1
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Pauleikhoff L, Boneva S, Boeck M, Schlecht A, Schlunck G, Agostini H, Lange C, Wolf J. Transcriptional Comparison of Human and Murine Retinal Neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:46. [PMID: 38153746 PMCID: PMC10756240 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal neovascularization (RNV) is the leading cause of vision loss in diseases like proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). A significant failure rate of current treatments indicates the need for novel treatment targets. Animal models are crucial in this process, but current diabetic retinopathy models do not develop RNV. Although the nondiabetic oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model is used to study RNV development, it is largely unknown how closely it resembles human PDR. Methods We therefore performed RNA sequencing on murine (C57BL/6J) OIR retinas (n = 14) and human PDR RNV membranes (n = 7) extracted during vitrectomy, each with reference to control tissue (n=13/10). Differentially expressed genes (DEG) and associated biological processes were analyzed and compared between human and murine RNV to assess molecular overlap and identify phylogenetically conserved factors. Results In total, 213 murine- and 1223 human-specific factors were upregulated with a small overlap of 94 DEG (7% of human DEG), although similar biological processes such as angiogenesis, regulation of immune response, and extracellular matrix organization were activated in both species. Phylogenetically conserved mediators included ANGPT2, S100A8, MCAM, EDNRA, and CCR7. Conclusions Even though few individual genes were upregulated simultaneously in both species, similar biological processes appeared to be activated. These findings demonstrate the potential and limitations of the OIR model to study human PDR and identify phylogenetically conserved potential treatment targets for PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz Pauleikhoff
- Eye Center, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Myriam Boeck
- Eye Center, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
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2
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Haritoglou C, Boneva S, Schultheiss M, Sebag J, Binder S. [Vitreoretinal surgery in age-related macular degeneration]. Ophthalmologie 2023; 120:1004-1013. [PMID: 37728619 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-023-01933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the vitreous body, its interaction with the retinal surface and tractive alterations of the vitreoretinal interface may play a role in the pathogenesis and the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). From clinical trials it can be concluded that posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) or vitreous removal may protect against the development of neovascular AMD. Vitreomacular adhesions may promote neovascular AMD and may have an impact on the efficacy and frequency of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition. Therefore, vitreomacular surgery may be considered as a treatment option in selected cases. Peeling of epimacular membranes and the internal limiting membrane (ILM) may contribute to stabilizing visual acuity and reducing the treatment burden of current intravitreal pharmacotherapy. At present, surgical interventions in AMD are mainly performed in cases of submacular hemorrhage involving the fovea. The treatment is not standardized and consists of liquefaction of the blood using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) and its pneumatic displacement, potentially combined with VEGF inhibition. Other submacular surgical strategies, such as choroidal neovascularization (CNV) extraction, macular translocation or transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are currently limited to selected cases as a salvage treatment; however, the development of these submacular surgical interventions has formed the basis for new approaches in the treatment of dry and neovascular AMD including submacular or intravitreal gene and stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | | | - J Sebag
- VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanne Binder
- Lehrstuhl für Ophthalmologie, Sigmund Freud Universität, Wien, Österreich
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3
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Boneva S, Haritoglou C, Schultheiss M, Binder S, Sebag J. [Role of vitreous in the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration]. Ophthalmologie 2023; 120:992-998. [PMID: 37801159 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-023-01934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes in vitreous molecular and anatomic morphology begin early in life and involve two major processes: vitreous liquefaction and weakening of vitreo-retinal adhesion. An imbalance in these two processes results in anomalous posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), which comprises, among other conditions, vitreo-macular adhesion (VMA) and traction (VMT). VMA is more common in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) than age-matched control patients, with the site of posterior vitreous adherence to the inner retina correlating with location of neovascular complexes. The pernicious effects of an attached posterior vitreous on age-related macular degeneration (AMD) progression involve mechanical forces, enhanced fluid influx and inflammation in and between the retinal layers, hypoxia leading to an accumulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other stimulatory cytokines, and probably an infiltration of hyalocytes. It has been shown that vitrectomy not only mitigates progression to end-stage AMD, but existing choroidal neovascularization regresses after surgery. Thus, surgical PVD induction during vitrectomy or by pharmacologic vitreolysis may be considered in non-responders to anti-VEGF treatment with concomitant VMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaniya Boneva
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland.
