1
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Fuster MM. Integrating electromagnetic cancer stress with immunotherapy: a therapeutic paradigm. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1417621. [PMID: 39165679 PMCID: PMC11333800 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1417621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
An array of published cell-based and small animal studies have demonstrated a variety of exposures of cancer cells or experimental carcinomas to electromagnetic (EM) wave platforms that are non-ionizing and non-thermal. Overall effects appear to be inhibitory, inducing cancer cell stress or death as well as inhibition in tumor growth in experimental models. A variety of physical input variables, including discrete frequencies, amplitudes, and exposure times, have been tested, but drawing methodologic rationale and mechanistic conclusions across studies is challenging. Nevertheless, outputs such as tumor cytotoxicity, apoptosis, tumor membrane electroporation and leak, and reactive oxygen species generation are intriguing. Early EM platforms in humans employ pulsed electric fields applied either externally or using interventional tumor contact to induce tumor cell electroporation with stromal, vascular, and immunologic sparing. It is also possible that direct or external exposures to non-thermal EM waves or pulsed magnetic fields may generate electromotive forces to engage with unique tumor cell properties, including tumor glycocalyx to induce carcinoma membrane disruption and stress, providing novel avenues to augment tumor antigen release, cross-presentation by tumor-resident immune cells, and anti-tumor immunity. Integration with existing checkpoint inhibitor strategies to boost immunotherapeutic effects in carcinomas may also emerge as a broadly effective strategy, but little has been considered or tested in this area. Unlike the use of chemo/radiation and/or targeted therapies in cancer, EM platforms may allow for the survival of tumor-associated immunologic cells, including naïve and sensitized anti-tumor T cells. Moreover, EM-induced cancer cell stress and apoptosis may potentiate endogenous tumor antigen-specific anti-tumor immunity. Clinical studies examining a few of these combined EM-platform approaches are in their infancy, and a greater thrust in research (including basic, clinical, and translational work) in understanding how EM platforms may integrate with immunotherapy will be critical in driving advances in cancer outcomes under this promising combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M. Fuster
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Division, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
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2
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Ma C, Zhang M, Teng F, Zheng W, Mi Y. Preliminary Exploration of the Biophysical Mechanisms of Pulsed Magnetic Field- Induced Cell Permeabilization. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2024; 23:482-490. [PMID: 38625761 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2024.3385413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Pulsed magnetic field treatment can enhance cell membrane permeability, allowing large molecular substances that normally cannot pass through the cell membrane to enter the cell. This research holds significant prospects for biomedical applications. However, the mechanism underlying pulsed magnetic field-induced cell permeabilization remains unclear, impeding further progress in research related to pulsed magnetic field. Currently, hypotheses about the mechanism are struggling to explain experimental results. Therefore, this study developed a parameter-adjustable pulsed magnetic field generator and designed experiments. Starting from the widely accepted hypothesis of "induced electric fields by pulsed magnetic field," we conducted a preliminary exploration of the biophysical mechanisms underlying pulsed magnetic field-induced cell permeabilization. Finally, we have arrived at an intriguing conclusion: under the current technical parameters, the impact of the pulsed magnetic field itself is the primary factor influencing changes in cell membrane permeability, rather than the induced electric field. This conclusion holds significant implications for understanding the biophysical mechanisms behind pulsed magnetic field therapy and its potential biomedical applications.
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3
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Kranjc M, Polajžer T, Novickij V, Miklavčič D. Determination of the Impact of High-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Release of Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14607. [PMID: 37834054 PMCID: PMC10572873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (HI-PEMF) treatment is an emerging noninvasive and contactless alternative to conventional electroporation, since the electric field inside the tissue is induced remotely by an externally applied pulsed magnetic field. Recently, HI-PEMF has been successfully used in the transfer of plasmid DNA and siRNA in vivo, with no or minimal infiltration of immune cells. In addition to gene electrotransfer, treatment with HI-PEMF has also shown potential for electrochemotherapy, where activation of the immune response contributes to the treatment outcome. The immune response can be triggered by immunogenic cell death that is characterized by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from damaged or/and dying cells. In this study, the release of the best-known DAMP molecules, i.e., adenosine triphosphate (ATP), calreticulin and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMBG1), after HI-PEMF treatment was investigated in vitro on three different cell lines of different tissue origin and compared with conventional electroporation treatment parameters. We have shown that HI-PEMF by itself does not cause the release of HMGB1 or calreticulin, whereas the release of ATP was detected immediately after HI-PEMF treatment. Our results indicate that HI-PEMF treatment causes no to minimal release of DAMP molecules, which results in minimal/limited activation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Kranjc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Tamara Polajžer
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 27, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu g. 5, 08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (T.P.)
