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Tian H, Huang D, Wang J, Li H, Gao J, Zhong Y, Xia L, Zhang A, Lin Z, Ke X. The role of the "gut microbiota-mitochondria" crosstalk in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404995. [PMID: 38741740 PMCID: PMC11089144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurologic autoimmune disease whose exact pathophysiologic mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have shown that the onset and progression of MS are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Similarly, a large body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may also have a significant impact on the development of MS. Endosymbiotic theory has found that human mitochondria are microbial in origin and share similar biological characteristics with the gut microbiota. Therefore, gut microbiota and mitochondrial function crosstalk are relevant in the development of MS. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and mitochondrial function in the development of MS is not fully understood. Therefore, by synthesizing previous relevant literature, this paper focuses on the changes in gut microbiota and metabolite composition in the development of MS and the possible mechanisms of the crosstalk between gut microbiota and mitochondrial function in the progression of MS, to provide new therapeutic approaches for the prevention or reduction of MS based on this crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tian
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dunbing Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaqiang Li
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Gao
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libin Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anren Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Fujian Provincia Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Ke
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Saadh MJ, Ahmed HM, Alani ZK, Al Zuhairi RAH, Almarhoon ZM, Ahmad H, Ubaid M, Alwan NH. The Role of Gut-derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:14. [PMID: 38630350 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS), where the interplay of genetic and environmental factors influences its pathophysiology, triggering immune responses and instigating inflammation. Contemporary research has been notably dedicated to investigating the contributions of gut microbiota and their metabolites in modulating inflammatory reactions within the CNS. Recent recognition of the gut microbiome and dietary patterns as environmental elements impacting MS development emphasizes the potential influence of small, ubiquitous molecules from microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These molecules may serve as vital molecular signals or metabolic substances regulating host cellular metabolism in the intricate interplay between microbiota and the host. A current emphasis lies on optimizing the health-promoting attributes of colonic bacteria to mitigate urinary tract issues through dietary management. This review aims to spotlight recent investigations on the impact of SCFAs on immune cells pivotal in MS, the involvement of gut microbiota and SCFAs in MS development, and the considerable influence of probiotics on gastrointestinal disruptions in MS. Comprehending the gut-CNS connection holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches, particularly probiotic-based supplements, for managing MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | - Hani Moslem Ahmed
- Department of Dental Industry Techniques, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Zaid Khalid Alani
- College of Health and Medical Technical, Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Zainab M Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hijaz Ahmad
- Section of Mathematics, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 39, 00186, Rome, Italy.
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, Kuwait.
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mohammed Ubaid
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Shao L, Fu J, Xie L, Cai G, Cheng Y, Zheng N, Zeng P, Yan X, Ling Z, Ye S. Fecal Microbiota Underlying the Coexistence of Schizophrenia and Multiple Sclerosis in Chinese Patients. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2023; 2023:5602401. [PMID: 37680457 PMCID: PMC10482522 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5602401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Both schizophrenia (SZ) and multiple sclerosis (MS) affect millions of people worldwide and impose a great burden on society. Recent studies indicated that MS elevated the risk of SZ and vice versa, whereas the underlying pathological mechanisms are still obscure. Considering that fecal microbiota played a vital role in regulating brain functions, the fecal microbiota and serum cytokines from 90 SZ patients and 71 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched cognitively normal subjects (referred as SZC), 22 MS patients and 33 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched healthy subjects (referred as MSC) were analyzed. We found that both diseases demonstrated similar microbial diversity and shared three differential genera, including the down-regulated Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and the up-regulated Streptococcus. Functional analysis indicated that the three genera were involved in pathways such as "carbohydrate metabolism" and "amino acid metabolism." Moreover, the variation patterns of serum cytokines associated with MS and SZ patients were a bit different. Among the six cytokines perturbed in both diseases, TNF-α increased, while IL-8 and MIP-1α decreased in both diseases. IL-1ra, PDGF-bb, and RANTES were downregulated in MS patients but upregulated in SZ patients. Association analyses showed that Faecalibacterium demonstrated extensive correlations with cytokines in both diseases. Most notably, Faecalibacterium correlated negatively with TNF-α. In other words, fecal microbiota such as Faecalibacterium may contribute to the coexistence of MS and SZ by regulating serum cytokines. Our study revealed the potential roles of fecal microbiota in linking MS and SZ, which paves the way for developing gut microbiota-targeted therapies that can manage two diseases with a single treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinlong Fu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lulu Xie