| | | | - Maximilian Schultheiss
- Augenklinik Herzog Carl Theodor, München, Deutschland
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Susanne Binder
- Lehrstuhl für Ophthalmologie, Sigmund Freud Universität, Wien, Österreich
| | - J Sebag
- VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Schultheiss M, Haritoglou C, Boneva S, Binder S, Sebag J. [Vitreous body in the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration : The medium is the message]. Ophthalmologie 2023; 120:999-1003. [PMID: 37819604 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-023-01940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the standard treatment for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The constitution of the vitreomacular interface varies greatly in cases of attached (with or without traction) or detached vitreous body, which can impact the effectiveness of the anti-VEGF treatment. OBJECTIVE Based on the current literature this article displays the current state of the science on whether the constitution of the vitreous body has an effect on the anti-VEGF treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS The published data extracted from current trials and post hoc analyses concerning this topic are presented and put into the clinical context. RESULTS The presence of a vitreomacular adhesion reduces the efficacy of anti-VEGF treatment of exudative AMD. Posterior vitreous body detachment represents a positive prognostic factor concerning the efficacy of anti-VEGF treatment but not necessarily the prognosis for visual acuity. CONCLUSION Patients with attached vitreous body need a more intensive treatment monitoring compared to patients with detached vitreous body. Therefore, in eyes with initial posterior vitreous body detachment receiving a treat and extend regimen, the interval between anti-VEGF injections can be extended to 4 instead of 2 weeks without endangering the success of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schultheiss
- Augenklinik Herzog Carl Theodor, Nymphenburger Str. 43, 80335, München, Deutschland.
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland.
| | - Christos Haritoglou
- Augenklinik Herzog Carl Theodor, Nymphenburger Str. 43, 80335, München, Deutschland
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Jerry Sebag
- Doheny Eye Institute, UCLA, Pasadena, USA
- Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
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5
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Laich Y, Wolf J, Hajdu RI, Schlecht A, Bucher F, Pauleikhoff L, Busch M, Martin G, Faatz H, Killmer S, Bengsch B, Stahl A, Lommatzsch A, Schlunck G, Agostini H, Boneva S, Lange C. Single-Cell Protein and Transcriptional Characterization of Epiretinal Membranes From Patients With Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:17. [PMID: 35579905 PMCID: PMC9123517 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains an unresolved clinical challenge and can lead to frequent revision surgery and blindness vision loss. The aim of this study was to characterize the microenvironment of epiretinal PVR tissue, in order to shed more light on the complex pathophysiology and to unravel new treatment options. Methods A total of 44 tissue samples were analyzed in this study, including 19 epiretinal PVRs, 13 epiretinal membranes (ERMs) from patients with macular pucker, as well as 12 internal limiting membranes (ILMs). The cellular and molecular microenvironment was assessed by cell type deconvolution analysis (xCell), RNA sequencing data and single-cell imaging mass cytometry. Candidate drugs for PVR treatment were identified in silico via a transcriptome-based drug-repurposing approach. Results RNA sequencing of tissue samples demonstrated distinct transcriptional profiles of PVR, ERM, and ILM samples. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 3194 upregulated genes in PVR compared with ILM, including FN1 and SPARC, which contribute to biological processes, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. The xCell and IMC analyses showed that PVR membranes were composed of macrophages, retinal pigment epithelium, and α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts, the latter predominantly characterized by the co-expression of immune cell signature markers. Finally, 13 drugs were identified as potential therapeutics for PVR, including aminocaproic acid and various topoisomerase-2A inhibitors. Conclusions Epiretinal PVR membranes exhibit a unique and complex transcriptional and cellular profile dominated by immune cells and myofibroblasts, as well as a variety of ECM components. Our findings provide new insights into the pathophysiology of PVR and suggest potential targeted therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Laich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rozina Ida Hajdu
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Bucher
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurenz Pauleikhoff
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Busch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gottfried Martin
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Faatz
- Achim Wessing Institute for Imaging in Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Saskia Killmer
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Albrecht Lommatzsch
- Achim Wessing Institute for Imaging in Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
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6
