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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Ramsay Hunt Syndrome: An Introduction, Signs and Symptoms, and Treatment. Cureus 2023; 15:e33688. [PMID: 36793818 PMCID: PMC9925029 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ramsay Hunt syndrome is the complication of the virus varicella-zoster and the infection caused by it, which shows apparent geniculate ganglion involvement. This article discusses the etiology, epidemiology, and pathology of Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Clinically it may be presented as a vesicular rash on the ear or even in the mouth, pain in the ear, and facial paralysis. Some other rare symptoms may also be present, which are also discussed in this article. Skin involvement is also seen in some cases as patterns due to anastomoses between cervical and cranial nerves. This article provides an overview of how the varicella-zoster virus causes facial paralysis and other neurological symptoms. Knowing about this condition and its clinical features is essential to make an early diagnosis and, thus, provide a good prognosis. A good prognosis is required to reduce the nerve damage, prevent further complications, and start an early therapy of acyclovir and corticosteroid. This review also presents a clinical picture of the disease and its complications. The incidence of Ramsay Hunt syndrome has gradually decreased over time because of the development of the varicella-zoster vaccine and better health facilities. The paper also talks about how the diagnosis of Ramsay Hunt syndrome is made and the various treatment options available. Facial paralysis in Ramsay Hunt syndrome presents differently than Bell's Palsy. If not treated for too long, it may cause permanent muscle weakness and may also cause a loss of hearing. It may be confused with simple herpes simplex virus outbreaks or contact dermatitis.
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Widgren K, Tomba GS, Leung KY, Giesecke J. Modelling varicella vaccination - What does a lack of surge in herpes zoster incidence tell us about exogenous boosting? Vaccine 2021; 40:673-681. [PMID: 34930603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For decades, assessments of the impact of universal varicella vaccination on the epidemiology of varicella and herpes zoster (HZ) have been made using mathematical modelling. Decreased virus circulation and the resulting diminished exogenous boosting have been predicted to lead to a surge in HZ incidence. Lately, the exogenous boosting hypothesis has been challenged due to a lack of an extensive surge in HZ incidence in countries with, by now long-standing universal varicella vaccination. METHODS In a deterministic compartmental transmission model of varicella zoster virus disease, we model various levels and duration of protection from boosting to explore the impact of successful childhood varicella vaccination on HZ incidence. RESULTS Considering total HZ incidence, lifelong and strong protection from boosting give a stable incidence of HZ for about 60 years followed by a decline, whereas lifelong intermediate protection leads to a decline. So does weak protection of intermediate duration. Full and short protection, lead to a small surge, while full and intermediate protection lead to the largest HZ surge. HZ incidence by age group show that total incidence is the result of opposing increasing and decreasing trends in the various age groups over time. CONCLUSIONS The absence of an extensive surge in HZ incidence after varicella vaccination can, especially during the first 20-30 years, occur in either strong, intermediate or weak boosting scenarios. The impact seems to depend on an interplay of the protective level and duration of the protection in determining the basic reactivation rate and the proportion of the population that is susceptible at the start of vaccination. However, the picture depends on whether the entire population or specific age groups are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Widgren
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Analysis and Data Management, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
| | | | - Ka Yin Leung
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Giesecke
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Akpo EIH, Cristeau O, Hunjan M, Casabona G. Epidemiological Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Varicella Vaccination Strategies in the United Kingdom. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e3617-e3626. [PMID: 33173938 PMCID: PMC8664478 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the burden of varicella, there is no universal varicella vaccination (UVV) program in the United Kingdom (UK) due to concerns that it could increase herpes zoster (HZ) incidence. We assessed the cost-utility of a first-dose monovalent (varicella [V]) or quadrivalent (measles-mumps-rubella-varicella [MMRV]) followed by a second-dose MMRV UVV program. GSK and MSD varicella-containing vaccines (VCVs) were considered. Methods Dynamic transmission and cost-effectiveness models were adapted to the UK. Outcomes measured included varicella and HZ incidences and the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICURs) over a lifetime horizon. Payer and societal perspectives were evaluated. Results The impact of V-MMRV and MMRV-MMRV UVV programs on varicella incidence was comparable between both VCVs at equilibrium. HZ incidence increased by 1.6%–1.7% over 7 years after UVV start, regardless of the strategies, then decreased by >95% at equilibrium. ICURs ranged from £5665 (100 years) to £18 513 (20 years) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained with V-MMRV and from £9220 to £27 101 per QALY gained with MMRV-MMRV (payer perspective). MMRV-MMRV was cost-effective in the medium- and long-terms with GSK VCV and only cost-effective in the long term with MSD VCV at a £20 000 per QALY gained threshold. Without the exogenous boosting hypothesis, HZ incidence decreased through UVV implementation. ICURs were most sensitive to discount rates and MMRV price. Conclusions A 2-dose UVV was demonstrated to be a cost-effective alternative to no vaccination. With comparable effectiveness as MSD VCV at lower costs, GSK VCV may offer higher value for the money.
