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Marocolo M, Hohl R, Arriel RA, Mota GR. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: are the psychophysiological responses underestimated? Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:683-693. [PMID: 36478078 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The findings of the ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on exercise performance are mixed regarding types of exercise, protocols and participants' training status. Additionally, studies comparing IPC with sham (i.e., low-pressure cuff) and/or control (i.e., no cuff) interventions are contentious. While studies comparing IPC versus a control group generally show an IPC significant effect on performance, sham interventions show the same performance improvement. Thus, the controversy over IPC ergogenic effect may be due to limited discussion on the psychophysiological mechanisms underlying cuff maneuvers. Psychophysiology is the study of the interrelationships between mind, body and behavior, and mental processes are the result of the architecture of the nervous system and voluntary exercise is a behavior controlled by the central command modulated by sensory inputs. Therefore, this narrative review aims to associate potential IPC-induced positive effects on performance with sensorimotor pathways (e.g., sham influencing bidirectional body-brain integration), hemodynamic and metabolic changes (i.e., blood flow occlusion reperfusion cycles). Overall, IPC and sham-induced mechanisms on exercise performance may be due to a bidirectional body-brain integration of muscle sensory feedback to the central command resulting in delayed time to exhaustion, alterations on perceptions and behavior. Additionally, hemodynamic responses and higher muscle oxygen extraction may justify the benefits of IPC on muscle contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rhaí André Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Mota
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Effect of ischemic preconditioning on badminton-specific endurance and subsequent changes in physical performance. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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3
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Peden DL, Mitchell EA, Bailey SJ, Ferguson RA. Ischaemic preconditioning blunts exercise-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, speeds oxygen uptake kinetics but does not alter severe-intensity exercise capacity. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1241-1254. [PMID: 36030522 PMCID: PMC9826326 DOI: 10.1113/ep090264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Ischaemic preconditioning is a novel pre-exercise priming strategy. We asked whether ischaemic preconditioning would alter mitochondrial respiratory function and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and improve severe-intensity exercise performance. What is the main finding and its importance? Ischaemic preconditioning expedited overall pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and appeared to prevent an increase in leak respiration, proportional to maximal electron transfer system and ADP-stimulated respiration, that was evoked by severe-intensity exercise in sham-control conditions. However, severe-intensity exercise performance was not improved. The results do not support ischaemic preconditioning as a pre-exercise strategy to improve exercise performance in recreationally active participants. ABSTRACT We examined the effect of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) on severe-intensity exercise performance, pulmonary oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ ) kinetics, skeletal muscle oxygenation (muscle tissue O2 saturation index) and mitochondrial respiration. Eight men underwent contralateral IPC (4 × 5 min at 220 mmHg) or sham-control (SHAM; 20 mmHg) before performing a cycling time-to-exhaustion test (92% maximum aerobic power). Muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsies were obtained before IPC or SHAM and ∼1.5 min postexercise. The time to exhaustion did not differ between SHAM and IPC (249 ± 37 vs. 240 ± 32 s; P = 0.62). Pre- and postexercise ADP-stimulated (P) and maximal (E) mitochondrial respiration through protein complexes (C) I, II and IV did not differ (P > 0.05). Complex I leak respiration was greater postexercise compared with baseline in SHAM, but not in IPC, when normalized to wet mass (P = 0.01 vs. P = 0.19), mitochondrial content (citrate synthase activity, P = 0.003 vs. P = 0.16; CI+IIP, P = 0.03 vs. P = 0.23) and expressed relative to P (P = 0.006 vs. P = 0.30) and E (P = 0.004 vs. P = 0.26). The V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ mean response time was faster (51.3 ± 15.5 vs. 63.7 ± 14.5 s; P = 0.003), with a smaller slow component (270 ± 105 vs. 377 ± 188 ml min-1 ; P = 0.03), in IPC compared with SHAM. The muscle tissue O2 saturation index did not differ between trials (P > 0.05). Ischaemic preconditioning expedited V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ kinetics and appeared to prevent an increase in leak respiration through CI, when expressed proportional to E and P evoked by severe-intensity exercise, but did not improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Peden
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Emma A. Mitchell
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Richard A. Ferguson
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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Bellini D, Chapman C, Peden D, Hoekstra SP, Ferguson RA, Leicht CA. Ischaemic preconditioning improves upper-body endurance performance without altering ⩒O 2 kinetics. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35848989 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2103741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whilst pre-exercise ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) can improve lower-body exercise performance, its impact on upper-limb performance has received little attention. This study examines the influence of IPC on upper-body exercise performance and oxygen uptake (⩒O2) kinetics. METHODS Eleven recreationally-active males (24 ± 2 years) completed an arm-crank graded exercise test to exhaustion to determine the power outputs at the ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and ⩒O2peak (40.0 ± 7.4 ml·kg-1·min-1). Four main trials were conducted, two following IPC (4 × 5-min, 220 mmHg contralateral upper-limb occlusion), the other two following SHAM (4 × 5-min, 20 mmHg). The first two trials consisted of a 15-minute constant work rate and the last two time-to-exhaustion (TTE) arm-crank tests at the power equivalents of 95% VT1 (LOW) and VT2 (HIGH), respectively. Pulmonary ⩒O2 kinetics, heart rate, blood-lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion were recorded throughout exercise. RESULTS TTE during HIGH was longer following IPC than SHAM (459 ± 115 vs 395 ± 102 s, p = 0.004). Mean response time and change in ⩒O2 between 2-min and end exercise (Δ⩒O2) were not different between IPC and SHAM for arm-cranking at both LOW (80.3 ± 19.0 vs 90.3 ± 23.5 s [p = 0.06], 457 ± 184 vs 443 ± 245 ml [p = 0.83]) and HIGH (96.6 ± 31.2 vs 92.1 ± 24.4 s [p = 0.65], 617 ± 321 vs 649 ± 230 ml [p = 0.74]). Heart rate, blood-lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion did not differ between conditions (all p≥0.05). CONCLUSION TTE was longer following IPC during upper-body exercise despite unchanged ⩒O2 kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bellini