- Rugao Experimental Primary School, Nantong, China
| | - Guangyong Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Nengneng Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiumei Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Shiwei Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
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Bronzini M, Maglione A, Rosso R, Matta M, Masuzzo F, Rolla S, Clerico M. Feeding the gut microbiome: impact on multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176016. [PMID: 37304278 PMCID: PMC10248010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial neurological disease characterized by chronic inflammation and immune-driven demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). The rising number of MS cases in the last decade could be partially attributed to environmental changes, among which the alteration of the gut microbiome driven by novel dietary habits is now of particular interest. The intent of this review is to describe how diet can impact the development and course of MS by feeding the gut microbiome. We discuss the role of nutrition and the gut microbiota in MS disease, describing preclinical studies on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and clinical studies on dietary interventions in MS, with particular attention to gut metabolites-immune system interactions. Possible tools that target the gut microbiome in MS, such as the use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics, are analyzed as well. Finally, we discuss the open questions and the prospects of these microbiome-targeted therapies for people with MS and for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bronzini
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maglione
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Rachele Rosso
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Manuela Matta
- San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Simona Rolla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marinella Clerico
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
- San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
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Kim CH. Complex regulatory effects of gut microbial short-chain fatty acids on immune tolerance and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:341-350. [PMID: 36854801 PMCID: PMC10066346 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance deletes or suppresses autoreactive lymphocytes and is established at multiple levels during the development, activation and effector phases of T and B cells. These mechanisms are cell-intrinsically programmed and critical in preventing autoimmune diseases. We have witnessed the existence of another type of immune tolerance mechanism that is shaped by lifestyle choices, such as diet, microbiome and microbial metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the most abundant microbial metabolites in the colonic lumen and are mainly produced by the microbial fermentation of prebiotics, such as dietary fiber. This review focuses on the preventive and immunomodulatory effects of SCFAs on autoimmunity. The tissue- and disease-specific effects of dietary fiber, SCFAs and SCFA-producing microbes on major types of autoimmune diseases, including type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, are discussed. Additionally, their key regulatory mechanisms for lymphocyte development, tissue barrier function, host metabolism, immunity, autoantibody production, and inflammatory effector and regulatory lymphocytes are discussed. The shared and differential effects of SCFAs on different types and stages of autoimmune diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang H Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and Rogel Center for Cancer Research, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Tovo PA, Marozio L, Abbona G, Calvi C, Frezet F, Gambarino S, Dini M, Benedetto C, Galliano I, Bergallo M. Pregnancy Is Associated with Impaired Transcription of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and of TRIM28 and SETDB1, Particularly in Mothers Affected by Multiple Sclerosis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030710. [PMID: 36992419 PMCID: PMC10051116 DOI: 10.3390/v15030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights the pathogenetic role of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in eliciting and maintaining multiple sclerosis (MS). Epigenetic mechanisms, such as those regulated by TRIM 28 and SETDB1, are implicated in HERV activation and in neuroinflammatory disorders, including MS. Pregnancy markedly improves the course of MS, but no study explored the expressions of HERVs and of TRIM28 and SETDB1 during gestation. Using a polymerase chain reaction real-time Taqman amplification assay, we assessed and compared the transcriptional levels of pol genes of HERV-H, HERV-K, HERV-W; of env genes of Syncytin (SYN)1, SYN2, and multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus (MSRV); and of TRIM28 and SETDB1 in peripheral blood and placenta from 20 mothers affected by MS; from 27 healthy mothers, in cord blood from their neonates; and in blood from healthy women of child-bearing age. The HERV mRNA levels were significantly lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. Expressions of all HERVs were downregulated in the chorion and in the decidua basalis of MS mothers compared to healthy mothers. The former also showed lower mRNA levels of HERV-K-pol and of SYN1, SYN2, and MSRV in peripheral blood. Significantly lower expressions of TRIM28 and SETDB1 also emerged in pregnant vs. nonpregnant women and in blood, chorion, and decidua of mothers with MS vs. healthy mothers. In contrast, HERV and TRIM28/SETDB1 expressions were comparable between their neonates. These results show that gestation is characterized by impaired expressions of HERVs and TRIM28/SETDB1, particularly in mothers with MS. Given the beneficial effects of pregnancy on MS and the wealth of data suggesting the putative contribution of HERVs and epigenetic processes in the pathogenesis of the disease, our findings may further support innovative therapeutic interventions to block HERV activation and to control aberrant epigenetic pathways in MS-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier-Angelo Tovo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.-A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Luca Marozio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Abbona