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4
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Simulation study of cell transmembrane potential and electroporation induced by time-varying magnetic fields. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Kranjc M, Dermol-Černe J, Potočnik T, Novickij V, Miklavčič D. High-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Field-Mediated Gene Electrotransfection In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179543. [PMID: 36076938 PMCID: PMC9455820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-intensity pulsed electromagnetic field (HI-PEMF) is a non-invasive and non-contact delivery method and may, as such, have an advantage over gene electrotransfer mediated by conventional electroporation using contact electrodes. Due to the limited number of in vitro studies in the field of gene electrotransfection by HI-PEMF, we designed experiments to investigate and demonstrate the feasibility of such a technique for the non-viral delivery of genetic material into cells in vitro. We first showed that HI-PEMF causes DNA adsorption to the membrane, a generally accepted prerequisite step for successful gene electrotransfection. We also showed that HI-PEMF can induce gene electrotransfection as the application of HI-PEMF increased the percentage of GFP-positive cells for two different combinations of pDNA size and concentration. Furthermore, by measuring the uptake of larger molecules, i.e., fluorescently labelled dextrans of three different sizes, we showed endocytosis to be a possible mechanism for introducing large molecules into cells by HI-PEMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Kranjc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Dermol-Černe
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Potočnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 03227 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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6
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High-Intensity Low Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Treatment Stimulates Fin Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish—A Preliminary Report. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-Intensity electromagnetic fields (LI-PEMFs) are known to induce a trophic stimulus on bone tissue and therefore have been largely used for the treatment of several musculoskeletal disorders. High intensity (HI) PEMFs add interesting features to bio-stimulation such as electroporation, a phenomenon characterized by transient increased cell permeabilization to molecules, and diamagnetism, a water-repulsive effect based on the diamagnetic properties of water and transmembrane ions gradients. Despite the rapid evolution of technology, the biological mechanisms underlying it are still poorly understood. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this particular stimulation, HI LF-PEMFs were used to stimulate the caudal fin rays of adult zebrafish. Actually, the zebrafish fin regeneration is a simple, well understood, and widely adopted model for studying bone regeneration. A controlled amputation fin experiment was then conducted. Regenerated bone matrix of fin rays was dyed with calcein and then analysed under fluorescence microscopy. Both the length and the area of regenerated fin’s rays treated with HI LF-PEMFs resulted significantly increased when compared with non-treated.
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7
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Vejdani Afkham B, Shankayi Z, Bahrami F, Firoozabadi SM, Heydarheydari S, Mohammadi MT. Investigation of how stimulation intensity of rTMS affects magneto permeabilization of the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB). Electromagn Biol Med 2022; 41:335-342. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2022.2095644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Vejdani Afkham
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Shankayi
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Bahrami
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sahel Heydarheydari
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Shibaki R, Kakikawa M. Different effects of magnetic field on drug activity in human uterine sarcoma cell lines MES-SA and MES-SA/Dx5. Electromagn Biol Med 2022; 41:343-351. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2022.2095645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reo Shibaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Kakikawa
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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9
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Chiaramello E, Fiocchi S, Bonato M, Gallucci S, Benini M, Tognola G, Ravazzani P, Parazzini M. Contactless Cell Permeabilization by Time-Varying Magnetic fields: Modelling Transmembrane Potential and Mechanical Stress in in- vitro Experimental Set-Up. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:4303-4305. [PMID: 34892173 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using time-varying magnetic field as a contactless cells permeabilization method was demonstrated by experimental results, but the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. In this study a numerical analysis of the transmembrane potential (TMP) at cell membranes during permeabilization by time-varying magnetic fields was proposed, and a first quantification of mechanical stress induced by the magnetic and electric fields and hypothesized to play an important role in the permeabilization mechanism was carried out. TMP values induced by typical in-vitro experimental conditions were far below the values needed for membrane permeabilization, with a strong dependence on distance of the cell from the coil. The preliminary assessment of the mechanical pressure and potential deformation of cells showed that stress values evaluated in conditions in which TMP values were too low to cause membrane permeabilization were comparable to those known to influence the pore opening mechanisms.Clinical Relevance- Results represent a significant step towards a better comprehension of the mechanism underlying cell membrane permeabilization by time-varying magnetic fields.