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - C Chapman
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - D Peden
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - S P Hoekstra
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - R A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - C A Leicht
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Ceylan B, Franchini E. Ischemic preconditioning does not improve judo-specific performance but leads to better recovery in elite judo athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Telles LGDS, Billaut F, Cunha G, Ribeiro ADS, Monteiro ER, Barreto AC, Leitão L, Panza P, Vianna JM, Novaes JDS. Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Handgrip Strength and Functional Capacity in Active Elderly Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116628. [PMID: 35682213 PMCID: PMC9180149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Aging decreases some capacities in older adults, sarcopenia being one of the common processes that occur and that interfered with strength capacity. The present study aimed to verify the acute effect of IPC on isometric handgrip strength and functional capacity in active elderly women. Methods: In a single-blind, placebo-controlled design, 16 active elderly women (68.1 ± 7.6 years) were randomly performed on three separate occasions a series of tests: (1) alone (control, CON); (2) after IPC (3 cycles of 5-min compression/5-min reperfusion at 15 mmHg above systolic blood pressure, IPC); and (3) after placebo compressions (SHAM). Testing included a handgrip isometric strength test (HIST) and three functional tests (FT): 30 s sit and stand up from a chair (30STS), get up and go time (TUG), and 6 min walk distance test (6MWT). Results: HIST significantly increased in IPC (29.3 ± 6.9 kgf) compared to CON (27.3 ± 7.1 kgf; 7.1% difference; p = 0.01), but not in SHAM (27.7 ± 7.9; 5.5%; p = 0.16). The 30STS increased in IPC (20.1 ± 4.1 repetitions) compared to SHAM (18.5 ± 3.5 repetitions; 8.7%; p = 0.01) and CON (18.5 ± 3.9 repetitions; 8.6%; p = 0.01). TUG was significantly lower in IPC (5.70 ± 1.35 s) compared to SHAM (6.14 ± 1.37 s; −7.2%; p = 0.01), but not CON (5.91 ± 1.45 s; −3.7%; p = 0.24). The 6MWT significantly increased in IPC (611.5 ± 93.8 m) compared to CON (546.1 ± 80.5 m; 12%; p = 0.02), but not in SHAM (598.7 ± 67.6 m; 2.1%; p = 0.85). Conclusions: These data suggest that IPC can promote acute improvements in handgrip strength and functional capacity in active elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme da Silva Telles
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.G.d.S.T.); (E.R.M.); (J.d.S.N.)
- Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro 20261-063, Brazil;
| | - François Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Gélio Cunha
- Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro 20261-063, Brazil;
| | - Aline de Souza Ribeiro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, São Pedro 36036-900, Brazil; (A.d.S.R.); (P.P.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Estêvão Rios Monteiro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.G.d.S.T.); (E.R.M.); (J.d.S.N.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, University Center of Augusto Motta of UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro 21041-020, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Leitão
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrícia Panza
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, São Pedro 36036-900, Brazil; (A.d.S.R.); (P.P.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, São Pedro 36036-900, Brazil; (A.d.S.R.); (P.P.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Jefferson da Silva Novaes
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.G.d.S.T.); (E.R.M.); (J.d.S.N.)
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Ischemia during rest intervals between sets prevents decreases in fatigue during the explosive squat exercise: a randomized, crossover study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5922. [PMID: 35396528 PMCID: PMC8993849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of ischemia, used only before particular sets of a lower limb resistance exercise on power output. Ten healthy resistance-trained males (age = 26 ± 6 years; body mass = 90 ± 9 kg; training experience = 9 ± 7 years) performed two experimental sessions (with ischemia; control without ischemia) following a randomized crossover design. During the ischemic condition, the cuffs were inflated to 60% of arterial occlusion pressure. The cuffs were applied before each set for 4.5 min and released 30 s before the start of the set as the reperfusion (4.5 min ischemia + 0.5 min reperfusion). In the control condition, ischemia was not applied. During the experimental sessions, the subjects performed the Keiser machine squat exercise protocol which consisted of 5 sets of two repetitions, at a load of 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 5 min rest intervals between sets. The repetitions were performed with maximal velocity. The two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction effect for power output (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.26). There was also a statistically significant main effect of condition for power output (p = 0.02; η2 = 0.40). The post hoc analysis for interaction did not show significant differences between conditions in particular sets. The post hoc analysis for the main effect of the condition revealed that power output was significantly lower in the control group compared to the group where ischemic was used (p = 0.02). The t-test comparisons for particular sets showed a significant lower power output in set 3 (p = 0.03); set 4 (p < 0.01) and set 5 (p < 0.01) for the control condition when compared to the ischemic condition. The results indicate that ischemia applied before each set and released 30 s prior to the start of the squat exercise did not increase power output performance. However, we observed a significantly lower decline in power for the ischemic condition (4.5 min ischemia + 0.5 min reperfusion) in sets 3–5 compared to the control condition. Thus repeated ischemia with reperfusion used between sets can be an effective form of performance enhancement by preventing or at least diminishing fatigue during resistance exercise.