- Pathology Unit, Department Laboratory Medicine, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Calvi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Frezet
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Gambarino
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maddalena Dini
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Galliano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bergallo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.-A.T.); (M.B.)
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Ordoñez-Rodriguez A, Roman P, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Campos-Rios A, Cardona D. Changes in Gut Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054624. [PMID: 36901634 PMCID: PMC10001679 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease mediated by autoimmune reactions against myelin proteins and gangliosides in the grey and white matter of the brain and spinal cord. It is considered one of the most common neurological diseases of non-traumatic origin in young people, especially in women. Recent studies point to a possible association between MS and gut microbiota. Intestinal dysbiosis has been observed, as well as an alteration of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, although clinical data remain scarce and inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review on the relationship between gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis. METHOD The systematic review was conducted in the first quarter of 2022. The articles included were selected and compiled from different electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Proquest, Cochrane, and CINAHL. The keywords used in the search were: "multiple sclerosis", "gut microbiota", and "microbiome". RESULTS 12 articles were selected for the systematic review. Among the studies that analysed alpha and beta diversity, only three found significant differences with respect to the control. In terms of taxonomy, the data are contradictory, but confirm an alteration of the microbiota marked by a decrease in Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Coprococcus, Butyricicoccus, Lachnospira, Dorea, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotella and an increase in Bacteroidetes, Akkermansia, Blautia, and Ruminocococcus. As for short-chain fatty acids, in general, a decrease in short-chain fatty acids, in particular butyrate, was observed. CONCLUSIONS Gut microbiota dysbiosis was found in multiple sclerosis patients compared to controls. Most of the altered bacteria are short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing, which could explain the chronic inflammation that characterises this disease. Therefore, future studies should consider the characterisation and manipulation of the multiple sclerosis-associated microbiome as a focus of both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Roman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
- Health Research Center, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Campos-Rios
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), 15706 Vigo, Spain
| | - Diana Cardona
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
- Health Research Center, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain
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Ladakis DC, Bhargava P. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis and Potential Approaches to Target the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:117-132. [PMID: 36690786 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-00986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has now been established that a perturbation in gut microbiome composition exists in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its interplay with the immune system and brain could potentially contribute to the development of the disease and influence its course. The effects of the gut microbiota on the disease may be mediated by direct interactions between bacteria and immune cells or through interactions of products of bacterial metabolism with immune and CNS cells. In this review article we summarize the ways in which the gut microbiome of people with MS differs from controls and how bacterial metabolites can potentially play a role in MS pathogenesis, and examine approaches to alter the composition of the gut microbiota potentially alleviating gut dysbiosis and impacting the course of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Ladakis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Melamed E, Palmer JL, Fonken C. Advantages and limitations of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in breaking down the role of the gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1019877. [PMID: 36407764 PMCID: PMC9672668 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1019877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was introduced almost a century ago, there has been an ongoing scientific debate about the risks and benefits of using EAE as a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). While there are notable limitations of translating EAE studies