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10
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Cell transmembrane potential in contactless permeabilization by time-varying magnetic fields. Comput Biol Med 2021; 135:104587. [PMID: 34171642 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although experimental results proved the feasibility of using time-varying magnetic field as a contactless cells permeabilization method, the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. In this study a numerical analysis of the time-dependent transmembrane potential (TMP) at cell membranes during permeabilization by time-varying magnetic fields was proposed, and a first quantification of mechanical stress induced by the magnetic and electric fields, hypothesized to play an important role in the permeabilization mechanism, was carried out. METHODS Starting from the simulation of real in vitro experimental conditions, the analysis was widened quantifying the influence of pulse frequency, cell dimension and distance of the cell from the magnetic field source. The mechanical pressure on cell membrane due to the interaction between free charges and induced electric field and due to the gradient of the magnetic field was quantified in all those conditions in which the TMP values were not high enough to cause membrane permeabilization. RESULTS TMP values induced by typical in-vitro experimental conditions were far below the values needed for membrane permeabilization, with a strong dependence on pulse frequency and distance of the cell from the coil. CONCLUSION The preliminary assessment of the mechanical pressure on cell membrane showed that stress values evaluated in conditions in which TMP values were too low to cause membrane permeabilization were comparable to those known to influence the pores opening mechanisms. Results represent a significant step towards a better comprehension of the mechanism underlying cell membrane permeabilization by time-varying magnetic fields.
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11
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Heydarheydari S, Firoozabadi SM, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Shankayi Z. Pulsed high magnetic field-induced reversible blood-brain barrier permeability to enhance brain-targeted drug delivery. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:361-374. [PMID: 34043463 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1925905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to select an effective Pulsed High Magnetic Field (PHMF) stimulation protocol that would induce the Blood-Brain Barrier's (BBB) reversible permeability to enhance brain-targeted drug delivery. PHMF was applied to the skull over the right hemisphere of 60 Wistar rats. The sham group contained other 10 rats that did not receive PHMF stimulation. The investigated parameters were repetition frequencies (0.25, 1, and 4 Hz as well as the effective low frequency combined with 10 Hz) and numbers of pulses in each train. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) uptake within the brain parenchyma was measured to select an effective PHMF stimulation protocol. BBB reversibility was evaluated by measuring EBD uptake and Gadobutrol retention, through MRI signal intensity enhancement, within brain parenchyma after exposure to the effective PHMF stimulation protocol at different time points including 0.5, 1, and 24 hours. The obtained results showed that the PHMF stimulation increased the BBB's reversible permeability; this increase was more significant for 28 pulses with 1 Hz frequency (P < .0001). Changes in EBD uptake and MRI signal intensity in the exposed side (right hemisphere) peaked within 0.5-1 hour and returned to normal levels 24 hours after exposure to the effective protocol of PHMF stimulation (28 pulses with 1 Hz frequency). The Contrast-Enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) signal intensity confirmed the changes in EBD concentration. PHMF stimulation can be used as an effective protocol for enhancing the permeability reversibly of BBB, hence considered a potential clinical approach to brain-targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahel Heydarheydari
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Firoozabadi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,R&D Center, Pars Bioelectromagnetics Co, Modares Science and Technology Park, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Shankayi
