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Mao J, Wang L, Wang Z, Xue B, Peng Q, Hu R, Xiao J. High concentrate diets altered the structure and function of rumen microbiome in goats. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1416883. [PMID: 39144219 PMCID: PMC11322510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1416883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study used metatranscriptomics to investigate the effects of concentrate diet level on rumen microbiome composition and function in goats. A total of 12 healthy 120-day-old Da'er goats were randomly allotted into two treatments: L group (low dietary concentrate level group, concentrate: forage ratio was 25: 75) and H group (high dietary concentrate level group, concentrate: forage ratio was 80: 20). The study included a 10-day pre-feeding period and a 60-day growth experiment. The results showed that compared with the L group, the average daily gain and the slaughter rate in the H group were increased, while the F/G was decreased; the concentration of lactate and ammonia nitrogen, and the proportion of butyrate and valerate in the rumen of the H group were increased, while the proportion of acetate, and the ratio of acetate to propionate were decreased (p < 0.05). Among rumen bacteria, compared with the L group, the H group significantly decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Fibrobacteria at the phylum level, decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Fibrobacter, and Sarcina and increased the relative abundance of Clostridium at the genus level, and decreased the relative abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Sarcina sp. DSM 11001, Oscillibacter sp. KLE 1728, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens and increased the relative abundance of Clostridium sp. ND2 and Firmicutes bacteria CAG: 103 at the species level (p < 0.05). Among rumen fungi, the relative abundance of Basidiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Mortierella, Mortierella elongata, and Gonapodyna prolifera was lower in the H group than that in the L group (p < 0.05). Functional annotation results showed that the abundance of Glycoside hydrolases genes in rumen microbiome was significantly decreased in the H group compared to the L group (p < 0.05). The result of KEGG DEGs enrichment analysis showed that the gene expression of cellulose 1,4-β-cellobiosidase, acetyl-CoA hydrolase, lactate dehydrogenase, succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, D-malate dehydrogenase and related genes in methane production pathways of rumen microbiome was decreased in the H group. In summary, feeding high concentrate diets improved the production performance of goats, altered the structure and composition of rumen microbiome and changed the function of rumen microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Liu S, Liu J, Wang W, Yan Y, Wang T, Wu J, Liu X, Wu J, Zeng Y. Comparative Field Evaluation and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals that Chromosome Doubling Enhances Sheath Blight Resistance in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:42. [PMID: 38958835 PMCID: PMC11222352 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kihn (R. solani), poses a significant threat to rice production and quality. Autotetraploid rice, developed through chromosome doubling of diploid rice, holds great potential for enhancing biological and yield traits. However, its resistance to sheath blight in the field has remained unclear. In this study, the field resistance of 35 autotetraploid genotypes and corresponding diploids was evaluated across three environments from 2020 to 2021. The booting stage was optimal for inoculating period based on the inoculation and analysis of R. solani at five rice growth stages. We found autotetraploids generally exhibited lower disease scores than diploids, indicating enhanced resistance after chromosome doubling. Among the 35 genotypes, 16 (45.71%) displayed increased resistance, 2 (5.71%) showed decreased resistance, and 17 (48.57%) displayed unstable resistance in different sowing dates. All combinations of the genotype, environment and ploidy, including the genotype-environment-ploidy interaction, contributed significantly to field resistance. Chromosome doubling increased sheath blight resistance in most genotypes, but was also dependent on the genotype-environment interaction. To elucidate the enhanced resistance mechanism, RNA-seq revealed autotetraploid recruited more down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), additionally, more resistance-related DEGs, were down-regulated at 24 h post inoculation in autotetraploid versus diploid. The ubiquinone/terpenoid quinone and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways may play key roles in ploidy-specific resistance mechanisms. In summary, our findings shed light on the understanding of sheath blight resistance mechanisms in autotetraploid rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yugang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yuxiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Cao YX, Ji P, Wu FL, Dong JQ, Li CC, Ma T, Yang HC, Wei YM, Hua YL. Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis: a review of its research progress of active metabolites and pharmacological effects. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1277283. [PMID: 37954842 PMCID: PMC10635453 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1277283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis is the aboveground stem part of the Lonicera Japonica Thunb, which belongs to the medicine food homology species in China. It has the effects of clearing away heat, toxic material, dredging wind and unblocking collaterals. Modern research shows that it contains various active metabolites and a wide range of pharmacological effects, which is of great research and clinical application value. It mainly contains organic acids, volatile oils, flavonoids, triterpenes, triterpene saponins and other active metabolites. Its pharmacological effects mainly include anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, and repairing bone and soft tissue. Based on the literature reports in recent years, the active metabolites, pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis were sorted out and summarized. It lays a foundation for explaining the efficacy material basis and application value of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis. It aims to provide a reference for the in-depth research, development and utilization of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan-Ming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Li J, Yu X, Shan Q, Shi Z, Li J, Zhao X, Chang C, Yu J. Integrated volatile metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the regulation of floral scents between two contrasting varieties of Lonicera japonica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:989036. [PMID: 36172557 PMCID: PMC9510994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.989036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lonicera japonica Thunb., belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family, is an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant. The L. japonica flower (LJF) is widely used in medicine, cosmetics, drinks, and food due to its medicinal and sweet-smelling properties. Considerable efforts have been devoted to investigating the pharmacological activities of LJF; however, the regulatory mechanism of the floral scents remains unknown. We previously selected and bred an elite variety of L. japonica var. chinensis Thunb. called 'Yujin2', which has a strong aroma and is used in functional drinks and cosmetics. In order to reveal the regulatory mechanism of the floral scents of LJF, volatile metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the LJF at the silver flowering stage of 'Yujin2' (strong aroma) and 'Fengjin1' (bland odor) were performed. Our results revealed that a total of 153 metabolites and 9,523 genes were differentially regulated in LJF between 'Yujin2' and 'Fengjin1'. The integrated analysis of omics data indicated that the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids (i.e., monoterpenoids, including geraniol and alpha-terpineol; sesquiterpenoids, including farnesol, farnesal, and alpha-farnesene; triterpenoid squalene), tryptophan and its derivatives (methyl anthranilate), and fatty acid derivatives, were major contributors to the stronger aroma of 'Yujin2' compared to 'Fengjin1'. Moreover, several genes involved in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway were characterized using quantitative real-time PCR. These results provide insights into the metabolic mechanisms and molecular basis of floral scents in LJF, enabling future screening of genes related to the floral scent regulation, such as alpha-terpineol synthase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, anthranilate synthase, as well as transcription factors such as MYB, WRKY, and LFY. The knowledge from this study will facilitate the breeding of quality-improved and more fragrant variety of L. japonica for ornamental purpose and functional beverages and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinjie Yu