directly to human patients, EAE continues to be the most widely used model of MS, and EAE studies have contributed to multiple key breakthroughs in our understanding of MS pathogenesis and discovery of MS therapeutics. In addition, insights from EAE have led to a better understanding of modifiable environmental factors that can influence MS initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss how MS patient and EAE studies compare in our learning about the role of gut microbiome, diet, alcohol, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiome transplant in neuroinflammation. Ultimately, the combination of rigorous EAE animal studies, novel bioinformatic approaches, use of human cell lines, and implementation of well-powered, age- and sex-matched randomized controlled MS patient trials will be essential for improving MS patient outcomes and developing novel MS therapeutics to prevent and revert MS disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Schiweck C, Edwin Thanarajah S, Aichholzer M, Matura S, Reif A, Vrieze E, Weigert A, Visekruna A. Regulation of CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Biology by Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Its Relevance for Autoimmune Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8272. [PMID: 35955407 PMCID: PMC9368239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota encodes a broad range of enzymes capable of synthetizing various metabolites, some of which are still uncharacterized. One well-known class of microbiota-derived metabolites are the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate. SCFAs have long been considered a mere waste product of bacterial metabolism. Novel results have challenged this long-held dogma, revealing a central role for microbe-derived SCFAs in gut microbiota-host interaction. SCFAs are bacterial signaling molecules that act directly on host T lymphocytes by reprogramming their metabolic activity and epigenetic status. They have an essential biological role in promoting differentiation of (intestinal) regulatory T cells and in production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). These small molecules can also reach the circulation and modulate immune cell function in remote tissues. In experimental models of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis or diabetes, a strong therapeutic potential of SCFAs through the modulation of effector T cell function was observed. In this review, we discuss current research activities toward understanding a relevance of microbial SCFA for treating autoimmune and inflammatory pathologies from in vitro to human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Schiweck
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt-Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.E.T.); (M.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt-Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.E.T.); (M.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mareike Aichholzer
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt-Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.E.T.); (M.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Silke Matura
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt-Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.E.T.); (M.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt-Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.E.T.); (M.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Elske Vrieze
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, UPC KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Alexander Visekruna
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
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11
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Gubert C, Choo JM, Love CJ, Kodikara S, Masson BA, Liew JJM, Wang Y, Kong G, Narayana VK, Renoir T, Lê Cao KA, Rogers GB, Hannan AJ. Faecal microbiota transplant ameliorates gut dysbiosis and cognitive deficits in Huntington’s disease mice. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac205. [PMID: 36035436 PMCID: PMC9400176 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder involving psychiatric, cognitive and motor symptoms. Huntington’s disease is caused by a tandem-repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, which is widely expressed throughout the brain and body, including the gastrointestinal system. There are currently no effective disease-modifying treatments available for this fatal disorder. Despite recent evidence of gut microbiome disruption in preclinical and clinical Huntington’s disease, its potential as a target for therapeutic interventions has not been explored. The microbiota–gut–brain axis provides a potential pathway through which changes in the gut could modulate brain function, including cognition. We now show that faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) from wild-type into Huntington’s disease mice positively modulates cognitive outcomes, particularly in females. In Huntington’s disease male mice, we revealed an inefficiency of FMT engraftment, which is potentially due to the more pronounced changes in the structure, composition and instability of the gut microbial community, and the imbalance in acetate and gut immune profiles found in these mice. This study demonstrates a role for gut microbiome modulation in ameliorating cognitive deficits modelling dementia in Huntington’s disease. Our findings pave the way for the development of future therapeutic approaches, including FMT and other forms of gut microbiome modulation, as potential clinical interventions for Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gubert
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Jocelyn M Choo
- Microbiome and Host Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , Adelaide, SA 5001 , Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University , Bedford Park, SA 5042 , Australia
| | - Chloe J Love
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Saritha Kodikara