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Acute impact of blood flow restriction on strength-endurance performance during the bench press exercise. Biol Sport 2021; 38:653-658. [PMID: 34937975 PMCID: PMC8670800 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.103726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) at 70% of full arterial occlusion pressure on strength-endurance performance during the bench press exercise. The study included 14 strength-trained male subjects (age = 25.6 ± 4.1 years; body mass = 81.7 ± 10.8 kg; bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) = 130.0 ± 22.1 kg), experienced in resistance training (3.9 ± 2.4 years). During the experimental sessions in a randomized crossover design, the subjects performed three sets of the bench press at 80% 1RM performed to failure with two different conditions: without BFR (CON); and with BFR (BFR). Friedman's test showed significant differences between BFR and CON conditions for the number of repetitions performed (p < 0.001); for peak bar velocity (p < 0.001) and for mean bar velocity (p < 0.001). The pairwise comparisons showed a significant decrease for peak bar velocity and mean bar velocity in individual Set 1 for BFR when compared to CON conditions (p = 0.01 for both). The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant main effect for the time under tension (p = 0.02). A post-hoc comparisons for the main effect showed a significant increase in time under tension for BFR when compared to CON (p = 0.02). The results of the presented study indicate that BFR used during strength-endurance exercise generally does not decrease the level of endurance performance, while it causes a drop in bar velocity.
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Jarosz J, Trybulski R, Krzysztofik M, Tsoukos A, Filip-Stachnik A, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC, Wilk M. The Effects of Ischemia During Rest Intervals on Bar Velocity in the Bench Press Exercise With Different External Loads. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715096. [PMID: 34447318 PMCID: PMC8383203 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of ischemia used during rest periods on bar velocity changes during the bench press exercise at progressive loads, from 20 to 90% of 1RM. Ten healthy resistance trained men volunteered for the study (age = 26.3 ± 4.7 years; body mass = 89.8 ± 6.3 kg; bench press 1RM = 142.5 ± 16.9 kg; training experience = 7.8 ± 2.7 years). During the experimental sessions the subjects performed the bench press exercise under two different conditions, in a randomized and counterbalanced order: (a) ischemia condition, with ischemia applied before the first set and during every rest periods between sets, and (b) control condition where no ischemia was applied. During each experimental session eight sets of the bench press exercise were performed, against loads starting from 20 to 90% 1RM, increased progressively by 10% in each subsequent set. A 3-min rest interval between sets was used. For ischemia condition the cuffs was applied 3 min before the first set and during every rest period between sets. Ischemia was released during exercise. The cuff pressure was set to ∼80% of full arterial occlusion pressure. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction effect for peak bar velocity (p = 0.04) and for mean bar velocity (p = 0.01). There was also a statistically significant main effect of condition for peak bar velocity (p < 0.01) but not for mean bar velocity (p = 0.25). The post hoc analysis for interaction showed significantly higher peak bar velocity for the ischemia condition compared to control at a load of 20% 1RM (p = 0.007) and at a load of 50% 1RM (p = 0.006). The results of the present study indicate that ischemia used before each set even for a brief duration of <3 min, has positive effects on peak bar velocity at light loads, but it is insufficient to induce such effect on higher loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, Katowice, Poland.,Provita Zory Medical Center, Zory, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Gimenes SV, Marocolo M, Pavin LN, Spigolon LMP, Barbosa Neto O, da Silva BVC, Duffield R, da Mota GR. Compression Stockings Used During Two Soccer Matches Improve Perceived Muscle Soreness and High-Intensity Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2010-2017. [PMID: 30789580 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gimenes, SV, Marocolo, M, Pavin, LN, Pagoto Spigolon, LM, Neto, OB, Côrrea da Silva, BV, Duffield, R, and Ribeiro da Mota, G. Compression stockings used during two soccer matches improve perceived muscle soreness and high-intensity performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2010-2017, 2021-Evidence on the use of compression stockings (CS) during soccer matches is limited. Thus, we evaluated the acute effects of CS on match-based physical performance indicators and perceptual responses during 2 consecutive soccer matches with 72-hour recovery. Twenty outfield players were randomly allocated to the CS group (20-30 mm Hg) or control group (non-CS) and performed 2 matches (5 players using CS or regular socks per team/match). Match loads {rating of perceived exertion × minutes; CS ∼830 vs. control 843 (arbitrary units [AU])} and heart rate (HR) responses (both CS and control ∼86% HRpeak) did not differ (p > 0.05) between CS and control groups. Although total distance covered did not differ (p > 0.05) between groups, CS increased distances (effect size [ES] = 0.9-1.32) in higher-speed zones (>19 km·h-1 CS ∼550 m vs. control ∼373 m) alongside an increased number of accelerations (-50.0 to -3.0 m·s-2) than control (CS: 33.7 ± 11.2 vs. control: 23.8 ± 7.9; p = 0.003; ES = 1.04). Perceived recovery did not differ (p > 0.05) between groups for either match but was worse in the second match for both groups. Perceived muscle soreness increased in control after match 2 (from 3.1 ± 1.9 to 6.3 ± 1.6 AU; p < 0.0010) but did not in CS (from 2.8 ± 1.4 to 4.1 ± 1.9 AU; p = 0.6275; ES = 1.24 CS vs. control after match). Accordingly, CS use during 2 soccer matches with 72-hour recovery reduces perceived muscle soreness in the second match and increases higher-speed match running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Valencia Gimenes
- Human Performance and Sports Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Larissa Neves Pavin
- Human Performance and Sports Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Leandro Mateus Pagoto Spigolon