- R&D Center, Pars Bioelectromagnetics Co, Modares Science and Technology Park, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Kranjc M, Kranjc Brezar S, Serša G, Miklavčič D. Contactless delivery of plasmid encoding EGFP in vivo by high-intensity pulsed electromagnetic field. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107847. [PMID: 34058542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (HI-PEMF) treatment is an emerging noninvasive and contactless alternative to conventional electroporation, since the electric field inside the tissue is induced remotely by external pulsed magnetic field. Recently, HI-PEMF was applied for delivering siRNA molecules to silence enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in tumors in vivo. Still, delivered siRNA molecules were 21 base pairs long, which is 200-times smaller compared to nucleic acids such as plasmid DNA (pDNA) that are delivered in gene therapies to various targets to generate therapeutic effect. In our study, we demonstrate the use HI-PEMF treatment as a feasible noninvasive approach to achieve in vivo transfection by enabling the transport of larger molecules such as pDNA encoding EGFP into muscle and skin. We obtained a long-term expression of EGFP in the muscle and skin after HI-PEMF, in some mice even up to 230 days and up to 190 days, respectively. Histological analysis showed significantly less infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells in muscle tissue after the delivery of pEGFP using HI-PEMF compared to conventional gene electrotransfer. Furthermore, the antitumor effectiveness using HI-PEMF for electrotransfer of therapeutic plasmid, i.e., silencing MCAM was demonstrated. In conclusion, feasibility of HI-PEMF was demonstrated for transfection of different tissues (muscle, skin, tumor) and could have great potential in gene therapy and in DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Kranjc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Kranjc Brezar
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI - 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Sercel AJ, Patananan AN, Man T, Wu TH, Yu AK, Guyot GW, Rabizadeh S, Niazi KR, Chiou PY, Teitell MA. Stable transplantation of human mitochondrial DNA by high-throughput, pressurized isolated mitochondrial delivery. eLife 2021; 10:63102. [PMID: 33438576 PMCID: PMC7864630 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating mammalian cells with specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-nuclear DNA (nDNA) combinations is desirable but difficult to achieve and would be enabling for studies of mitochondrial-nuclear communication and coordination in controlling cell fates and functions. We developed 'MitoPunch', a pressure-driven mitochondrial transfer device, to deliver isolated mitochondria into numerous target mammalian cells simultaneously. MitoPunch and MitoCeption, a previously described force-based mitochondrial transfer approach, both yield stable isolated mitochondrial recipient (SIMR) cells that permanently retain exogenous mtDNA, whereas coincubation of mitochondria with cells does not yield SIMR cells. Although a typical MitoPunch or MitoCeption delivery results in dozens of immortalized SIMR clones with restored oxidative phosphorylation, only MitoPunch can produce replication-limited, non-immortal human SIMR clones. The MitoPunch device is versatile, inexpensive to assemble, and easy to use for engineering mtDNA-nDNA combinations to enable fundamental studies and potential translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Sercel
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Alexander N Patananan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Tianxing Man
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ting-Hsiang Wu
- NanoCav, LLC, Culver City, United States.,NantBio, Inc, and ImmunityBio, Inc, Culver City, United States
| | - Amy K Yu
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Garret W Guyot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Shahrooz Rabizadeh
- NanoCav, LLC, Culver City, United States.,NantBio, Inc, and ImmunityBio, Inc, Culver City, United States.,NantOmics, LLC, Culver City, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Kayvan R Niazi
- NanoCav, LLC, Culver City, United States.,NantBio, Inc, and ImmunityBio, Inc, Culver City, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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14
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Fajrial AK, He QQ, Wirusanti NI, Slansky JE, Ding X. A review of emerging physical transfection methods for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. Theranostics 2020; 10:5532-5549. [PMID: 32373229 PMCID: PMC7196308 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing is a versatile technique in biomedicine that promotes fundamental research as well as clinical therapy. The development of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) as a genome editing machinery has accelerated the application of gene editing. However, the delivery of CRISPR components often suffers when using conventional transfection methods, such as viral transduction and chemical vectors, due to limited packaging size and inefficiency toward certain cell types. In this review, we discuss physical transfection methods for CRISPR gene editing which can overcome these limitations. We outline different types of physical transfection methods, highlight novel techniques to deliver CRISPR components, and emphasize the role of micro and nanotechnology to improve transfection performance. We present our perspectives on the limitations of current technology and provide insights on the future developments of physical transfection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apresio K. Fajrial
