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Jin N, Rong J, Chen X, Huang L, Ma H. Exploring T-cell exhaustion features in Acute myocardial infarction for a Novel Diagnostic model and new therapeutic targets by bio-informatics and machine learning. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:272. [PMID: 38783198 PMCID: PMC11118734 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell exhaustion (TEX), a condition characterized by impaired T-cell function, has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, but its role in acute myocardial Infarction (AMI) remains largely unexplored. This research aims to identify and characterize all TEX-related genes for AMI diagnosis. METHODS By integrating gene expression profiles, differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction networks, and machine learning algorithms, we were able to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying TEX and its significant association with AMI. In addition, we investigated the diagnostic validity of the leading TEX-related genes and their interactions with immune cell profiles. Different types of candidate small molecule compounds were ultimately matched with TEX-featured genes in the "DrugBank" database to serve as potential therapeutic medications for future TEX-AMI basic research. RESULTS We screened 1725 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from 80 AMI samples and 71 control samples, identifying 39 differential TEX-related transcripts in total. Functional enrichment analysis identified potential biological functions and signaling pathways associated with the aforementioned genes. We constructed a TEX signature containing five hub genes with favorable prognostic performance using machine learning algorithms. In addition, the prognostic performance of the nomogram of these five hub genes was adequate (AUC between 0.815 and 0.995). Several dysregulated immune cells were also observed. Finally, six small molecule compounds which could be the future therapeutic for TEX in AMI were discovered. CONCLUSION Five TEX diagnostic feature genes, CD48, CD247, FCER1G, TNFAIP3, and FCGRA, were screened in AMI. Combining these genes may aid in the early diagnosis and risk prediction of AMI, as well as the evaluation of immune cell infiltration and the discovery of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nake Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Ningbo, 315300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiacheng Rong
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Ningbo, 315300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Ningbo, 315300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Ningbo, 315300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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Wu X, Dong S, Xu Y, Zhu G, Yan M. Evaluation of JUN, FN1 and LAMB1 polymorphisms in pterygium in a Chinese Han population. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:488-495. [PMID: 35445627 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2065511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the underlying molecular mechanism of pterygium and identify the key genes regulating the development of pterygium. METHODS Differentially expressed mRNAs were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed using the DAVID (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/). The differential expressions of hub genes were verified using the reverse transcription-real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The function of the hub genes was further confirmed based on associations between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in hub genes and pterygium. The genotyping results were analyzed using SNPStats online software in five gene models, including codominant, dominant, recessive, overdominant, and log-additive. Five gene models were analyzed using SNPStats. RESULTS We found that 240 genes were significantly differentially expressed. Functional enrichment analysis showed that focal adhesion pathway is extremely meaningful, among which JUN, FN1, and LAMB1 were verified to significantly differentially express in pterygium (P = 0.0011, P = 0.0018, and P = 0.0050, respectively). However, the all nine candidate SNPs (rs11688, rs3748814 in JUN; rs1263, rs1132741, rs1250259 in FN1; rs20556, rs35710474, rs25659, rs4320486 in LAMB1), were not statistically associated with pterygium. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that JUN, FN1, and LAMB1 polymorphisms were not associated with susceptibility to pterygium in Chinese Han population. Considering the fact that these three genes are differentially expressed in pterygium, further research is needed to explain its involvement in pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shiqi Dong