- School of Physical Education, Campinas State University FEF/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Desportivo Brasil, Porto Feliz, Brazil
| | - Octávio Barbosa Neto
- Human Performance and Sports Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Bruno Victor Côrrea da Silva
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Health Sciences, University Center of Belo Horizonte (Uni-BH), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; and
| | - Rob Duffield
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sports Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
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Wilk M, Trybulski R, Krzysztofik M, Wojdala G, Campos Y, Zajac A, Lulińska E, Stastny P. Acute Effects of Different Blood Flow Restriction Protocols on Bar Velocity During the Squat Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:652896. [PMID: 34234686 PMCID: PMC8255669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.652896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different blood flow restriction (BFR) protocols (continuous and intermittent) on peak bar velocity (PV) and mean bar velocity (MV) during the squat exercise at progressive loads, from 40 to 90% 1RM. Eleven healthy men (age = 23.4 ± 3.1 years; body mass = 88.5 ± 12.1 kg; squat 1RM = 183.2 ± 30.7 kg; resistance training experience, 5.7 ± 3.6 years) performed experimental sessions once a week for 3 weeks in random and counterbalanced order: without BFR (NO-BFR), with intermittent BFR (I-BFR), and with continuous BFR (C-BFR). During the experimental session, the participants performed six sets of the barbell squat exercise with loads from 40 to 90% 1RM. In each set, they performed two repetitions. During the C-BFR session, the cuffs were maintained throughout the training session. During the I-BFR, the cuffs were used only during the exercise and released for each rest interval. The BFR pressure was set to ∼80% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP). Analyses of variance showed a statistically significant interaction for MV (p < 0.02; η2 = 0.18). However, the post hoc analysis did not show significant differences between particular conditions for particular loads. There was no significant condition × load interaction for PV (p = 0.16; η2 = 0.13). Furthermore, there were no main effects for conditions in MV (p = 0.38; η2 = 0.09) as well as in PV (p = 0.94; η2 = 0.01). The results indicate that the different BFR protocols used during lower body resistance exercises did not reduce peak bar velocity and mean bar velocity during the squat exercise performed with various loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, Katowice, Poland.,Provita Zory Medical Center, Zory, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wojdala
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Yuri Campos
- Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lulińska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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O'Brien L, Jacobs I. Methodological Variations Contributing to Heterogenous Ergogenic Responses to Ischemic Preconditioning. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656980. [PMID: 33995123 PMCID: PMC8117357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been repeatedly reported to augment maximal exercise performance over a range of exercise durations and modalities. However, an examination of the relevant literature indicates that the reproducibility and robustness of ergogenic responses to this technique are variable, confounding expectations about the magnitude of its effects. Considerable variability among study methodologies may contribute to the equivocal responses to IPC. This review focuses on the wide range of methodologies used in IPC research, and how such variability likely confounds interpretation of the interactions of IPC and exercise. Several avenues are recommended to improve IPC methodological consistency, which should facilitate a future consensus about optimizing the IPC protocol, including due consideration of factors such as: location of the stimulus, the time between treatment and exercise, individualized tourniquet pressures and standardized tourniquet physical characteristics, and the incorporation of proper placebo treatments into future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O'Brien
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Jarosz J, Krol P, Leznicka K, Zajac A, Stastny P, Bogdanis GC. Impact of Ischemic Intra-Conditioning on Power Output and Bar Velocity of the Upper Limbs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:626915. [PMID: 33716773 PMCID: PMC7947627 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.626915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of ischemic conditioning on power output and bar velocity in the bench press exercise. Ten healthy males (age: 25 ± 2 years; body mass: 92 ± 8 kg; bench press one repetition maximum -1RM: 145 ± 13 kg), took part in two experimental sessions (with and without ischemia), 1 week apart in random and counterbalanced order. In the ischemic condition, cuffs placed around the upper part of the arms were inflated to 80% of arterial occlusion pressure before each set, while in the control condition there was no blood flow restriction. The exercise protocol included 5 sets of three repetitions each, against a resistance equal to 60% 1RM, with 5 min recovery intervals between sets. There was a main effect of condition for mean power output (MP) and mean bar velocity (MV) (p = 0.01), with overall MP being higher in ischemia than in control by 5.6 ± 4.1% (mean ± 90% compatibility limits), a standardized effect size (ES) of 0.51. Overall MV was also higher by 5.5 ± 4.0%, ES = 0.63. Peak power output (PP) and peak bar velocity (PV) were similar in set 1 of the control and ischemia condition (1039 ± 105 vs. 1054 ± 82 W; 684 ± 74 vs. 696 ± 53 W; 1.09 ± 0.07 vs. 1.12 ± 0.09 m/s; 0.81 ± 0.05 vs. 0.82 ± 0.05 m/s, p = 0.67 to 0.99, mean ± standard deviation). However, from set 3 onward (p = 0.03 to 0.001), PP and PV were higher in ischemia compared with control, with the highest difference observed in set 5 (10.9 ± 5.9%, ES = 0.73 for PP and 8.6 ± 4.6%; ES = 0.89 for PV). These results indicate that ischemia used before each set of the bench press exercise increases power output and bar velocity and this may be used as performance-enhancing stimulus during explosive resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pawel Krol
- College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Studies, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Leznicka