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Qing Qing He
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Nurul I. Wirusanti
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherland
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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15
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Ashdown CP, Johns SC, Aminov E, Unanian M, Connacher W, Friend J, Fuster MM. Pulsed Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields Induce Tumor Membrane Disruption and Altered Cell Viability. Biophys J 2020; 118:1552-1563. [PMID: 32142642 PMCID: PMC7136334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells express a unique cell surface glycocalyx with upregulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and charged glycoproteins. Little is known about how electromagnetic fields interact with this layer, particularly with regard to harnessing unique properties for therapeutic benefit. We applied a pulsed 20-millitesla (mT) magnetic field with rate of rise (dB/dt) in the msec range to cultured tumor cells to assess whether this affects membrane integrity as measured using cytolytic assays. A 10-min exposure of A549 human lung cancer cells to sequential 50- and 385-Hz oscillating magnetic fields was sufficient to induce intracellular protease release, suggesting altered membrane integrity after the field exposure. Heparinase treatment, which digests anionic sulfated glycan polymers, before exposure rendered cells insensitive to this effect. We further examined a non-neoplastic human primary cell line (lung lymphatic endothelial cells) as a typical normal host cell from the lung cancer microenvironment and found no effect of field exposure on membrane integrity. The field exposure was also sufficient to alter proliferation of tumor cells in culture, but not that of normal lymphatic cells. Pulsed magnetic field exposure of human breast cancer cells that express a sialic-acid rich glycocalyx also induced protease release, and this was partially abrogated by sialidase pretreatment, which removes cell surface anionic sialic acid. Scanning electron microscopy showed that field exposure may induce unique membrane “rippling” along with nanoscale pores on A549 cells. These effects were caused by a short exposure to pulsed 20-mT magnetic fields, and future work may examine greater magnitude effects. The proof of concept herein points to a mechanistic basis for possible applications of pulsed magnetic fields in novel anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Ashdown
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Scott C Johns
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California
| | - Edward Aminov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael Unanian
- School of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - William Connacher
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - James Friend
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark M Fuster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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16
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Kranjc Brezar S, Kranjc M, Čemažar M, Buček S, Serša G, Miklavčič D. Electrotransfer of siRNA to Silence Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein in Tumor Mediated by a High Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Field. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E49. [PMID: 32012775 PMCID: PMC7157195 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The contactless high intensity pulsed electromagnetic field (HI-PEMF)-induced increase of cell membrane permeability is similar to conventional electroporation, with the important difference of inducing an electric field non-invasively by exposing a treated tissue to a time-varying magnetic field. Due to the limited number of studies in the field of electroporation induced by HI-PEMF, we designed experiments to explore the feasibility of such a contactless delivery technique for the gene electrotransfer of nucleic acids in tissues in vivo. By using HI-PEMF for gene electrotransfer, we silenced enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) with siRNA molecules against EGFP in B16F10-EGFP tumors. Six days after the transfer, the fluorescent tumor area decreased by up to 39% as determined by fluorescence imaging in vivo. In addition, the silencing of EGFP to the same extent was confirmed at the mRNA and protein level. The results obtained in the in vivo mouse model demonstrate the potential use of HI-PEMF-induced cell permeabilization for gene therapy and DNA vaccination. Further studies are thus warranted to improve the equipment, optimize the protocols for gene transfer and the HI-PEMF parameters, and demonstrate the effects of HI-PEMF on a broader range of different normal and tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kranjc Brezar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.B.); (M.Č.); (G.S.)