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Wolf J, Boneva S, Rosmus DD, Agostini H, Schlunck G, Wieghofer P, Schlecht A, Lange C. In-Depth Molecular Profiling Specifies Human Retinal Microglia Identity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863158. [PMID: 35371110 PMCID: PMC8971200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages of the retina and brain, being critically involved in organ development, tissue homeostasis, and response to cellular damage. Until now, little is known about the molecular signature of human retinal microglia and how it differs from the one of brain microglia and peripheral monocytes. In addition, it is not yet clear to what extent murine retinal microglia resemble those of humans, which represents an important prerequisite for translational research. The present study applies fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate human retinal microglia from enucleated eyes and compares their transcriptional profile with the one of whole retinal tissue, human brain microglia as well as classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes. Finally, human retinal microglia are compared to murine retinal microglia, isolated from Cx3cr1GFP/+ mice. Whereas human retinal microglia exhibited a high grade of similarity in comparison to their counterparts in the brain, several enriched genes were identified in retinal microglia when compared to whole retinal tissue, as well as classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes. In relation to whole retina sequencing, several risk genes associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) were preferentially expressed in retinal microglia, indicating their potential pathophysiological involvement. Although a high degree of similarity was observed between human and murine retinal microglia, several species-specific genes were identified, which should be kept in mind when employing mouse models to investigate retinal microglia biology. In summary, this study provides detailed insights into the molecular profile of human retinal microglia, identifies a plethora of tissue-specific and species-specific genes in comparison to human brain microglia and murine retinal microglia, and thus highlights the significance of retinal microglia in human retinal diseases and for translational research approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Clemens Lange,
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7
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Wolf J, Boneva S, Rosmus DD, Agostini H, Schlunck G, Wieghofer P, Schlecht A, Lange C. Deciphering the Molecular Signature of Human Hyalocytes in Relation to Other Innate Immune Cell Populations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:9. [PMID: 35266958 PMCID: PMC8934546 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hyalocytes are the tissue-resident innate immune cell population of the vitreous body with important functions in health and vitreoretinal disease. The purpose of this study is to gain new insights into the biology and function of human hyalocytes in comparison to other innate immune cells. Methods The present study applies fluorescence-activated cell sorting and RNA sequencing to compare the transcriptional profiles of human hyalocytes, retinal microglia (rMG) and classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes isolated from the same patients. Immunohistochemistry was applied for morphological characterization of human hyalocytes. Results Pairwise analysis indicates distinct differences between hyalocytes and monocytes, whereas a high degree of similarity to rMG is apparent, with comparable expression levels of established microglia markers, such as TREM2, P2RY12, and TMEM119. Among the top expressed genes in hyalocytes, SPP1, CD74, and C3, were significantly upregulated when compared with monocytes. Despite the high level of similarity of hyalocytes and rMG, ten highly expressed genes in hyalocytes compared to microglia were identified, among them FOS, DUSP1, and EGR2. Conclusions This study reveals a high degree of similarity between hyalocytes and retinal microglia. Nevertheless, hyalocytes exhibit some expression differences that may adapt them to the specific needs of the vitreous and provide the basis for deciphering the multiple roles of this fascinating cell population in health and vitreoretinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | | | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.,Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany.,Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
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8
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Wolf J, Boneva S, Schlecht A, Lapp T, Auw-Haedrich C, Lagrèze W, Agostini H, Reinhard T, Schlunck G, Lange C. The Human Eye Transcriptome Atlas: A searchable comparative transcriptome database for healthy and diseased human eye tissue. Genomics 2022; 114:110286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wolf J, Hajdu RI, Boneva S, Schlecht A, Lapp T, Wacker K, Agostini H, Reinhard T, Auw-Hädrich C, Schlunck G, Lange C. Characterization of the Cellular Microenvironment and Novel Specific Biomarkers in Pterygia Using RNA Sequencing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:714458. [PMID: 35174178 PMCID: PMC8841401 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.714458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With a worldwide prevalence of ~12%, pterygium is a common degenerative and environmentally triggered ocular surface disorder characterized by wing-shaped growth of conjunctival tissue onto the cornea that can lead to blindness if left untreated. This study characterizes the transcriptional profile and the cellular microenvironment of conjunctival pterygia and identifies novel pterygia-specific biomarkers. