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Hung TH, Wu ETY, Zeltiņš P, Jansons Ā, Ullah A, Erbilgin N, Bohlmann J, Bousquet J, Birol I, Clegg SM, MacKay JJ. Long-insert sequence capture detects high copy numbers in a defence-related beta-glucosidase gene βglu-1 with large variations in white spruce but not Norway spruce. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:118. [PMID: 38281030 PMCID: PMC10821269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Conifers are long-lived and slow-evolving, thus requiring effective defences against their fast-evolving insect natural enemies. The copy number variation (CNV) of two key acetophenone biosynthesis genes Ugt5/Ugt5b and βglu-1 may provide a plausible mechanism underlying the constitutively variable defence in white spruce (Picea glauca) against its primary defoliator, spruce budworm. This study develops a long-insert sequence capture probe set (Picea_hung_p1.0) for quantifying copy number of βglu-1-like, Ugt5-like genes and single-copy genes on 38 Norway spruce (Picea abies) and 40 P. glauca individuals from eight and nine provenances across Europe and North America respectively. We developed local assemblies (Piabi_c1.0 and Pigla_c.1.0), full-length transcriptomes (PIAB_v1 and PIGL_v1), and gene models to characterise the diversity of βglu-1 and Ugt5 genes. We observed very large copy numbers of βglu-1, with up to 381 copies in a single P. glauca individual. We observed among-provenance CNV of βglu-1 in P. glauca but not P. abies. Ugt5b was predominantly single-copy in both species. This study generates critical hypotheses for testing the emergence and mechanism of extreme CNV, the dosage effect on phenotype, and the varying copy number of genes with the same pathway. We demonstrate new approaches to overcome experimental challenges in genomic research in conifer defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Hang Hung
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Ernest T Y Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pauls Zeltiņš
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
| | - Āris Jansons
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
| | - Aziz Ullah
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Forest Research Centre, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Inanc Birol
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Sonya M Clegg
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - John J MacKay
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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Parent GJ, Méndez‐Espinoza C, Giguère I, Mageroy MH, Charest M, Bauce É, Bohlmann J, MacKay JJ. Hydroxyacetophenone defenses in white spruce against spruce budworm. Evol Appl 2020; 13:62-75. [PMID: 31892944 PMCID: PMC6935585 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review a recently discovered white spruce (Picea glauca) chemical defense against spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) involving hydroxyacetophenones. These defense metabolites detected in the foliage accumulate variably as the aglycons, piceol and pungenol, or the corresponding glucosides, picein and pungenin. We summarize current knowledge of the genetic, genomic, molecular, and biochemical underpinnings of this defense and its effects on C. fumiferana. We present an update with new results on the ontogenic variation and the phenological window of this defense, including analysis of transcript responses in P. glauca to C. fumiferana herbivory. We also discuss this chemical defense from an evolutionary and a breeding context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève J. Parent
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Claudia Méndez‐Espinoza
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Conservación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas ForestalesInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y PecuariasCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Isabelle Giguère
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | - Melissa H. Mageroy
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Martin Charest
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | - Éric Bauce
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - John J. MacKay
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêtCentre d’étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Whitehill JGA, Yuen MMS, Henderson H, Madilao L, Kshatriya K, Bryan J, Jaquish B, Bohlmann J. Functions of stone cells and oleoresin terpenes in the conifer defense syndrome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1503-1517. [PMID: 30216451 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conifers depend on complex defense systems against herbivores. Stone cells (SC) and oleoresin are physical and chemical defenses of Sitka spruce that have been separately studied in previous work. Weevil oviposit at the tip of the previous year's apical shoot (PYAS). We investigated interactions between weevil larvae and trees in controlled oviposition experiments with resistant (R) and susceptible (S) Sitka spruce. R trees have an abundance of SC in the PYAS cortex. SC are mostly absent in S trees. R trees and S trees also differ in the composition of oleoresin terpenes. Transcriptomes of R and S trees revealed differences in long-term weevil-induced responses. Performance of larvae was significantly reduced on R trees compared with S trees under experimental conditions that mimicked natural oviposition behavior at apical shoot tips and may be attributed to the effects of SC. In oviposition experiments designed for larvae to feed below the area of highest SC abundance, larvae showed an unusual feeding behavior and oleoresin appeared to function as the major defense. The results support a role for both SC and oleoresin terpenes and possible synergies between these traits in the defense syndrome of weevil-resistant Sitka spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G A Whitehill
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Macaire M S Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hannah Henderson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lina Madilao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina Kshatriya
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer Bryan
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Barry Jaquish
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Tree Improvement Branch, Kalamalka Forestry Centre, 3401 Reservoir Road, Vernon, BC, V1B 2C7, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Parent GJ, Giguère I, Mageroy M, Bohlmann J, MacKay JJ. Evolution of the biosynthesis of two hydroxyacetophenones in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:620-629. [PMID: 29314043 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetophenones are phenolic metabolites of plant species. A metabolic route for the biosynthesis and release of 2 defence-related hydroxyacetophenones in white spruce (Picea glauca) was recently proposed to involve 3 phases: (a) biosynthesis of the acetophenone aglycons catalysed by a currently unknown set of enzymes, (b) formation and accumulation of the corresponding glycosides catalysed by a glucosyltransferase, and (c) release of the aglycons catalysed by a glucosylhydrolase (PgβGLU-1). We tested if this biosynthetic model is conserved across Pinaceae and land plant species. We assayed and surveyed the literature and sequence databases for possible patterns of the presence of the acetophenone aglycons piceol and pungenol and their glucosides, as well as sequences and expression of Pgβglu-1 orthologues. In the Pinaceae, the 3 phases of the biosynthetic model are present and differences in expression of Pgβglu-1 gene orthologues explain some of the interspecific variation in hydroxyacetophenones. The phylogenetic signal in the metabolite phenotypes was low across species of 6 plant divisions. Putative orthologues of PgβGLU-1 do not form a monophyletic group in species producing hydroxyacetophenones. The biosynthetic model for acetophenones appears to be conserved across Pinaceae, whereas convergent evolution has led to the production of acetophenone glucosides across land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève J Parent
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Isabelle Giguère
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Melissa Mageroy
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John J MacKay
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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