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Bethany A Masson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Jamie J M Liew
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Geraldine Kong
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Vinod K Narayana
- Bio21 Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Kim Anh Lê Cao
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Geraint B Rogers
- Microbiome and Host Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , Adelaide, SA 5001 , Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University , Bedford Park, SA 5042 , Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia
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12
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Yu H, Bai S, Hao Y, Guan Y. Fatty acids role in multiple sclerosis as "metabokines". J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:157. [PMID: 35715809 PMCID: PMC9205055 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), as an autoimmune neurological disease with both genetic and environmental contribution, still lacks effective treatment options among progressive patients, highlighting the need to re-evaluate disease innate properties in search for novel therapeutic targets. Fatty acids (FA) and MS bear an interesting intimate connection. FA and FA metabolism are highly associated with autoimmunity, as the diet-derived circulatory and tissue-resident FAs level and composition can modulate immune cells polarization, differentiation and function, suggesting their broad regulatory role as “metabokines”. In addition, FAs are indeed protective factors for blood–brain barrier integrity, crucial contributors of central nervous system (CNS) chronic inflammation and progressive degeneration, as well as important materials for remyelination. The remaining area of ambiguity requires further exploration into this arena to validate the existed phenomenon, develop novel therapies, and confirm the safety and efficacy of therapeutic intervention targeting FA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shuwei Bai
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yong Hao
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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13
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Ling Z, Jin G, Yan X, Cheng Y, Shao L, Song Q, Liu X, Zhao L. Fecal Dysbiosis and Immune Dysfunction in Chinese Elderly Patients With Schizophrenia: An Observational Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:886872. [PMID: 35719348 PMCID: PMC9198589 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.886872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with largely unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is a vital player in SZ. However, the gut microbiota characteristics and its host response in elderly SZ patients are still not well understood. A total of 161 samples was collected, including 90 samples from elderly SZ patients and 71 samples from healthy controls. We explored the gut microbiota profiles targeting the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene by MiSeq sequencing, and to analyze their associations with host immune response. Our data found that bacterial β-diversity analyses could divide the SZ patients and healthy controls into two different clusters. The Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) identified the compositional changes in SZ-associated bacteria, including Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Actinomyces, Butyricicoccus, Prevotella and so on. In addition, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β were greatly increased in SZ patients while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ were markedly decreased. Correlation analysis suggested that these bacteria contributed to immune disturbances in the host that could be used as non-invasive biomarkers to distinguish the SZ patients from healthy controls. Moreover, several predicted functional modules, including increased lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, folate biosynthesis, lipoic acid metabolism, and decreased bile acid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis in SZ-associated microbiota, could be utilized by the bacteria to produce immunomodulatory metabolites. This study, for the first time, demonstrated the structural and functional dysbiosis of the fecal microbiota in Chinese elderly SZ patients, suggesting the potential for using gut key functional bacteria for the early, non-invasive diagnosis of SZ, personalized treatment, and the development of tailor-made probiotics designed for Chinese elderly SZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zongxin Ling, ; Xia Liu, ; Longyou Zhao,
| | - Guolin Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Xiumei Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Li Shao
- Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zongxin Ling, ; Xia Liu, ; Longyou Zhao,
| | - Longyou Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
- *Correspondence: Zongxin Ling, ; Xia Liu, ; Longyou Zhao,
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14
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Duarte-Silva E, Meuth SG, Peixoto CA. Microbial Metabolites in Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:885031. [PMID: 35573295 PMCID: PMC9096831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.885031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites produced by the gut microbiota have been shown to play an important role in numerous inflammatory, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, microbial metabolites have been implicated in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, especially in the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are key regulators of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Furthermore, they affect processes relevant to MS pathophysiology, such as inflammation and demyelination, which makes them attractive molecules to be explored as therapeutics in MS. In this review, we discuss the importance of these metabolites as factors contributing to disease pathogenesis and as therapeutic targets in MS. Establishing an improved understanding of these gut-microbiota derived metabolites may provide new avenues for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE)/Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, Brazil.