- Department of Cataract, Hankou Aier Eye Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ge Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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He S, Wu Z. Biomarkers in the Occurrence and Development of Pterygium. Ophthalmic Res 2022; 65:481-492. [PMID: 35405677 DOI: 10.1159/000523878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Pterygium is a kind of common conjunctival degeneration. The pathogenesis of pterygium is complex, and various biomarkers provide new targets for treatment and prognosis. Currently, the most common treatment for pterygium is surgical excision, but it is invasive risk and has a high recurrence rate. Since the development of sequencing, gene chip technology, and proteomics technologies has been rapid, research on the internal mechanism of disease has been facilitated. This review focuses on recent advances in the discovery of biomarkers from the fields of genetics, proteomics, and epigenetics and their likely functional mechanisms and clinical applications in pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying He
- Clinical Lab, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wu
- Clinical Lab, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
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Zhang X, Jiang Y, Wang Q, An W, Zhang X, Xu M, Chen Y. Atypical U3 snoRNA Suppresses the Process of Pterygium Through Modulating 18S Ribosomal RNA Synthesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:17. [PMID: 35472218 PMCID: PMC9055567 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The progression and recurrence of pterygium mainly occur due to the abnormal proliferation and migration of stromal pterygium fibroblasts. This research explores the aberrant expression of small nucleolar RNA U3 (U3 snoRNA) in pterygium and elucidates the molecular mechanisms of U3 snoRNA in pterygium development. Methods Primary human conjunctival fibroblasts (HCFs) and human pterygium fibroblasts (HPFs) were separated and cultured from fresh conjunctiva grafts and pterygium tissues. The PLKO.1 lentiviral system and CRISPR/Cas9 recombinant construct were, respectively, used to overexpress and silence U3 snoRNA in HPFs and HCFs for further specific phenotype analysis. RNA-seq and TMT-labeled quantitative protein mass spectrometry were utilized to evaluate the effect of U3 snoRNA on mRNA transcripts and protein synthesis. Results Reduced U3 snoRNA in pterygium promotes HCF or HPF cells’ proliferation, migration, and cell cycle but has no significant effect on apoptosis. U3 snoRNA modulates 18S rRNA synthesis through shearing precursor ribosomal RNA 47S rRNA at the 5′ external transcribed spacer (5′ ETS). Moreover, the altered U3 snoRNA causes mRNA and protein differential expression in HCF or HPF cells. Conclusions The atypical U3 snoRNA regulates the translation of specific proteins to exert a suppressive function in pterygium through modulating the 18S rRNA synthesis. Here, we uncover a novel insight into U3 snoRNA biology in the development of pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weishu An
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Wolf J, Hajdu RI, Boneva S, Schlecht A, Lapp T, Wacker K, Agostini H, Reinhard T, Auw-Hädrich C, Schlunck G, Lange C. Characterization of the Cellular Microenvironment and Novel Specific Biomarkers in Pterygia Using RNA Sequencing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:714458. [PMID: 35174178 PMCID: PMC8841401 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.714458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With a worldwide prevalence of ~12%, pterygium is a common degenerative and environmentally triggered ocular surface disorder characterized by wing-shaped growth of conjunctival tissue onto the cornea that can lead to blindness if left untreated. This study characterizes the transcriptional profile and the cellular microenvironment of conjunctival pterygia and identifies novel pterygia-specific biomarkers. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded pterygia as well as healthy conjunctival specimens were analyzed using MACE RNA sequencing (n = 8 each) and immunohistochemistry (pterygia n = 7, control n = 3). According to the bioinformatic cell type enrichment analysis using xCell, the cellular microenvironment of pterygia was characterized by an enrichment of myofibroblasts, T-lymphocytes and various antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages. Differentially expressed genes that were increased in pterygia compared to control tissue were mainly involved in autophagy (including DCN, TMBIM6), cellular response to stress (including TPT1, DDX5) as well as fibroblast proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (including CTNNB1, TGFBR1, and FN1). Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed a significantly increased FN1 stromal immunoreactivity in pterygia when compared to control tissue. In addition, a variety of factors involved in apoptosis were significantly downregulated in pterygia, including LCN2, CTSD, and NISCH. Furthermore, 450 pterygia-specific biomarkers were identified by including transcriptional data of different ocular surface pathologies serving as controls (training group), which were then validated using transcriptional data of cultured human pterygium cells. Among the most pterygia-specific factors were transcripts such as AHNAK, RTN4, TPT1, FSTL1, and SPARC. Immunohistochemical validation of SPARC revealed a significantly increased stromal immunoreactivity in pterygia when compared to controls, most notably in vessels and intravascular vessel wall-adherent mononuclear cells. Taken together, the present study provides new insights into the cellular microenvironment and the transcriptional profile of pterygia, identifies new and specific biomarkers and in addition to fibrosis-related genes, uncovers autophagy, stress response and apoptosis modulation as pterygium-associated processes. These findings expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of pterygia, provide new diagnostic tools, and may enable new targeted therapeutic options for this common and sight-threatening ocular surface disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Rozina Ida Hajdu
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thabo Lapp
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Katrin Wacker
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Claudia Auw-Hädrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Clemens Lange
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de Guimarães JA, Hounpke BW, Duarte B, Boso ALM, Viturino MGM, de Carvalho Baptista L, de Melo MB, Alves M. Transcriptomics and network analysis highlight potential pathways in the pathogenesis of pterygium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:286. [PMID: 34997134 PMCID: PMC8741985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a common ocular surface condition frequently associated with irritative symptoms. The precise identity of its critical triggers as well as the hierarchical relationship between all the elements involved in the pathogenesis of this disease are not yet elucidated. Meta-analysis of gene expression studies represents a novel strategy capable of identifying key pathogenic mediators and therapeutic targets in complex diseases. Samples from nine patients were collected during surgery after photo documentation and clinical characterization of pterygia. Gene expression experiments were performed using Human Clariom D Assay gene chip. Differential gene expression analysis between active and atrophic pterygia was performed using limma package after adjusting variables by age. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed including recent gene expression studies available at the Gene Expression Omnibus public repository. Two databases including samples from adults with pterygium and controls fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using the Rank Production algorithm of the RankProd package. Gene set analysis was performed using ClueGO and the transcription factor regulatory network prediction was performed using appropriate bioinformatics tools. Finally, miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was reconstructed using up-regulated genes identified in the gene set analysis from the meta-analysis and their interacting miRNAs from the Brazilian cohort expression data. The meta-analysis identified 154 up-regulated and 58 down-regulated genes. A gene set analysis with the top up-regulated genes evidenced an overrepresentation of pathways associated with remodeling of extracellular matrix. Other pathways represented in the network included formation of cornified envelopes and unsaturated fatty acid metabolic processes. The miRNA-mRNA target prediction network, also reconstructed based on the set of up-regulated genes presented in the gene ontology and biological pathways network, showed that 17 target genes were negatively correlated with their interacting miRNAs from the Brazilian cohort expression data. Once again, the main identified cluster involved extracellular matrix remodeling mechanisms, while the second cluster involved formation of cornified envelope, establishment of skin barrier and unsaturated fatty acid metabolic process. Differential expression comparing active pterygium with atrophic pterygium using data generated from the Brazilian cohort identified differentially expressed genes between the two forms of presentation of this condition. Our results reveal differentially expressed genes not only in pterygium, but also in active pterygium when compared to the atrophic ones. New insights in relation to pterygium's pathophysiology are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Albano de Guimarães
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo. Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083887, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Duarte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo. Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083887, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Mylla Boso
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo. Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083887, Brazil
| | - Marina Gonçalves Monteiro Viturino
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo. Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083887, Brazil
| | | | - Mônica Barbosa de Melo
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo. Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083887, Brazil.