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded pterygia as well as healthy conjunctival specimens were analyzed using MACE RNA sequencing (n = 8 each) and immunohistochemistry (pterygia n = 7, control n = 3). According to the bioinformatic cell type enrichment analysis using xCell, the cellular microenvironment of pterygia was characterized by an enrichment of myofibroblasts, T-lymphocytes and various antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages. Differentially expressed genes that were increased in pterygia compared to control tissue were mainly involved in autophagy (including DCN, TMBIM6), cellular response to stress (including TPT1, DDX5) as well as fibroblast proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (including CTNNB1, TGFBR1, and FN1). Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed a significantly increased FN1 stromal immunoreactivity in pterygia when compared to control tissue. In addition, a variety of factors involved in apoptosis were significantly downregulated in pterygia, including LCN2, CTSD, and NISCH. Furthermore, 450 pterygia-specific biomarkers were identified by including transcriptional data of different ocular surface pathologies serving as controls (training group), which were then validated using transcriptional data of cultured human pterygium cells. Among the most pterygia-specific factors were transcripts such as AHNAK, RTN4, TPT1, FSTL1, and SPARC. Immunohistochemical validation of SPARC revealed a significantly increased stromal immunoreactivity in pterygia when compared to controls, most notably in vessels and intravascular vessel wall-adherent mononuclear cells. Taken together, the present study provides new insights into the cellular microenvironment and the transcriptional profile of pterygia, identifies new and specific biomarkers and in addition to fibrosis-related genes, uncovers autophagy, stress response and apoptosis modulation as pterygium-associated processes. These findings expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of pterygia, provide new diagnostic tools, and may enable new targeted therapeutic options for this common and sight-threatening ocular surface disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Rozina Ida Hajdu
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thabo Lapp
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Katrin Wacker
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Claudia Auw-Hädrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Clemens Lange
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10
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Wolf J, Schlecht A, Rosmus DD, Boneva S, Agostini H, Schlunck G, Wieghofer P, Lange C. Comparative transcriptome analysis of human and murine choroidal neovascularization identifies fibroblast growth factor inducible-14 as phylogenetically conserved mediator of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166340. [PMID: 35032596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual outcome of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration has significantly improved during the last years following the introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. However, about one third of patients show persistent exudation and decreasing visual acuity despite recurrent anti-VEGF treatment, which implies a role of other, still unknown proangiogenic mediators. METHODS The present study applied transcriptional profiling of human and mouse (C57BL/6J wildtype) choroidal neovascularization (CNV) membranes each with reference to healthy control tissue to identify yet unrecognized mediators of CNV formation. Key factors were further investigated by immunohistochemistry as well as by intravitreal inhibition experiments and multiplex protein assays in the laser-induced CNV mouse model. FINDINGS Transcriptional profiles of CNV membranes were characterized by enhanced activation of blood vessel development, cytoskeletal organization, and cytokine production, with angiogenesis and wound healing processes predominating in humans and activation of immune processes in mice. Besides several species-specific factors, 95 phylogenetically conserved CNV-associated genes were detected, among which fibroblast growth factor inducible-14 (FN14), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, was identified as a key player of CNV formation. Blocking the pathway by intravitreal injection of a FN14 decoy receptor modulated the cytokine profile - most notably IL-6 - and led to a significant reduction of CNV size in vivo. INTERPRETATION This study characterizes the transcriptome of human and mouse CNV membranes in an unprejudiced manner and identifies FN14 as a phylogenetically conserved mediator of CNV formation and a promising new therapeutic target for neovascular AMD. FUNDING This study was funded by the Helmut Ecker Foundation and the Volker Homann Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Anatomy, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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11