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qianru Shan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhaobin Shi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiting Zhao
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Juanjuan Yu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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Zhang M, Li M, Fu H, Wang K, Tian X, Qiu R, Liu J, Gao S, Zhong Z, Yang B, Zhang L. Transcriptomic analysis unravels the molecular response of Lonicera japonica leaves to chilling stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1092857. [PMID: 36618608 PMCID: PMC9815118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1092857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lonicera japonica is not only an important resource of traditional Chinese medicine, but also has very high horticultural value. Studies have been performed on the physiological responses of L. japonica leaves to chilling, however, the molecular mechanism underlying the low temperature-induced leaves morphological changes remains unclear. In this study, it has been demonstrated that the ratio of pigments content including anthocyanins, chlorophylls, and carotenoids was significantly altered in response to chilling condition, resulting in the color transformation of leaves from green to purple. Transcriptomic analysis showed there were 10,329 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) co-expressed during chilling stress. DEGs were mainly mapped to secondary metabolism, cell wall, and minor carbohydrate. The upregulated genes (UGs) were mainly enriched in protein metabolism, transport, and signaling, while UGs in secondary metabolism were mainly involved in phenylpropaoids-flavonoids pathway (PFP) and carotenoids pathway (CP). Protein-protein interaction analysis illustrated that 21 interacted genes including CAX3, NHX2, ACA8, and ACA9 were enriched in calcium transport/potassium ion transport. BR biosynthesis pathway related genes and BR insensitive (BRI) were collectively induced by chilling stress. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in anthocyanins and CPs as well as the content of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and luteoloside were increased in leaves of L. japonica under stress. Taken together, these results indicate that the activation of PFP and CP in leaves of L. japonica under chilling stress, largely attributed to the elevation of calcium homeostasis and stimulation of BR signaling, which then regulated the PFP/CP related transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kehao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinkun Liu
- Department of Techonology Center, Shandong Anran Nanometer Industry Development Company Limited, Weihai, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Techonology Center, Shandong Anran Nanometer Industry Development Company Limited, Weihai, China
| | - Zhuoheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bingxian Yang, ; Lin Zhang,
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bingxian Yang, ; Lin Zhang,
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Tang X, Liu X, Zhong J, Fang R. Potential Application of Lonicera japonica Extracts in Animal Production: From the Perspective of Intestinal Health. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:719877. [PMID: 34434181 PMCID: PMC8381474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.719877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonicera japonica (L. japonica) extract is rich in active substances, such as phenolic acids, essential oils, flavones, saponins, and iridoids, which have a broad spectrum of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that L. japonica has a good regulatory effect on animal intestinal health, which can be used as a potential antibiotic substitute product. However, previous studies about intestinal health regulation mainly focus on experimental animals or cells, like mice, rats, HMC-1 Cells, and RAW 264.7 cells. In this review, the intestinal health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity, and its potential application in animal production were summarized. Through this review, we can see that the effects and mechanism of L. japonica extract on intestinal health regulation of farm and aquatic animals are still rare and unclear. Further studies could focus on the regulatory mechanism of L. japonica extract on intestinal health especially the protective effects of L. japonica extract on oxidative injury, inflammation, and regulation of intestinal flora in farm animals and aquatic animals, thereby providing references for the rational utilization and application of L. japonica and its extracts in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertfication Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuguang Liu
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertfication Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhong
- Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, College of Biotechnology, Hengyang, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Lin HW, Lee YJ, Yang DJ, Hsieh MC, Chen CC, Hsu WL, Chang YY, Liu CW. Anti-inflammatory effects of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae Water Extract are regulated by the STAT/NF-κB pathway and HO-1 expression in Virus-infected RAW264.7 cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2285-2293. [PMID: 33967604 PMCID: PMC8100650 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.56198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of the Flos Lonicerae Japonicae water extract (FLJWE), chlorogenic acid, and luteolin on pseudorabies virus (PRV)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells and elucidated related molecular mechanisms. The results revealed that FLJWE and luteolin, but not chlorogenic acid, inhibited the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inflammatory cytokines in PRV-infected RAW 264.7 cells. We found that the FLJWE and luteolin suppressed nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3 (STAT1 and STAT3, respectively). Moreover, the FLJWE significantly upregulated the expression of pNrf2 and its downstream target gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Our data indicated that FLJWE and luteolin reduced the expression of proinflammatory mediators and inflammatory cytokines, such as COX-2 and iNOS, through the suppression of the JAK/STAT1/3-dependent NF-κB pathway and the induction of HO-1 expression in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. The findings indicate that the FLJWE can be used as a potential antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, and School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Shan Medical University; Department of Pathology, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Jye Yang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University; Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Chung Shan Medical University; Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Liu
- Department of Post-Modern Agriculture, MingDao University, Changhua, Taiwan
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