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Li J, Tao T, Yu Y, Xu N, Du W, Zhao M, Jiang Z, Huang L. Expression profiling suggests the involvement of hormone-related, metabolic, and Wnt signaling pathways in pterygium progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:943275. [PMID: 36187094 PMCID: PMC9515788 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.943275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pterygium is an ocular surface disease that can cause visual impairment if it progressively invades the cornea. Although many pieces of research showed ultraviolet radiation is a trigger of pterygium pathological progress, the underlying mechanism in pterygium remains indistinct. METHODS In this study, we used microarray to evaluate the changes of transcripts between primary pterygium and adjacent normal conjunctiva samples in China. Then, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses. Moreover, we constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) and miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks to predict possible regulatory relationships. We next performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to explore the similarities and differences of transcripts between Asian studies from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Furthermore, we took the intersection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with other data and identified hub genes of the development of pterygium. Finally, we utilized real-time quantitative PCR to verify the expression levels of candidate genes. RESULTS A total of 49 DEGs were identified. The enrichment analyses of DEGs showed that pathways such as the Wnt-signaling pathway and metabolism-related pathways were upregulated, while pathways such as hormone-related and transcription factor-associated pathways were downregulated. The PPI and miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks provide ideas for future research directions. The GSEA of selecting Asian data revealed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition and myogenesis existed in the pathology of pterygium in the Asian group. Furthermore, five gene sets (interferon-gamma response, Wnt beta-catenin signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair, and MYC targets v2) were found only in our Chinese datasets. After taking an intersection between selecting datasets, we identified two upregulated (SPP1 and MYH11) and five downregulated (ATF3, FOS, EGR1, FOSB, and NR4A2) hub genes. We finally chose night genes to verify their expression levels, including the other two genes (SFRP2 and SFRP4) involved in Wnt signaling; Their expression levels were significantly different between pterygium and conjunctiva. CONCLUSIONS We consider hormone-related, metabolic, and Wnt signaling pathways may be important in the pathology of pterygium development. Nine candidate genes we identified deserve further study and can be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital Eye diseases, and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tianchang Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital Eye diseases, and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital Eye diseases, and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ningda Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital Eye diseases, and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital Eye diseases, and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital Eye diseases, and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Lvzhen Huang, ; Zhengxuan Jiang,
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital Eye diseases, and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lvzhen Huang, ; Zhengxuan Jiang,
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The Role of the Stromal Extracellular Matrix in the Development of Pterygium Pathology: An Update. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245930. [PMID: 34945227 PMCID: PMC8707182 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a benign fibrovascular lesion of the bulbar conjunctiva with frequent involvement of the corneal limbus. Its pathogenesis has been mainly attributed to sun exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation. Obtained evidence has shown that it is a complex and multifactorial process which involves multiple mechanisms such as oxidative stress, dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoints, induction of inflammatory mediators and growth factors, angiogenic stimulation, extracellular matrix (ECM) disorders, and, most likely, viruses and hereditary changes. In this review, we aim to collect all authors’ experiences and our own, with respect to the study of fibroelastic ECM of pterygium. Collagen and elastin are intrinsic indicators of physiological and pathological states. Here, we focus on an in-depth analysis of collagen (types I and III), as well as the main constituents of elastic fibers (tropoelastin (TE), fibrillins (FBNs), and fibulins (FBLNs)) and the enzymes (lysyl oxidases (LOXs)) that carry out their assembly or crosslinking. All the studies established that changes in the fibroelastic ECM occur in pterygium, based on the following facts: An increase in the synthesis and deposition of an immature form of collagen type III, which showed the process of tissue remodeling. An increase in protein levels in most of the constituents necessary for the development of elastic fibers, except FBLN4, whose biological roles are critical in the binding of the enzyme LOX, as well as FBN1 for the development of stable elastin. There was gene overexpression of TE, FBN1, FBLN5, and LOXL1, while the expression of LOX and FBLN2 and -4 remained stable. In conclusion, collagen and elastin, as well as several constituents involved in elastic fiber assembly are overexpressed in human pterygium, thus, supporting the hypothesis that there is dysregulation in the synthesis and crosslinking of the fibroelastic component, constituting an important pathogenetic mechanism for the development of the disease.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Pterygium and Pinguecula Reveals Evidence of Genomic Instability Associated with Chronic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112090. [PMID: 34769520 PMCID: PMC8584501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar damage due to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is implicated in the development of two proliferative lesions of the ocular surface: pterygium and pinguecula. Pterygium and pinguecula specimens were collected, along with adjacent healthy conjunctiva specimens. RNA was extracted and sequenced. Pairwise comparisons were made of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Computational methods were used for analysis. Transcripts from 18,630 genes were identified. Comparison of two subgroups of pterygium specimens uncovered evidence of genomic instability associated with inflammation and the immune response; these changes were also observed in pinguecula, but to a lesser extent. Among the top DEGs were four genes encoding tumor suppressors that were downregulated in pterygium: C10orf90, RARRES1, DMBT1 and SCGB3A1; C10orf90 and RARRES1 were also downregulated in pinguecula. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis overwhelmingly linked DEGs to cancer for both lesions; however, both lesions are clearly still benign, as evidenced by the expression of other genes indicating their well-differentiated and non-invasive character. Pathways for epithelial cell proliferation were identified that distinguish the two lesions, as well as genes encoding specific pathway components. Upregulated DEGs common to both lesions, including KRT9 and TRPV3, provide a further insight into pathophysiology. Our findings suggest that pterygium and pinguecula, while benign lesions, are both on the pathological pathway towards neoplastic transformation.