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sport Games, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Wilk M, Gepfert M, Krzysztofik M, Stastny P, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC. Acute Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction on Movement Velocity During Bench Press Exercise Against Different Loads. Front Physiol 2020; 11:569915. [PMID: 33329020 PMCID: PMC7728989 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.569915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) with 70% of full arterial occlusion pressure on bar velocity during the bench press exercise against a wide range of resistive loads. Eleven strength-trained males (age: 23.5 ± 1.4 years; resistance training experience: 2.8 ± 0.8 years, maximal bench press strength - 1RM = 101.8 ± 13.9 kg; body mass = 79.8 ± 10.4 kg), performed three different testing protocols in random and counterbalanced order: without BFR (NO-BFR); intermittent BFR (I-BFR) and continuous BFR (C-BFR). During each experimental session, subjects performed eight sets of two repetitions each, with increasing loads from 20 to 90% 1RM (10% steps), and 3 min rest between each set. In the C-BFR condition occlusion was kept throughout the trial, while in the I-BFR, occlusion was released during each 3 min rest interval. Peak bar velocity (PV) during the bench press exercise was higher by 12-17% in both I-BFR and C-BFR compared with NO-BFR only at the loads of 20, 30, 40, and 50% 1RM (p < 0.001), while performance at higher loads remained unchanged. Mean bar velocity (MV) was unaffected by occlusion (p = 0.342). These results indicate that BFR during bench press exercise increases PV and this may be used as an enhanced stimulus during explosive resistance training. At higher workloads, bench press performance was not negatively affected by BFR, indicating that the benefits of exercise under occlusion can be obtained while explosive performance is not impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mariola Gepfert
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Vangsoe MT, Nielsen JK, Paton CD. A Comparison of Different Prerace Warm-Up Strategies on 1-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1109-1116. [PMID: 32294619 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postactivation potentiation (PAP) are warm-up strategies proposed to improve high-intensity sporting performance. However, only few studies have investigated the benefits of these strategies compared with an appropriate control (CON) or an athlete-selected (SELF) warm-up protocol. Therefore, this study examined the effects of 4 different warm-up routines on 1-km time-trial (TT) performance with competitive cyclists. METHODS In a randomized crossover study, 12 well-trained cyclists (age 32 [10] y, mass 77.7 [4.6] kg, peak power output 1141 [61] W) performed 4 different warm-up strategies-(CON) 17 minutes CON only, (SELF) a self-determined warm-up, (IPC) IPC + CON, or (PAP) CON + PAP-prior to completing a maximal-effort 1-km TT. Performance time and power, quadriceps electromyograms, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and blood lactate were measured to determine differences between trials. RESULTS There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 1-km performance time between CON (76.9 [5.2] s), SELF (77.3 [6.0] s), IPC (77.0 [5.5] s), or PAP (77.3 [5.9] s) protocols. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in mean or peak power output between trials. Finally, electromyogram activity, SmO2, and recovery blood lactate concentration were not different between conditions. CONCLUSIONS Adding IPC or PAP protocols to a short CON warm-up appears to provide no additional benefit to 1-km TT performance with well-trained cyclists and is therefore not recommended. Furthermore, additional IPC and PAP protocols had no effect on electromyograms and SmO2 values during the TT or peak lactate concentration during recovery.
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Gepfert M, Krzysztofik M, Kostrzewa M, Jarosz J, Trybulski R, Zajac A, Wilk M. The Acute Impact of External Compression on Back Squat Performance in Competitive Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4674. [PMID: 32610568 PMCID: PMC7370145 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of external compression with blood flow restriction on power output and bar velocity changes during the back-squat exercise (SQ). The study included 10 judo athletes (age = 28.4 ± 5.8 years; body mass = 81.3 ± 13.1 kg; SQ one-repetition maximum (1-RM) 152 ± 34 kg; training experience 10.7 ± 2.3 years). METHODS The experiment was performed following a randomized crossover design, where each participant performed three different exercise protocols: (1) control, without external compression (CONT); (2) intermittent external compression with pressure of 100% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) (EC-100); and (3) intermittent external compression with pressure of 150% AOP (EC-150). To assess the differences between conditions, the participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the SQ at 70% 1-RM. The differences in peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) between the three conditions were examined using repeated measures two-way ANOVA. RESULTS The post hoc analysis for the main effect of conditions showed a significant increase in PP (p = 0.03), PV (p = 0.02), MP (p = 0.04), and MV (p = 0.03), for the EC-150, compared to the CONT. Furthermore, a statistically significant increase in PP (p = 0.04), PV (p = 0.03), MP (p = 0.02), and MV (p = 0.01) were observed for the EC-150 compared to EC-100. There were no significant changes in PP, PV, MP, and MV, between EC-100 and CONT conditions. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the use of extremely high-pressure external compression (150% AOP) during high-loaded (70% 1-RM) lower limb resistance exercise elicits an acute increase in power output and bar velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Gepfert
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (J.J.); (A.Z.)
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (J.J.); (A.Z.)
| | - Maciej Kostrzewa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (J.J.); (A.Z.)
| | - Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (J.J.); (A.Z.)
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
- Provita Zory Medical Center, 44-240 Zory, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (J.J.); (A.Z.)
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (J.J.); (A.Z.)