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Wang Q, Xiu S, Yang L, Huang J, Cui T, Shi N, Wang X, Shen Y, Chen E, Lu B, Jin H, Lin L. Economic evaluation of varicella vaccination strategies in Jiangsu province, China: a decision-tree Markov model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4194-4202. [PMID: 34357833 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1958608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated different varicella vaccination strategies in Jiangsu province, China. A decision-tree Markov model was used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of various varicella vaccination strategies for children, including direct and selective vaccination (serotesting pre-vaccination). A cohort of one-year-old children was followed through 60 one-year Markov cycles. The parameter estimation was based on field work, the literature, and statistical yearbooks. We calculated the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) using the saved quality-adjusted life year (QALY). One-way and probability sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainty. Among 100,000 cohort members, one-dose and two-dose direct vaccination averted 8061 and 10,701 varicella cases, respectively, compared with no vaccination. Furthermore, compared with no vaccination, one-dose and two-dose direct vaccination saved one QALY at the ICUR of USD 21,401.33 and USD 35,420.81, respectively, at less than three times the per capita gross domestic product (USD 47,626.86) of Jiangsu. The ICURs of the one-dose and two-dose selective strategies versus no vaccination were USD 42,623.62 and USD 51,406.35 per QALY gained, respectively. The cost effectiveness results were most sensitive to the QALY loss of outpatients and vaccine prices. Thus, in Jiangsu, one-dose and two-dose direct varicella vaccination in children could be cost effective at the willingness to pay threshold of three times provincial GDP per capita from a societal perspective. The findings were sensitive to the vaccine price and health utility of varicella cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shixin Xiu
- Department of Immunization Planning, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jinxin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Naiyang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xuwen Wang
- Department of Immunization Planning, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Immunization Planning, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Enpin Chen
- Department of Immunization Planning, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Immunization Planning, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Leesa Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
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Rafferty ERS, McDonald W, Osgood ND, Doroshenko A, Farag M. What We Know Now: An Economic Evaluation of Chickenpox Vaccination and Dose Timing Using an Agent-Based Model. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2021; 24:50-60. [PMID: 33431153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The value of chickenpox vaccination is still debated in the literature and by jurisdictions worldwide. This uncertainty is reflected in the inconsistent uptake of the vaccine, where some countries offer routine childhood immunization programs, others have targeted programs, and in many the vaccine is only privately available. Even across the countries that have universal funding for the vaccine, there is a diversity of schedules and dosing intervals. Using an agent-based model of chickenpox and shingles, we conducted an economic evaluation of chickenpox vaccination in Alberta, Canada. METHODS We compared the cost-effectiveness of 2 common chickenpox vaccination schedules, specifically a long dosing interval (first dose: 12 months; second dose: 4-6 years) and a short dosing interval (first dose: 12 months; second dose: 18 months). RESULTS The economic evaluation demonstrated a shorter dosing interval may be marginally preferred, although it consistently led to higher costs from both the societal and healthcare perspectives. We found that chickenpox vaccination would be cost-saving and highly cost-effective from the societal and healthcare perspective, assuming there was no impact on shingles. CONCLUSION Chickenpox vaccine was cost-effective when not considering shingles and remained so even if there was a minor increase in shingles following vaccination. However, if chickenpox vaccination did lead to a substantial increase in shingles, then chickenpox vaccination was not cost-effective from the healthcare perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R S Rafferty
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Wade McDonald
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nathaniel D Osgood
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alexander Doroshenko
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marwa Farag
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Public Administration and Development Economics, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Doha, Qatar
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Ashley C, Berry SD. The Association Between Race and Stroke Prevalence in a Patient Cohort in Mississippi. PERSPECTIVES IN HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2020; 18:1i. [PMID: 33633519 PMCID: PMC7883364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The risk factors for stroke, including hypertension, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes, heavy alcohol use, and prior history of stroke, are well known. In Mississippi, there is often a wider gulf of socioeconomic disparities between racial groups than in other regions within the United States. This increases the effect of these disparities in minority populations. The goal of this research is to determine whether there is an increased risk of stroke prevalence in the black community than in the white population. The odds ratio of 1.5 (CI 1.3818 - 1.5591) was returned for this analysis. White patients diagnosed with stroke represented 38 percent of the cohort while black patients totaled 62 percent of this cohort. There is a higher prevalence of stroke in the black population compared to the white population in this study cohort. The importance of this finding is apparent upon consideration of deficiencies in the management of risk factors. Note: The University of Mississippi Medical Center Patient Cohort explorer database search used for this study uses a data filter set for 'black' or 'African-American' in the search query. This study includes those patients designated 'black' or 'African-American' admitted with stroke at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. For clarity, this cohort will be identified in this paper as 'black Americans.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ashley
- is a staff radiologic technologist at St. Dominic Health Services in Jackson, MS