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Wang YC, Zhao FK, Liu Q, Yu ZY, Wang J, Zhang JS. Bibliometric analysis and mapping knowledge domain of pterygium: 2000-2019. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:903-914. [PMID: 34150547 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.06.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To track the knowledge structure, topics in focus, and trends in emerging research in pterygium in the past 20y. METHODS Base on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), studies related to pterygium in the past 20y from 2000-2019 have been included. With the help of VOSviewer software, a knowledge map was constructed and the distribution of countries, institutions, journals, and authors in the field of pterygium noted. Meanwhile, using co-citation analysis of references and co-occurrence analysis of keywords, we identified basis and hotspots, thereby obtaining an overview of this field. RESULTS The search retrieved 1516 publications from WoSCC on pterygium published between 2000 and 2019. In the past two decades, the annual number of publications is on the rise and fluctuated a little. Most productive institutions are from Singapore but the most prolific and active country is the United States. Journal Cornea published the most articles and Coroneo MT contributed the most publications on pterygium. From co-occurrence analysis, the keywords formed 3 clusters: 1) surgical therapeutic techniques and adjuvant of pterygium, 2) occurrence process and pathogenesis of pterygium, and 3) epidemiology, and etiology of pterygium formation. These three clusters were consistent with the clustering in co-citation analysis, in which Cluster 1 contained the most references (74 publications, 47.74%), Cluster 2 contained 53 publications, accounting for 34.19%, and Cluster 3 focused on epidemiology with 18.06% of total 155 co-citation publications. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the research of pterygium is gradually attracting the attention of scholars and researchers. The interaction between authors, institutions, and countries is lack of. Even though, the research hotspot, distribution, and research status in pterygium in this study could provide valuable information for scholars and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Lens in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fang-Kun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Lens in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Lens in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zi-Yan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Lens in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Cataract Centre, Shenyang Aier Excellent Eye Hospital, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China.,Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Lens in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China.,Cataract Centre, Shenyang Aier Excellent Eye Hospital, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China.,Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
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Liu X, Zhang J, Nie D, Zeng K, Hu H, Tie J, Sun L, Peng L, Liu X, Wang J. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis to Identify the Important Coding and Non-coding RNAs Involved in the Pathogenesis of Pterygium. Front Genet 2021; 12:646550. [PMID: 33790949 PMCID: PMC8005612 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.646550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a common ocular surface disease characterized by abnormal fibrovascular proliferation and invasion, similar to tumorigenesis. The formation of tumors is related to a change in the expression of various RNAs; however, whether they are involved in the formation and development of pterygium remains unclear. In this study, transcriptome analysis of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) of paired pterygium and normal conjunctiva was performed to explore key genes regulating the development of pterygium. In total, 579 mRNAs, 275 lncRNAs, and 21 circRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in pterygium compared with paired conjunctival tissues. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that DE RNAs were associated with extracellular matrix organization, blood vessel morphogenesis, and focal adhesion. Furthermore, through protein-protein interaction network and mRNA-lncRNA co-expression network analysis, key mRNAs including FN1, VCAM1, and MMP2, and key lncRNAs including MIR4435-2HG and LINC00968 were screened and might be involved in the pathogenesis of pterygium. In addition, several circRNAs including hsa_circ_0007482 and hsa_circ_001730 were considered to be involved in the pterygium development. This study provides a scientific basis for elucidating the pathogenesis of pterygium and will be beneficial for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danyao Nie
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun Zeng
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinjun Tie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Liangnan Sun
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Peng
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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