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17
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Arriel RA, Meireles A, Hohl R, Marocolo M. Ischemic preconditioning improves performance and accelerates the heart rate recovery. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1209-1215. [PMID: 32550713 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have assessed the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on exercise performance and physiological variables, such as lactate and muscle deoxygenation. In this study, we verified the IPC effects on performance and heart rate during and immediately after a maximal incremental cycling test (ICT). METHODS Eighteen recreationally trained cyclists (28±4 years) were allocated to one of three groups: IPC, SHAM and Control. After the first visit to familiarization, cyclists attended the laboratory on two separate occasions to perform an ICT: in the 1<sup>st</sup> visit they performed the reference test (baseline), and in 2<sup>nd</sup> the test ischemic preconditioning (2 cycles of 5-min occlusion [at 50 mm Hg above systolic arterial pressure]/ 5-min reperfusion), SHAM (identical to ischemic preconditioning, but at 20 mm Hg) or control (no occlusion) interventions (post intervention). During the ICT, heart rate, power output and perceived exertion were measured and the heart rate was monitored throughout the recovery. RESULTS Only ischemic preconditioning group improved performance time by 4.9±4.0% and decreased heart rate at submaximal point during ICT, of 170±8 to 166±8 bpm (P<0.05). Also, IPC promoted faster heart rate recovery, mainly on first minute (from 151±9 to 145±8 bpm; P<0.05), compared to baseline. No differences for other parameters were found. CONCLUSIONS Two cycles of five minutes of ischemia were relevant to produce positive effects on performance and alter the heart rate during and soon after ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaí A Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Anderson Meireles
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil -
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da Mota GR, Willis SJ, Sobral NDS, Borrani F, Billaut F, Millet GP. Ischemic Preconditioning Maintains Performance on Two 5-km Time Trials in Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2309-2317. [PMID: 31169794 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ergogenic effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on endurance exercise performed in hypoxia remains debated and has never been investigated with successive exercise bouts. Therefore, we evaluated if IPC would provide immediate or delayed effects during two 5-km cycling time trials (TT) separated by ~1 h in hypoxia. METHODS In a counterbalanced randomized crossover design, 13 healthy males (27.5 ± 3.6 yr) performed two maximal cycling 5-km TT separated by ~1 h of recovery (TT1 25 min and TT2 2 h post-IPC/SHAM), preceded by IPC (3 × 5 min occlusion 220 mm Hg/reperfusion 0 mm Hg, bilaterally on thighs) or SHAM (20 mm Hg) at normobaric hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] of 16%). Performance and physiological (i.e., oxyhemoglobin saturation, heart rate, blood lactate, and vastus lateralis oxygenation) parameters were recorded. RESULTS Time to complete (P = 0.011) 5-km TT and mean power output (P = 0.005) from TT1 to TT2 were worse in SHAM, but not in IPC (P = 0.381/P = 0.360, respectively). There were no differences in time, power output, or physiological variables during the two TT between IPC and SHAM. All muscle oxygenation indices differed (P < 0.001) during the IPC/SHAM with a greater deoxygenation in IPC. During the TT, there was a greater concentration of total hemoglobin in IPC than SHAM (P = 0.047) and greater total hemoglobin in TT1 than TT2. Further, the concentration of oxyhemoglobin was lower during TT2 than TT1 (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION In moderate hypoxia, IPC allowed maintaining a higher blood volume during a subsequent maximal exercise, mitigating the performance decrement between two consecutive cycling TT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, BRAZIL.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Sarah J Willis
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Nelson Dos Santos Sobral
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
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Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Filip A, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC, Lockie RG. Short-Term Blood Flow Restriction Increases Power Output and Bar Velocity During the Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2082-2088. [PMID: 32379236 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wilk, M, Krzysztofik, M, Filip, A, Zajac, A, Bogdanis, GC, and Lockie, RG. Short-term blood flow restriction increases power output and bar velocity during the bench press. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study examined the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) with 2 different types of cuffs on peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) in the bench press exercise (BP). Fourteen healthy strength-trained male athletes (age = 27.6 ± 3.5 years; body mass = 84.1 ± 8.0 kg; height = 175.8 ± 6.7 cm; BP 1 repetition maximum [RM] = 138.6 ± 17.8 kg) performed 3 different testing protocols as follows: without BFR (NO-BFR), BFR with a narrow cuff (BFRNARROW), and BFR with a wide cuff (BFRWIDE) in a randomized crossover design. During all sessions, subjects performed one set of 3 repetitions of the BP exercise using 70% 1RM. Cuff pressure was set to approximately 90% full arterial occlusion pressure of the upper limb at rest. Analyses of variance showed an increase in PP (by 21%, p < 0.01; effect size [ES] = 1.67), MP (by 16%, p < 0.01; ES = 0.93), PV (by 22%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.79), and MV (by 21%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.36) during BFRWIDE compared with NO-BFR and a significant increase in PP (by 15%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.07), MP (by 17%, p < 0.01; ES = 0.78), PV (by 18%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.65), and MV (by 13% p < 0.01; ES = 1.00) during BFRWIDE compared with BFRNARROW. There were no significant differences in any of the variable between NO-BFR and BFRNARROW. The results of the study indicate that short-term BFR training increases power output and bar velocity during the BP exercise. However, only BFRWIDE significantly influenced bar velocity and power output, which indicates that the width of the cuff is a critical factor determining acute exercise adaptation during BFR resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filip
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P.E. and Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sports Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
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ter Beek F, Jokumsen PS, Sloth BN, Stevenson AJT, Larsen RG. Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Rating of Perceived Exertion But Does Not Improve Maximal Oxygen Consumption or Maximal Power Output. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2479-2485. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Mota GR, Rightmire ZB, Martin JS, McDonald JR, Kavazis AN, Pascoe DD, Gladden LB. Ischemic preconditioning has no effect on maximal arm cycling exercise in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:369-380. [PMID: 31813045 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on performance of a 3 min maximal effort arm ergometer test in young women. METHODS Twenty healthy women (23.1 (SD 3.3) years) performed a 3 min maximal effort arm cycling exercise, preceded by IPC on both arms or SHAM in a counterbalanced randomized crossover design. Both blood flow (via high resolution ultrasound; n = 17) and muscle oxygenation/deoxygenation (via near infrared spectroscopy; n = 5) were measured throughout the IPC/SHAM. Performance and perceptual/physiological (i.e., heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and triceps brachialis oxygenation) parameters were recorded during the exercise test. RESULTS Occlusion during IPC completely blocked brachial artery blood flow, decreased oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (Δ[oxy(Hb + Mb)]), and increased deoxygenated Hb/Mb (Δ[deoxy(Hb + Mb)]). There were no differences (P > 0.797) in performance (peak, mean, and end power output) or in any perceptual/physiological variables during the 3 min all-out test between IPC/SHAM. During exercise, Δ[oxy(Hb + Mb)] initially decreased with no differences (P ≥ 0.296) between conditions and returned towards baseline by the completion of the test while Δ[deoxy(Hb + Mb)] increased with no differences between conditions and remained elevated until completion of the test (P ≥ 0.755). CONCLUSIONS We verified the successful application of IPC via blood flow and NIRS measures but found no effects on performance of a 3 min maximal effort arm cranking test in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Av. Tutunas, 490, Uberaba, MG, 38061-500, Brazil.