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Recife, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Gubert C, Gasparotto J, H. Morais L. Convergent pathways of the gut microbiota-brain axis and neurodegenerative disorders. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2022; 10:goac017. [PMID: 35582476 PMCID: PMC9109005 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has been uncovering the role of the gut microbiota for brain health and disease. These studies highlight the role of gut microbiota on regulating brain function and behavior through immune, metabolic, and neuronal pathways. In this review we provide an overview of the gut microbiota axis pathways to lay the groundwork for upcoming sessions on the links between the gut microbiota and neurogenerative disorders. We also discuss how the gut microbiota may act as an intermediate factor between the host and the environment to mediate disease onset and neuropathology. Based on the current literature, we further examine the potential for different microbiota-based therapeutic strategies to prevent, to modify, or to halt the progress of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gubert
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Livia H. Morais
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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16
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O'Riordan KJ, Collins MK, Moloney GM, Knox EG, Aburto MR, Fülling C, Morley SJ, Clarke G, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Short chain fatty acids: Microbial metabolites for gut-brain axis signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 546:111572. [PMID: 35066114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of the intestinal microbiota as a regulator of gut-brain axis signalling has risen to prominence in recent years. Understanding the relationship between the gut microbiota, the metabolites it produces, and the brain will be critical for the subsequent development of new therapeutic approaches, including the identification of novel psychobiotics. A key focus in this regard have been the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibre, which include butyrate, acetate, and propionate. Ongoing research is focused on the entry of SCFAs into systemic circulation from the gut lumen, their migration to cerebral circulation and across the blood brain barrier, and their potential to exert acute and chronic effects on brain structure and function. This review aims to discuss our current mechanistic understanding of the direct and indirect influence that SCFAs have on brain function, behaviour and physiology, which will inform future microbiota-targeted interventions for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael K Collins
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard M Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily G Knox
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - María R Aburto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Shane J Morley
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland.
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17
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Park J, Kim CH. Regulation of common neurological disorders by gut microbial metabolites. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1821-1833. [PMID: 34857900 PMCID: PMC8741890 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is connected to the CNS by immunological mediators, lymphocytes, neurotransmitters, microbes and microbial metabolites. A mounting body of evidence indicates that the microbiome exerts significant effects on immune cells and CNS cells. These effects frequently result in the suppression or exacerbation of inflammatory responses, the latter of which can lead to severe tissue damage, altered synapse formation and disrupted maintenance of the CNS. Herein, we review recent progress in research on the microbial regulation of CNS diseases with a focus on major gut microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and secondary bile acids. Pathological changes in the CNS are associated with dysbiosis and altered levels of microbial metabolites, which can further exacerbate various neurological disorders. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these gut microbial metabolites regulate inflammatory diseases in the CNS are discussed. We highlight the similarities and differences in the impact on four major CNS diseases, i.e., multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder, to identify common cellular and molecular networks governing the regulation of cellular constituents and pathogenesis in the CNS by microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang H Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and Rogel Center for Cancer Research, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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18