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Alzu'bi AA, Alasal SIA, Watzlaf VJM. A Simulation Study of Coronavirus as an Epidemic Disease Using Agent-Based Modeling. PERSPECTIVES IN HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2020; 18:1g. [PMID: 33633517 PMCID: PMC7883357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At the end of 2019, the world faced the novel coronavirus, and with it fear of economic collapse and mass fatalities. Simulation systems can be used to monitor the behavior of the virus. Simulation provides an abstract representation of reality by conveying details and characteristics of reality in a simple application. One of the most important ways to simulate is agent-based modeling. The health information professional plays an important role in developing these models. In this research, we simulate the spread of COVID-19 in a region restricted to a population with specific demographic characteristics and social relationships. This study aims to clarify the effects of preventative techniques that suppress the spread of epidemics, such as quarantines, social distancing, and reduced mass transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Adel Alzu'bi
- is Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Information Systems, Jordan University of Science and Technology, in Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sanaa Ibrahim Abu Alasal
- , is Research Assistant, Department of Computer Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, in Irbid, Jordan
| | - Valerie J M Watzlaf
- Valerie J.M. Watzlaf, PhD, MPH, RHIA, FAHIMA, is Vice Chair of Education and Associate Professor, Department of Health Information Management, School of Health and Rehabilitation Science, University of Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania
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Abstract
BACKGROUND For all our successes, many urgent health problems persist, and although some of these problems may be explored with established research methods, others remain uniquely challenging to investigate-maybe even impossible to study in the real world because of practical and pragmatic obstacles inherent to the nature of the research question. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review article is to introduce agent-based modeling (ABM) and simulation and demonstrate its value and potential as a novel research method applied in nursing science. METHODS An introduction to ABM and simulation is described. Examples of current research literature on the subject are provided. A case study example of community nursing and opioid dependence is presented. RESULTS The use of ABM and simulation in human health research has increased dramatically over the past decade, and meaningful research is now commonly found published widely in respected, peer-reviewed journals. Absent from this list is innovative ABM and simulation research published by nurse researchers in nursing-specific journals. DISCUSSION ABM and simulation is a powerful method with tremendous potential in nursing research. It is vital that nursing embrace and adopt innovative and advanced research methods if we are to remain a progressive voice in health research, practice, and policy.
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Talbird SE, La EM, Mauskopf J, Altland A, Daniels V, Wolfson LJ. Understanding the role of exogenous boosting in modeling varicella vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:1021-1035. [PMID: 30354696 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1538801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The exogenous boosting (EB) hypothesis posits that cell-mediated immunity is boosted for individuals reexposed to varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Historically, mathematical models of the impact of universal childhood varicella vaccination (UVV) have used limited data to capture EB and often conclude that UVV will temporarily increase herpes zoster (HZ) incidence. AREAS COVERED We updated a 2013 systematic literature review of 40 studies to summarize new evidence from observational or modeling studies related to EB and its parameterization. We abstracted data on observational study designs and mathematical model structures, EB frameworks, and HZ-related parameter values. EXPERT COMMENTARY This review identified an additional 41 studies: 22 observational and 19 modeling studies. Observational analyses generally reported pre-UVV increases in HZ incidence, making it difficult to attribute post-UVV increases to UVV versus other causes. Modeling studies considered a range of EB frameworks, from no boosting to full permanent immunity. Mathematical modeling efforts are needed in countries with long-standing vaccination programs to capture the dynamics of VZV transmission and temporal changes that may affect HZ incidence. Use of real-world pre-/postvaccination data on varicella and HZ incidence to validate model predictions may improve approaches to EB parameterization and understanding of the effects of varicella vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Talbird
- a Health Economics , RTI Health Solutions , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Elizabeth M La
- a Health Economics , RTI Health Solutions , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Josephine Mauskopf
- a Health Economics , RTI Health Solutions , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Alexandra Altland
- b Center for Outcomes Research and Real World Evidence , Merck & Co., Inc , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Vince Daniels
- b Center for Outcomes Research and Real World Evidence , Merck & Co., Inc , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Lara J Wolfson
- b Center for Outcomes Research and Real World Evidence , Merck & Co., Inc , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
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Abstract
Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 is ubiquitous in the human population. Most commonly, virus replication is limited to the epithelia and establishes latency in enervating sensory neurons, reactivating periodically to produce localized recurrent lesions. However, these viruses can also cause severe disease such as recurrent keratitis leading potentially to blindness, as well as encephalitis, and systemic disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Although antiviral therapy has allowed continual and substantial improvement in the management of both primary and recurrent infections, resistance to currently available drugs and long-term toxicity pose a current and future threat that should be addressed through the development of new antiviral compounds directed against new targets. The development of several promising HSV vaccines has been terminated recently because of modest or controversial therapeutic effects in humans. Nevertheless, several exciting vaccine candidates remain in the pipeline and are effective in animal models; these must also be tested in humans for sufficient therapeutic effects to warrant continued development. Approaches using compounds that modulate the chromatin state of the viral genome to suppress infection and reactivation or induce enhanced antiviral immunity have potential. In addition, technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 have the potential to edit latent viral DNA in sensory neurons, potentially curing the neuron and patient of latent infection. It is hoped that development on all three fronts—antivirals, vaccines, and gene editing—will lead to substantially less HSV morbidity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Joel Baines
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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