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | | | - Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Physiology, Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - David D Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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22
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Marocolo M, Meireles A, da Mota GR. Commentary: Enhanced Metabolic Stress Augments Ischemic Preconditioning for Exercise Performance. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1388. [PMID: 31798460 PMCID: PMC6863798 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Anderson Meireles
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Human Performance and Sports Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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23
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Marocolo M, Ide BN, Hohl R, da Mota GR. Manuscript Clarification for Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Strength Endurance Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:e228-e229. [PMID: 31764477 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Neme Ide
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Human Performance and Sports Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Marocolo M, Simim MAM, Bernardino A, Monteiro IR, Patterson SD, da Mota GR. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: shedding light through smallest worthwhile change. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2123-2149. [PMID: 31451953 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been suggested as a potential ergogenic aid to improve exercise performance, although controversial findings exist. The controversies may be explained by several factors, including the mode of exercise, the ratio between the magnitude of improvement, or the error of measurement and physiological meaning. However, a relevant aspect has been lacking in the literature: the interpretation of the findings considering statistical tests and adequate effect size (ES) according to the fitness level of individuals. Thus, we performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to update the effects of IPC on exercise performance and physiological responses, using traditional statistics (P values), ES, and smallest worth change (SWC) approach contextualizing the IPC application to applied Sports and Exercise performance. Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the results show that IPC has a minimal or nonsignificant effect on performance considering the fitness level of the individuals, using statistical approaches (i.e., tests with P value, ES, and SWC). Therefore, IPC procedures should be revised and refined in future studies to evaluate if IPC promotes positive effects on performance in a real-world scenario with more consistent interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mario A Moura Simim
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anderson Bernardino
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iury Reis Monteiro
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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Lin J, Huang H, Yang S, Duan J, Xu W, Zeng Z. Protective Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning Protocols on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rat Liver. J INVEST SURG 2019; 33:876-883. [PMID: 30821527 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2018.1556753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hanfei Huang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Duan
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wanggang Xu
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong Zeng
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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26
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Arriel RA, Souza HLRD, Silva BVCD, Marocolo M. Ischemic preconditioning delays the time of exhaustion in cycling performance during the early but not in the late phase. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Marocolo M, Billaut F, da Mota GR. Ischemic Preconditioning and Exercise Performance: An Ergogenic Aid for Whom? Front Physiol 2018; 9:1874. [PMID: 30622484 PMCID: PMC6308393 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Human Performance and Sports Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
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28
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Arriel RA, de Souza HLR, da Mota GR, Marocolo M. Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207053. [PMID: 30412606 PMCID: PMC6226188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brief moments of blood flow occlusion followed by reperfusion may promote enhancements in exercise performance. Thus, this study assessed the 24-h effect of post-exercise ischemic conditioning (PEIC) on exercise performance and physiological variables in trained cyclists. In a randomized, single-blind study, 28 trained cyclists (27.1 ± 1.4 years) performed a maximal incremental cycling test (MICT). The outcome measures were creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness and perceived recovery status, heart rate, perceived exertion and power output. Immediately after the MICT, the cyclists performed 1 of the following 4 interventions: 2 sessions of 5-min occlusion/5-min reperfusion (PEIC or SHAM, 2 x 5) or 5 sessions of 2-min occlusion/2-min reperfusion (PEIC or SHAM, 5 x 2). The PEIC (50 mm Hg above the systolic blood pressure) or SHAM (20 mm Hg) treatment was applied unilaterally on alternating thighs. At 24 h after the interventions, a second MICT was performed. In all the groups, the CK levels were increased compared with the baseline (p < 0.05) after the 24-h MICT. The PEIC groups (2 x 5 and 5 x 2) felt more tired at 24 h post intervention (p < 0.05). However, both PEIC groups maintained their performance (2 x 5: p = 0.819; 5 x 2: p = 0.790), while the SHAM groups exhibited decreased performance at 24 h post intervention compared to baseline (2 x 5: p = 0.015; 5 x 2: p = 0.045). A decrease in the maximal heart rate (HR) was found only in the SHAM 2 x 5 group (p = 0.015). There were no other significant differences in the heart rate, power output or perceived exertion after 24 h compared with the baseline values for any of the interventions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, PEIC led to maintained exercise performance 24 h post intervention in trained cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaí André Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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29
