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Bilder DA, Sullivan S, Hughes MM, Dalton S, Hall-Lande J, Nicholls C, Bakian AV. Regional differences in autism and intellectual disability risk associated with cesarean section delivery. Autism Res 2024. [PMID: 39420702 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Prior epidemiological studies investigating the association between delivery mode (i.e., vaginal birth and cesarean section [C-section]) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) risk have reported mixed findings. This study examined ASD and ID risks associated with primary and repeat C-section within diverse US regions. During even years 2000-2016, 8-years-olds were identified with ASD and/or ID and matched to birth records [ASD only (N = 8566, 83.6% male), ASD + ID (N = 3445, 79.5% male), ID only (N = 6158, 60.8% male)] using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network methodology. The comparison birth cohort (N = 1,456,914, 51.1% male) comprised all births recorded in the National Center for Health Statistics corresponding to birth years and counties in which surveillance occurred. C-section rates in the birth cohort demonstrated significant regional variation with lowest rates in the West. Overall models demonstrate increased odds of disability associated with primary and repeat C-section. Adjusted models, stratified by region, identified significant variability in disability likelihood associated with repeat C-section: increased odds occurred for all case groups in the Southeast, for ASD only and ID only in the Mid-Atlantic, and no case groups in the West. Regional variability in disability risk associated with repeat C-section coincides with differences in birth cohorts' C-section rates. This suggests increased likelihood of disability is not incurred by the procedure itself, but rather C-section serves as a proxy for exposures with regional variability that influence fetal development and C-section rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Bilder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Scott Sullivan
- Department of Ob/Gyn, Inova Health System, Virginia, USA
| | - Michelle M Hughes
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Dalton
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jennifer Hall-Lande
- Institute on Community Integration (ICI), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Connor Nicholls
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Amanda V Bakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Kamińska D, Ratajczak M, Nowak-Malczewska DM, Karolak JA, Kwaśniewski M, Szumala-Kakol A, Dlugaszewska J, Gajecka M. Macrolide and lincosamide resistance of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women in Poland. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3877. [PMID: 38366099 PMCID: PMC10873391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowing about the antibiotic resistance, serotypes, and virulence-associated genes of Group B Streptococcus for epidemiological and vaccine development is very important. We have determined antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, serotype, and virulence profiles. The antibiotic susceptibility was assessed for a total of 421 Streptococcus agalactiae strains, isolated from pregnant women and neonates. Then, 89 erythromycin and/or clindamycin-resistant strains (82 isolates obtained from pregnant women and seven isolates derived from neonates) were assessed in detail. PCR techniques were used to identify the studied strains, perform serotyping, and assess genes encoding selected virulence factors. Phenotypic and genotypic methods determined the mechanisms of resistance. All tested strains were sensitive to penicillin and levofloxacin. The constitutive MLSB mechanism (78.2%), inducible MLSB mechanism (14.9%), and M phenotype (6.9%) were identified in the macrolide-resistant strains. It was found that macrolide resistance is strongly associated with the presence of the ermB gene and serotype V. FbsA, fbsB, fbsC, scpB, and lmb formed the most recurring pattern of genes among the nine surface proteins whose genes were analysed. A minority (7.9%) of the GBS isolates exhibited resistance to lincosamides and macrolides, or either, including those that comprised the hypervirulent clone ST-17. The representative antibiotic resistance pattern consisted of erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline resistance (71.9%). An increase in the fraction of strains resistant to macrolides and lincosamides indicates the need for monitoring both the susceptibility of these strains and the presence of the ST-17 clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kamińska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ratajczak
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota M Nowak-Malczewska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Justyna A Karolak
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Kwaśniewski
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Szumala-Kakol
- Unit of Microbiology, Gynecological and Obstetric Clinical Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dlugaszewska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marzena Gajecka
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland.
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The Importance of the Microbiota in Shaping Women’s Health—The Current State of Knowledge. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
According to current knowledge, a properly colonized human microbiota contributes to the proper functioning of the body. The composition of the natural flora changes depending on age, health, living conditions, and the use of antimicrobial agents: antibiotics, disinfectants, and some cosmetics. The human body is diversely populated with microorganisms and undergoes constant changes under the influence of various factors, and its proper composition is extremely important for the proper functioning of the body. Given the above, it was decided that we would review current scientific research that explains the cause–effect relationship between the composition of microorganisms populating the human body and health, focusing on women’s health. As a result, an overview paper was prepared based on 109 scientific sources from 2009–2022. Special attention was paid to the most recent scientific studies of the last five years, which account for more than 75% of the cited sources.
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