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Schlecht A, Boneva S, Salie H, Killmer S, Wolf J, Hajdu RI, Auw-Haedrich C, Agostini H, Reinhard T, Schlunck G, Bengsch B, Lange CA. Imaging mass cytometry for high-dimensional tissue profiling in the eye. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:338. [PMID: 34544377 PMCID: PMC8454101 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) combines the principles of flow cytometry and mass spectrometry (MS) with laser scanning spatial resolution and offers unique advantages for the analysis of tissue samples in unprecedented detail. In contrast to conventional immunohistochemistry, which is limited in its application by the number of possible fluorochrome combinations, IMC uses isoptope-coupled antibodies that allow multiplex analysis of up to 40 markers in the same tissue section simultaneously. Methods In this report we use IMC to analyze formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded conjunctival tissue. We performed a 18-biomarkers IMC analysis of conjunctival tissue to determine and summarize the possibilities, relevance and limitations of IMC for deciphering the biology and pathology of ocular diseases. Results Without modifying the manufacturer’s protocol, we observed positive and plausible staining for 12 of 18 biomarkers. Subsequent bioinformatical single-cell analysis and phenograph clustering identified 24 different cellular clusters with distinct expression profiles with respect to the markers used. Conclusions IMC enables highly multiplexed imaging of ocular samples at subcellular resolution. IMC is an innovative and feasible method, providing new insights into ocular disease pathogenesis that will be valuable for basic research, drug discovery and clinical diagnostics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-021-02099-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schlecht
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Salie
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Killmer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rozina Ida Hajdu
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Claudia Auw-Haedrich
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Ak Lange
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Zhang P, Schlecht A, Wolf J, Boneva S, Laich Y, Koch J, Ludwig F, Boeck M, Thien A, Härdtner C, Kierdorf K, Agostini H, Schlunck G, Prinz M, Hilgendorf I, Wieghofer P, Lange C. The role of interferon regulatory factor 8 for retinal tissue homeostasis and development of choroidal neovascularisation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:215. [PMID: 34544421 PMCID: PMC8454118 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia cells represent the resident innate immune cells of the retina and are important for retinal development and tissue homeostasis. However, dysfunctional microglia can have a negative impact on the structural and functional integrity of the retina under native and pathological conditions. METHODS In this study, we examined interferon-regulatory factor 8 (Irf8)-deficient mice to determine the transcriptional profile, morphology, and temporospatial distribution of microglia lacking Irf8 and to explore the effects on retinal development, tissue homeostasis, and formation of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). RESULTS Our study shows that Irf8-deficient MG exhibit a considerable loss of microglial signature genes accompanied by a severely altered MG morphology. An in-depth characterisation by fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography and electroretinography revealed no major retinal abnormalities during steady state. However, in the laser-induced CNV model, Irf8-deficient microglia showed an increased activity of biological processes critical for inflammation and cell adhesion and a reduced MG cell density near the lesions, which was associated with significantly increased CNV lesion size. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that loss of Irf8 in microglia has negligible effects on retinal homeostasis in the steady state. However, under pathological conditions, Irf8 is crucial for the transformation of resident microglia into a reactive phenotype and thus for the suppression of retinal inflammation and CNV formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Yannik Laich
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jana Koch
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Franziska Ludwig
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Myriam Boeck
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Adrian Thien
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Carmen Härdtner
- Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. .,Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Clemens Lange
- Medical Faculty, Eye Center, University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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13