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Cuello JP, Martínez Ginés ML, García Domínguez JM, Tejeda-Velarde A, Lozano Ros A, Higueras Y, Meldaña Rivera A, Goicochea Briceño H, Garcia-Tizon S, de León-Luis J, Medina Heras S, Fernández Velasco JI, Pérez-Pérez S, García-Martínez MÁ, Pardo-Rodríguez B, Domínguez-Mozo MI, García-Calvo E, Estévez H, Luque-García JL, Villar LM, Alvarez-Lafuente R. Short-chain fatty acids during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: A prospective cohort study. Eur J Neurol 2021; 29:895-900. [PMID: 34662474 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can have pro- or anti-inflammatory properties, but their relationship with multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses during pregnancy remains unknown. This study aimed to explore SCFA profiles in MS patients during pregnancy and to assess their association with the appearance of relapses during pregnancy and postpartum. METHODS We prospectively included 53 pregnant MS patients and 21 healthy control women. Patients were evaluated during pregnancy and puerperium. SCFAs were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Sixteen patients (32%) had relapses during pregnancy or puerperium, and 37 (68%) did not. All MS patients showed significant increases in acetate levels during pregnancy and the postpartum period compared to non-MS women. However, propionate and butyrate values were associated with disease activity. Their values were higher in nonrelapsing patients and remained similar to the control group in relapsing patients. The variable that best identified active patients was the propionate/acetate ratio. Ratios of <0.36 during the first trimester were associated with higher inflammatory activity (odds ratio = 165, 95% confidence interval = 10.2-239.4, p < 0.01). Most nonrelapsing patients showed values of >0.36, which were similar to those in healthy pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS Low propionate/acetate ratio values during the first trimester of gestation identified MS patients at risk of relapses during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Pérez-Pérez
- Research Group on Environmental Factors in Degenerative Diseases, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital/Spanish Multiple Sclerosis Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángel García-Martínez
- Research Group on Environmental Factors in Degenerative Diseases, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital/Spanish Multiple Sclerosis Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pardo-Rodríguez
- Research Group on Environmental Factors in Degenerative Diseases, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital/Spanish Multiple Sclerosis Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Inmaculada Domínguez-Mozo
- Research Group on Environmental Factors in Degenerative Diseases, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital/Spanish Multiple Sclerosis Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía García-Calvo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Estévez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Luque-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Alvarez-Lafuente
- Research Group on Environmental Factors in Degenerative Diseases, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital/Spanish Multiple Sclerosis Network, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Shahi SK, Ali S, Jaime CM, Guseva NV, Mangalam AK. HLA Class II Polymorphisms Modulate Gut Microbiota and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Phenotype. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:627-646. [PMID: 34380664 PMCID: PMC8728531 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the CNS in which the interaction between genetic and environmental factors plays an important role in disease pathogenesis. Although environmental factors account for 70% of disease risk, the exact environmental factors associated with MS are unknown. Recently, gut microbiota has emerged as a potential missing environmental factor linked with the pathobiology of MS. Yet, how genetic factors, such as HLA class II gene(s), interact with gut microbiota and influence MS is unclear. In the current study, we investigated whether HLA class II genes that regulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS susceptibility also influence gut microbiota. Previously, we have shown that HLA-DR3 transgenic mice lacking endogenous mouse class II genes (AE-KO) were susceptible to myelin proteolipid protein (91-110)-induced EAE, an animal model of MS, whereas AE-KO.HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice were resistant. Surprisingly, HLA-DR3.DQ8 double transgenic mice showed higher disease prevalence and severity compared with HLA-DR3 mice. Gut microbiota analysis showed that HLA-DR3, HLA-DQ8, and HLA-DR3.DQ8 double transgenic mice microbiota are compositionally different from AE-KO mice. Within HLA class II transgenic mice, the microbiota of HLA-DQ8 mice were more similar to HLA-DR3.DQ8 than HLA-DR3. As the presence of DQ8 on an HLA-DR3 background increases disease severity, our data suggests that HLA-DQ8-specific microbiota may contribute to disease severity in HLA-DR3.DQ8 mice. Altogether, our study provides evidence that the HLA-DR and -DQ genes linked to specific gut microbiota contribute to EAE susceptibility or resistance in a transgenic animal model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soham Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA;
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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20
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Ghezzi L, Cantoni C, Pinget GV, Zhou Y, Piccio L. Targeting the gut to treat multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e143774. [PMID: 34196310 DOI: 10.1172/jci143774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis (GBA) refers to the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems, together linking brain and gut functions. Perturbations of the GBA have been reported in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), suggesting a possible role in disease pathogenesis and making it a potential therapeutic target. While research in the area is still in its infancy, a number of studies revealed that pwMS are more likely to exhibit altered microbiota, altered levels of short chain fatty acids and secondary bile products, and increased intestinal permeability. However, specific microbes and metabolites identified across studies and cohorts vary greatly. Small clinical and preclinical trials in pwMS and mouse models, in which microbial composition was manipulated through the use of antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and probiotic supplements, have provided promising outcomes in preventing CNS inflammation. However, results are not always consistent, and large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking. Herein, we give an overview of how the GBA could contribute to MS pathogenesis, examine the different approaches tested to modulate the GBA, and discuss how they may impact neuroinflammation and demyelination in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ghezzi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gabriela V Pinget