| | - Matej Kranjc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Maja Čemažar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.B.); (M.Č.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Simon Buček
- Department of Cytopathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.B.); (M.Č.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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17
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Xu W, Zhang X, Hu X, Zhiyi C, Huang P. Translational Prospects of ultrasound-mediated tumor immunotherapy: Preclinical advances and safety considerations. Cancer Lett 2019; 460:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Pulsed electric fields for cardiac ablation and beyond: A state-of-the-art review. Heart Rhythm 2019; 16:1112-1120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Rekena A, Didrihsone E, Vegere K. The role of magnetic field in the biopharmaceutical production: Current perspectives. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 22:e00334. [PMID: 31011551 PMCID: PMC6460295 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current scientific evidence on the influence of magnetic field on mammalian cell lines used for industrial production of biopharmaceuticals, on human cell lines and on potential cell lines for the biopharmaceutical production is presented in this review. A novel magnetic coupling induced agitation could be the best solution to eliminate sources of contamination in stirred tank bioreactors which is especially important for mammalian cell cultures. Nevertheless, the side effect of magnetically-coupled stirring mechanism is that cells are exposed to the generated magnetic field. The influence of magnetic field on biological systems has been investigated for several decades. The research continues nowadays as well, investigating the influence of various types of magnetic field in a variety of experimental setups. In the context of bioreactors, only the lower frequencies and intensities of the magnetic field are relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rekena
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga, LV1007, Latvia
| | - Elina Didrihsone
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, LV1006, Latvia
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 3, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Kristine Vegere
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, Riga, LV1007, Latvia
- Water Research Laboratory, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 1-205, Riga, LV1048, Latvia
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20
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Novickij V, Zinkevičienė A, Valiulis J, Švedienė J, Paškevičius A, Lastauskienė E, Markovskaja S, Novickij J, Girkontaitė I. Different permeabilization patterns of splenocytes and thymocytes to combination of pulsed electric and magnetic field treatments. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 122:183-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Sugrue A, Maor E, Ivorra A, Vaidya V, Witt C, Kapa S, Asirvatham S. Irreversible electroporation for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 16:349-360. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1459185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sugrue
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elad Maor
- Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Antoni Ivorra
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vaibhav Vaidya
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chance Witt
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Suraj Kapa
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Samuel Asirvatham
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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22
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Batista Napotnik T, Miklavčič D. In vitro electroporation detection methods – An overview. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 120:166-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Cemazar M, Sersa G, Frey W, Miklavcic D, Teissié J. Recommendations and requirements for reporting on applications of electric pulse delivery for electroporation of biological samples. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 122:69-76. [PMID: 29571034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Electric field-induced membrane changes are an important approach in the life sciences. However, the developments in knowledge and translational applications face problems of reproducibility. Indeed, a quick survey of the literature reveals a lack of transparent and comprehensive reporting of essential technical information in many papers. Too many of the published scientific papers do not contain sufficient information for proper assessment of the presented results. The general rule/guidance in reporting experimental data should require details on exposure conditions such that other researchers are able to evaluate, judge and reproduce the experiments and data obtained. To enhance dissemination of information and reproducibility of protocols, it is important to agree upon nomenclature and reach a consensus on documentation of experimental methods and procedures. This paper offers recommendations and requirements for reporting on applications of electric pulse delivery for electroporation of biological samples in life science.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje, 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - G Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - W Frey
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - D Miklavcic
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Teissié
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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24
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Novickij V, Stanevičienė R, Vepštaitė-Monstavičė I, Gruškienė R, Krivorotova T, Sereikaitė J, Novickij J, Servienė E. Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Using Bioactive Magnetic Nanoparticles and Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2678. [PMID: 29375537 PMCID: PMC5767227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a known bacteriocin, which exhibits a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, while commonly being inefficient against Gram-negative bacteria. In this work, we present a proof of concept of novel antimicrobial methodology using targeted magnetic nisin-loaded nano-carriers [iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) (11-13 nm) capped with citric, ascorbic, and gallic acids], which are activated by high pulsed electric and electromagnetic fields allowing to overcome the nisin-resistance of bacteria. As a cell model the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli were used. We have applied 10 and 30 kV cm-1 electric field pulses (100 μs × 8) separately and in combination with two pulsed magnetic field protocols: (1) high dB/dt 3.3 T × 50 and (2) 10 mT, 100 kHz, 2 min protocol to induce additional permeabilization and local magnetic hyperthermia. We have shown that the high dB/dt pulsed magnetic fields increase the antimicrobial efficiency of nisin NPs similar to electroporation or magnetic hyperthermia methods and a synergistic treatment is also possible. The results of our work are promising for the development of new methods for treatment of the drug-resistant foodborne pathogens to minimize the risks of invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ramunė Stanevičienė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Rūta Gruškienė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Jolanta Sereikaitė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elena Servienė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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