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Wieghofer P, Hagemeyer N, Sankowski R, Schlecht A, Staszewski O, Amann L, Gruber M, Koch J, Hausmann A, Zhang P, Boneva S, Masuda T, Hilgendorf I, Goldmann T, Böttcher C, Priller J, Rossi FM, Lange C, Prinz M. Mapping the origin and fate of myeloid cells in distinct compartments of the eye by single-cell profiling. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105123. [PMID: 33555074 PMCID: PMC7957431 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to the brain, the eye is considered an immune‐privileged organ where tissue‐resident macrophages provide the major immune cell constituents. However, little is known about spatially restricted macrophage subsets within different eye compartments with regard to their origin, function, and fate during health and disease. Here, we combined single‐cell analysis, fate mapping, parabiosis, and computational modeling to comprehensively examine myeloid subsets in distinct parts of the eye during homeostasis. This approach allowed us to identify myeloid subsets displaying diverse transcriptional states. During choroidal neovascularization, a typical hallmark of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), we recognized disease‐specific macrophage subpopulations with distinct molecular signatures. Our results highlight the heterogeneity of myeloid subsets and their dynamics in the eye that provide new insights into the innate immune system in this organ which may offer new therapeutic targets for ophthalmological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Hagemeyer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ori Staszewski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Amann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gruber
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Koch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Medical Faculty, University Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Goldmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,DZNE and BIH, Berlin, Germany.,University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fabio Mv Rossi
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia & Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Schlecht A, Zhang P, Wolf J, Thien A, Rosmus DD, Boneva S, Schlunck G, Lange C, Wieghofer P. Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 Expression in Retinal Mononuclear Phagocytes Links Murine to Human Choroidal Neovascularization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618598. [PMID: 33585455 PMCID: PMC7876283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents the most common cause of blindness in the elderly in the Western world. An impairment of the outer blood-retina barrier and a localized inflammatory microenvironment cause sprouting of choroidal neovascular membranes (CNV) in neovascular AMD that are in intimate contact with surrounding myeloid cells, such as retinal microglia, and ultimately lead to visual impairment. The discovery of novel target molecules to interfere with angiogenesis and inflammation is vital for future treatment approaches in AMD patients. To explore the transcriptional profile and the function of retinal microglia at sites of CNV, we performed a comprehensive RNA-seq analysis of retinal microglia in the mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (mCNV). Here, we identified the angiogenic factor Osteopontin (Opn), also known as "secreted phosphoprotein 1" (Spp1), as one of the most highly expressed genes in retinal microglia in the course of CNV formation. We confirmed the presence of SPP1 at the lesion site in recruited retinal microglia in Cx3cr1 CreER:Rosa26-tdTomato reporter mice by confocal microscopy and in whole retinal tissue lysates by ELISA highlighting a massive local production of SPP1. Inhibition of SPP1 by intravitreal injection of an anti-SPP1 antibody significantly increased the lesion size compared to IgG-treated control eyes. In line with our results in rodents, we found an increased SPP1 mRNA expression in surgically extracted human choroidal neovascular (hCNV) membranes by the quantitative RNA-seq approach of massive analysis of cDNA ends (MACE). Numerous IBA1+SPP1+ myeloid cells were detected in human CNV membranes. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of SPP1 in the formation of CNV and potentially offer new opportunities for therapeutic intervention by modulating the SPP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Thien
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Lange C, Wolf J, Auw-Haedrich C, Schlecht A, Boneva S, Lapp T, Agostini H, Martin G, Reinhard T, Schlunck G. What is the significance of the conjunctiva as a potential transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 infections? Ophthalmologe 2021; 118:85-88. [PMID: 33141332 PMCID: PMC7607541 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have described conjunctivitis in approximately 1% of COVID-19 patients and speculated that SARS-CoV‑2 can be transmitted via the conjunctiva. In this article we recapitulate the molecular mechanisms of host cell entry of SARS-CoV‑2 and discuss the current evidence for a potential conjunctival transmission of SARS-CoV‑2. The current body of evidence indicates that SARS-CoV‑2 requires the membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the membrane-bound serine protease TMPRSS2 to enter cells. Recent studies suggest that COVID-19 patients rarely exhibit viral RNA in tear film and conjunctival smears and that, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are only expressed in small amounts in the conjunctiva, making conjunctival infection with SARS-CoV‑2 via these mediators unlikely. Nevertheless, we consider the current evidence to be still too limited to provide a conclusive statement and recommend appropriate protective measures for healthcare personnel who are in close contact with suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lange
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Julian Wolf
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Auw-Haedrich
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thabo Lapp
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gottfried Martin