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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21
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Olsson A, Gustavsen S, Nguyen TD, Nyman M, Langkilde AR, Hansen TH, Sellebjerg F, Oturai AB, Bach Søndergaard H. Serum Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Associations With Inflammation in Newly Diagnosed Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661493. [PMID: 34025661 PMCID: PMC8134701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by demyelination and neuroaxonal damage in the central nervous system. The etiology is complex and is still not fully understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that our gut microbiota and its metabolites influence the MS pathogenesis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate and butyrate, are metabolites produced by gut microbiota through fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates. SCFAs and kynurenine metabolites have been shown to have important immunomodulatory properties, and propionate supplementation in MS patients has been associated with long-term clinical improvement. However, the underlying mechanisms of action and its importance in MS remain incompletely understood. We analyzed serum levels of SCFAs and performed targeted metabolomics in relation to biomarkers of inflammation, and clinical and MRI measures in newly diagnosed patients with relapsing-remitting MS before their first disease modifying therapy and healthy controls (HCs). We demonstrated that serum acetate levels were nominally reduced in MS patients compared with HCs. The ratios of acetate/butyrate and acetate/(propionate + butyrate) were significantly lower in MS patients in a multivariate analysis (orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis; OPLS-DA). The mentioned ratios and acetate levels correlated negatively with the pro-inflammatory biomarker IFNG, indicating an inverse relation between acetate and inflammation. In contrast, the proportion of butyrate was found higher in MS patients in the multivariate analysis, and both butyrate and valerate correlated positively with proinflammatory cytokines (IFNG and TNF), suggesting complex bidirectional regulatory properties of SCFAs. Branched SCFAs were inversely correlated with clinical disability, at a nominal significance level. Otherwise SCFAs did not correlate with clinical variables or MRI measures. There were signs of an alteration of the kynurenine pathway in MS, and butyrate was positively correlated with the immunomodulatory metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Other variables that influenced the separation between MS and HCs were NfL, ARG1 and IL1R1, D-ribose 5-phosphate, pantothenic acid and D-glucuronic acid. In conclusion, we provide novel results in this rapidly evolving field, emphasizing the complexity of the interactions between SCFAs and inflammation; therefore, further studies are required to clarify these issues before supplementation of SCFAs can be widely recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olsson
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stefan Gustavsen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Thao Duy Nguyen
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Kemicentrum, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Nyman
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Kemicentrum, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika R Langkilde
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tue H Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Annette B Oturai
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Helle Bach Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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22
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Herpesvirus Antibodies, Vitamin D and Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Their Correlation with Cell Subsets in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Controls. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010119. [PMID: 33435197 PMCID: PMC7826528 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, it is commonly accepted that environmental factors could contribute to the disease. The objective of this study was to analyze the humoral response to Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6A/B and cytomegalovirus, and the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the three main short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), propionate (PA), butyrate (BA) and acetate (AA), in MS patients and healthy controls (HC) to understand how they could contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. With this purpose, we analyzed the correlations among them and with different clinical variables and a wide panel of cell subsets. We found statistically significant differences for most of the environmental factors analyzed when we compared MS patients and HC, supporting their possible involvement in the disease. The strongest correlations with the clinical variables and the cell subsets analyzed were found for 25(OH)D and SCFAs levels. A correlation was also found between 25(OH)D and PA/AA ratio, and the interaction between these factors negatively correlated with interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in untreated MS patients. Therapies that simultaneously increase vitamin D levels and modify the proportion of SCFA could be evaluated in the future.
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