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Lopes TR, Sabino-Carvalho JL, Ferreira THN, Succi JE, Silva AC, Silva BM. Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on the Recovery of Cardiac Autonomic Control From Repeated Sprint Exercise. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1465. [PMID: 30416451 PMCID: PMC6212507 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) acutely impairs post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery (HRR) and time-domain heart rate variability (i. e., RMSSD), likely in part, due to lactic acidosis-induced reduction of cardiac vagal reactivation. In contrast, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) mediates cardiac vagal activation and augments energy metabolism efficiency during prolonged ischemia followed by reperfusion. Therefore, we investigated whether IPC could improve recovery of cardiac autonomic control from RSE partially via improved energy metabolism responses to RSE. Fifteen men team-sport practitioners (mean ± SD: 25 ± 5 years) were randomly exposed to IPC in the legs (3 × 5 min at 220 mmHg) or control (CT; 3 × 5 min at 20 mmHg) 48 h, 24 h, and 35 min before performing 3 sets of 6 shuttle running sprints (15 + 15 m with 180° change of direction and 20 s of active recovery). Sets 1 and 2 were followed by 180 s and set 3 by 360 s of inactive recovery. Short-term HRR was analyzed after all sets via linear regression of HR decay within the first 30 s of recovery (T30) and delta from peak HR to 60 s of recovery (HRR60s). Long-term HRR was analyzed throughout recovery from set 3 via first-order exponential regression of HR decay. Moreover, RMSSD was calculated using 30-s data segments throughout recovery from set 3. Energy metabolism responses were inferred via peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak), peak carbon dioxide output (V˙O2peak), peak respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), first-order exponential regression of V˙O2 decay within 360 s of recovery and blood lactate concentration ([Lac-]). IPC did not change T30, but increased HRR60s after all sets (condition main effect: P = 0.03; partial eta square (η2p) = 0.27, i.e., large effect size). IPC did not change long-term HRR and RMSSD throughout recovery, nor did IPC change any energy metabolism parameter. In conclusion, IPC accelerated to some extent the short-term recovery, but did not change the long-term recovery of cardiac autonomic control from RSE, and such accelerator effect was not accompanied by any IPC effect on surrogates of energy metabolism responses to RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R Lopes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil.,São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago H N Ferreira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E Succi
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio C Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Hughes L, Jeffries O, Waldron M, Rosenblatt B, Gissane C, Paton B, Patterson SD. Influence and reliability of lower-limb arterial occlusion pressure at different body positions. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4697. [PMID: 29736337 PMCID: PMC5936068 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Total arterial occlusive pressure (AOP) is used to prescribe pressures for surgery, blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE) and ischemic preconditioning (IPC). AOP is often measured in a supine position; however, the influence of body position on AOP measurement is unknown and may influence level of occlusion in different positions during BFR and IPC. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the influence of body position on AOP. Methods Fifty healthy individuals (age = 29 ± 6 y) underwent AOP measurements on the dominant lower-limb in supine, seated and standing positions in a randomised order. AOP was measured automatically using the Delfi Personalised Tourniquet System device, with each measurement separated by 5 min of rest. Results Arterial occlusive pressure was significantly lower in the supine position compared to the seated position (187.00 ± 32.5 vs 204.00 ± 28.5 mmHg, p < 0.001) and standing position (187.00 ± 32.5 vs 241.50 ± 49.3 mmHg, p < 0.001). AOP was significantly higher in the standing position compared to the seated position (241.50 ± 49.3 vs 204.00 ± 28.5 mmHg, p < 0.001). Discussion Arterial occlusive pressure measurement is body position dependent, thus for accurate prescription of occlusion pressure during surgery, BFR and IPC, AOP should be measured in the position intended for subsequent application of occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hughes
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Owen Jeffries
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Ben Rosenblatt
- St. George's Park, The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
| | - Conor Gissane
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Bruce Paton
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport Health & Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
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Londe AM, Marocolo M, Marocolo IC, Fisher J, Neto OB, Souza MVC, da Mota GR. Wearing Colored Glasses can Influence Exercise Performance and Testosterone concentration? Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E46-E51. [PMID: 30539117 PMCID: PMC6225961 DOI: 10.1055/a-0601-7250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of red color is associated with higher testosterone concentration and better human performance. Thus, we evaluated the acute effects of wearing colored-lens glasses on the YoYo intermittent endurance exercise test 2 (YoYoIE2) performance indicators and testosterone concentration. Ten soccer players performed three YoYoIE2 (counterbalanced crossover) wearing colorless (control), blue- or red-lensed glasses (2-4 days of rest in between). YoYoIE2 performance did not differ among the trials ( p >0.05), but blood testosterone increased post-exercise in red compared to red baseline (red=14%, effect size=0.75). Analysis showed faster heart rate recovery ( p <0.05) at 1 min post-test for blue compared to red lenses. Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration did not differ ( p >0.05) among the trials. Wearing red-colored lenses during high-intensity intermittent exercise increased testosterone concentration, but do not influence performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M. Londe
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Isabela Coelho Marocolo
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - James Fisher
- Centre for Health, Exercise & Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Octavio Barbosa Neto
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Markus Vinicius Campos Souza
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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