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
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16
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Wolf J, Zhuang X, Hildebrand A, Boneva S, Schwämmle M, Kammrath Betancor P, Fan J, Böhringer D, Maier P, Lange C, Reinhard T, Schlunck G, Lapp T. Corneal tissue induces transcription of metallothioneins in monocyte-derived human macrophages. Mol Immunol 2020; 128:188-194. [PMID: 33137607 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune reactions following corneal transplantation are the most common cause of transplant failure. However, the underlying mechanisms of corneal graft rejection are not yet fully understood but increasing evidence points to a crucial role of the innate immune system in this context. Using a human in vitro model, we aimed to assess the response of human macrophages to stimulation with human corneal tissue and whether corneal endothelial cells (CEC) have immune-modulating properties. METHODS Human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). A standardized protocol was used for disaggregation of human corneas into fragments of defined sizes. MDMs were stimulated using processed corneal material with or without CEC. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon-gamma (IFNγ) served as controls. RNA sequencing was applied to analyze the impact of differential stimulation of MDMs on their transcriptional profile. RNA sequencing results were validated using digital PCR. RESULTS The transcriptional profile of MDMs was significantly modulated by the type of stimulus used for MDM activation as well as by the individual MDM donor. LPS- or IFNγ-stimulation resulted in distinct transcriptional alterations compared to unstimulated MDMs including an upregulation of various cytokines such as CCL3, 4, 5, 19 or CXCL9. Corneal tissue induced the differential expression of 45 genes when compared to unstimulated MDMs, with several metallothioneins (MTs) among the upregulated factors (MT1A, MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1L, MT1M, MT1X, MT2A). This effect was independent of the presence or absence of CEC. PCR validation confirmed induction of 3 different metallothioneins (MT1G, MT1H and MT2A) in MDMs stimulated by corneal tissue. CONCLUSIONS The MDM in vitro model proved to be a robust tool to study the effects of LPS, IFNγ and corneal tissue homogenates on the transcriptional activity of MDM. Human macrophages showed a distinct upregulation of various MTs when challenged with human corneal allogen with or without corneal endothelium, which might have an immune-modulatory effect. As a general observation, it appears that in MDM-based studies a significant donor-dependent effect on the transcriptional profile of MDMs needs to be considered and adjusted before downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Xinyu Zhuang
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Hildebrand
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwämmle
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Jiaqi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Böhringer
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philip Maier
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thabo Lapp
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Wolf J, Auw-Haedrich C, Schlecht A, Boneva S, Mittelviefhaus H, Lapp T, Agostini H, Reinhard T, Schlunck G, Lange CAK. Transcriptional characterization of conjunctival melanoma identifies the cellular tumor microenvironment and prognostic gene signatures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17022. [PMID: 33046735 PMCID: PMC7550331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study characterizes the transcriptome and the cellular tumor microenvironment (TME) of conjunctival melanoma (CM) and identifies prognostically relevant biomarkers. 12 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded CM were analyzed by MACE RNA sequencing, including six cases each with good or poor clinical outcome, the latter being defined by local recurrence and/or systemic metastases. Eight healthy conjunctival specimens served as controls. The TME of CM, as determined by bioinformatic cell type enrichment analysis, was characterized by the enrichment of melanocytes, pericytes and especially various immune cell types, such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells, natural killer T cells, B cells and mast cells. Differentially expressed genes between CM and control were mainly involved in inhibition of apoptosis, proteolysis and response to growth factors. POU3F3, BIRC5 and 7 were among the top expressed genes associated with inhibition of apoptosis. 20 genes, among them CENPK, INHA, USP33, CASP3, SNORA73B, AAR2, SNRNP48 and GPN1, were identified as prognostically relevant factors reaching high classification accuracy (area under the curve: 1.0). The present study provides new insights into the TME and the transcriptional profile of CM and additionally identifies new prognostic biomarkers. These results add new diagnostic tools and may lead to new options of targeted therapy for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Auw-Haedrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Mittelviefhaus
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thabo Lapp
