should not be overlooked and should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Feng
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Yu JR, Seo M. Infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2004; 42:45-7. [PMID: 15060340 PMCID: PMC2717339 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum, 589 fecal samples were collected from pigs raised at farm in Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do. Of the 589 pig fecal samples, 62 (10.5%) were positive for C. parvum. The area showing the highest positive rate was Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (14.0%), and the lowest (0%) Salmi-myon, Chungcheongbuk-do. The positive rate of C. parvum in Judok-eup increased from 12.7% in the winter to 22.1% in the summer. The results of this study suggest that the pigs may be a source of human C. parvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ran Yu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
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Sturdee AP, Bodley-Tickell AT, Archer A, Chalmers RM. Long-term study of Cryptosporidium prevalence on a lowland farm in the United Kingdom. Vet Parasitol 2003; 116:97-113. [PMID: 14519315 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal sample survey testing for Cryptosporidium in livestock and small wild mammals conducted over 6 years (1992-1997) on a lowland farm in Warwickshire, England, has shown the parasite to be endemic and persistently present in all mammalian categories. Faecal samples were taken throughout the year and oocysts concentrated by a formal ether sedimentation method for detection by immunofluorescence staining using a commercially available genus specific monoclonal antibody. Cryptosporidium parvum was identified by morphology and measurement of modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained oocysts. C. muris was rarely found in wild mammals and C. andersoni oocysts were never detected in livestock. Faecal samples from 3721 individuals gave cumulative 6-year prevalences for C. parvum as follows: bull beef, 3.6%; dairy cows, 3.5%; ewes, 6.4%; horses, 8.9%; calves (home bred), 52%; calves (bought-in) 23.2%; lambs, 12.9%; small wild mammals (rodents) living in and around farm buildings, 32.8%; small wild mammals (mainly rodents) living in areas of pasture, 29.9%. Animal categories with the highest prevalences also shed the highest average oocyst numbers per gram of faeces (ranging from 1.4 x 10(3) for bull beef to 1.1 x 10(5) for calves). Analysis of annual and seasonal data for each animal category revealed that patterns of infection were variable and sporadic; this means that short-term sampling was never likely to provide a true or representative picture. Seasonally combined data for adult livestock, young livestock and small wild mammals showed all three categories tended to have the highest Cryptosporidium prevalences in the autumn. Calves were separated from their dams within 24h of birth and yet showed high prevalence of infection in most years despite the low prevalence for the dairy herd. It is possible the coincidence of high autumn prevalence in mice with the main period for the rearing of calves contributed to the infection of the latter. The farming estate was used to teach students of agriculture and took pride in good land management and husbandry practices that produced well fed and healthy livestock. The data from this estate may represent, therefore, the baseline, the lowest possible levels to be expected, for Cryptosporidium infection and oocyst production on a lowland farm in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Sturdee
- Cell and Molecular Biosciences, School of Science and Environment, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
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Power ML, Shanker SR, Sangster NC, Veal DA. Evaluation of a combined immunomagnetic separation/flow cytometry technique for epidemiological investigations of Cryptosporidium in domestic and Australian native animals. Vet Parasitol 2003; 112:21-31. [PMID: 12581582 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A combined immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and flow cytometry (FC) technique was developed for the sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium in faecal samples. The IMS/FC technique was found to be approximately 50-fold more sensitive than formol-ether concentration, which is commonly used for Cryptosporidium epidemiological investigations. Of 31 faecal samples from captive animals 16 were found to contain Cryptosporidium oocysts when analysed using the IMS/FC compared to four when using formol-ether concentration (FEC). In a wild population of eastern grey kangaroos Macropus giganteus 66.3% of infected animals were shedding <500oocysts/gfaeces when analysed using IMS/FC. This is below the detection limit for the FEC method. The dispersal of Cryptosporidium in host populations is aggregated, with many individuals shedding low numbers of oocysts and few individuals shedding numbers of oocysts sufficiently high to be detected by FEC. This research demonstrates that the prevalence and oocyst shedding intensity of Cryptosporidium in animal populations will be significantly underestimated using standard detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Power
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Abstract
Infectious diarrhea is an important cause of neonatal calf morbidity and mortality that results in significant economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. Although numerous risk factors related to the occurrence of neonatal diarrhea have been identified, they can all be categorized into those that are related to the calf, the pathogens involved, or the environment of the calf. The immune status of calves, specifically the level of passively acquired immunity through colostrum, is the major risk factor related to the calf and the occurrence of diarrhea. Although numerous pathogens have been implicated in the occurrence of neonatal diarrhea, only a relatively limited number are commonly involved. Most should be viewed as secondary opportunists rather than primary pathogens, because none are extraordinarily virulent, and with the exception of Salmonella spp., most are present within the gastrointestinal tract of many healthy, mature cattle. Important risk factors related to pathogens involved in neonatal calf diarrhea involve the size of the inoculum and the occurrence of multiple infections. Finally, when considering the environment and housing conditions in which beef and dairy calves may reside, it is clear that tremendous variations exist. Despite these variations, the risk factors associated with the environment of the calf are also those that are the most amenable to the implementation of general environmental control and monitoring strategies as well as specific biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Barrington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Perz JF, Le Blancq SM. Cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes in wildlife from lower New York State. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1154-62. [PMID: 11229905 PMCID: PMC92708 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.3.1154-1162.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, an enteric parasite of humans and a wide range of other mammals, presents numerous challenges to the supply of safe drinking water. We performed a wildlife survey, focusing on white-tailed deer and small mammals, to assess whether they may serve as environmental sources of Cryptosporidium. A PCR-based approach that permitted genetic characterization via sequence analysis was applied to wildlife fecal samples (n = 111) collected from September 1996 to July 1998 from three areas in lower New York State. Southern analysis revealed 22 fecal samples containing Cryptosporidium small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA; these included 10 of 91 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) samples, 3 of 5 chipmunk (Tamias striatus) samples, 1 of 2 white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) samples, 1 of 2 striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) samples, 1 of 5 racoon (Procyon lotor) samples, and 6 of 6 muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) samples. All of the 15 SSU PCR products sequenced were characterized as Cryptosporidium parvum; two were identical to genotype 2 (bovine), whereas the remainder belonged to two novel SSU sequence groups, designated genotypes 3 and 4. Genotype 3 comprised four deer-derived sequences, whereas genotype 4 included nine sequences from deer, mouse, chipmunk, and muskrat samples. PCR analysis was performed on the SSU-positive fecal samples for three other Cryptosporidium loci (dihydrofolate reductase, polythreonine-rich protein, and beta-tubulin), and 8 of 10 cloned PCR products were consistent with C. parvum genotype 2. These data provide evidence that there is sylvatic transmission of C. parvum involving deer and other small mammals. This study affirmed the importance of wildlife as potential sources of Cryptosporidium in the catchments of public water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Perz
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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