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens A K Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Boneva S, Schlecht A, Böhringer D, Mittelviefhaus H, Reinhard T, Agostini H, Auw-Haedrich C, Schlunck G, Wolf J, Lange C. 3' MACE RNA-sequencing allows for transcriptome profiling in human tissue samples after long-term storage. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1345-1355. [PMID: 32467590 PMCID: PMC7498368 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to compare the potential of standard RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and 3' massive analysis of c-DNA ends (MACE) RNA-sequencing for the analysis of fresh tissue and describes transcriptome profiling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archival human samples by MACE. To compare MACE to standard RNA-Seq on fresh tissue, four healthy conjunctiva from four subjects were collected during vitreoretinal surgery, halved and immediately transferred to RNA lysis buffer without prior fixation and then processed for either standard RNA-Seq or MACE RNA-Seq analysis. To assess the impact of FFPE preparation on MACE, a third part was fixed in formalin and processed for paraffin embedding, and its transcriptional profile was compared with the unfixed specimens analyzed by MACE. To investigate the impact of FFPE storage time on MACE results, 24 FFPE-treated conjunctival samples from 24 patients were analyzed as well. Nineteen thousand six hundred fifty-nine transcribed genes were detected by both MACE and standard RNA-Seq on fresh tissue, while 3251 and 2213 transcripts were identified explicitly by MACE or RNA-Seq, respectively. Standard RNA-Seq tended to yield longer detected transcripts more often than MACE technology despite normalization, indicating that the MACE technology is less susceptible to a length bias. FFPE processing revealed negligible effects on MACE sequencing results. Several quality-control measurements showed that long-term storage in paraffin did not decrease the diversity of MACE libraries. We noted a nonlinear relation between storage time and the number of raw reads with an accelerated decrease within the first 1000 days in paraffin, while the numbers remained relatively stable in older samples. Interestingly, the number of transcribed genes detected was independent on FFPE storage time. RNA of sufficient quality and quantity can be extracted from FFPE samples to obtain comprehensive transcriptome profiling using MACE technology. We thus present MACE as a novel opportunity for utilizing FFPE samples stored in histological archives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Böhringer
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Mittelviefhaus
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Auw-Haedrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Schlunck G, Boneva S, Wolf J, Schlecht A, Reinhard T, Auw-Hädrich C, Lange C. RNA Sequencing of Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissue as a Complementary Method in Ophthalmopathology. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2020; 237:860-866. [PMID: 32659839 DOI: 10.1055/a-1187-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The high-throughput method of "Next Generation Sequencing" (NGS) allows cost-effective decoding of the nucleotide sequences of millions of RNA molecules in a sample. This makes it possible to determine the number of distinct RNA molecules in tissues or cells and to use these data to draw conclusions. The entirety of RNAs, in particular mRNAs (messenger RNAs) as potential precursors of proteins, provides a comprehensive insight into the functional state of the cells and tissues under investigation. In addition to cell cultures or unfixed tissue, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue can also be analysed for this purpose using specific methods. In this overview, the methodological strategy and its application to the field of ophthalmic histopathology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schlunck
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg
| | - Julian Wolf
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg
| | - Claudia Auw-Hädrich
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg
| | - Clemens Lange
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg
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Lange C, Wolf J, Auw-Haedrich C, Schlecht A, Boneva S, Lapp T, Horres R, Agostini H, Martin G, Reinhard T, Schlunck G. Expression of the COVID-19 receptor ACE2 in the human conjunctiva. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2081-2086. [PMID: 32374427 PMCID: PMC7267303 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 is assumed to use angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and other auxiliary proteins for cell entry. Recent studies have described conjunctival congestion in 0.8% of patients with laboratory‐confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), and there has been speculation that SARS‐CoV‐2 can be transmitted through the conjunctiva. However, it is currently unclear whether conjunctival epithelial cells express ACE2 and its cofactors. In this study, a total of 38 conjunctival samples from 38 patients, including 12 healthy conjunctivas, 12 melanomas, seven squamous cell carcinomas, and seven papilloma samples, were analyzed using high‐throughput RNA sequencing to assess messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor ACE2 and its cofactors including TMPRSS2, ANPEP, DPP4, and ENPEP. ACE2 protein expression was assessed in eight healthy conjunctival samples using immunohistochemistry. Our results show that the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor ACE2 is not substantially expressed in conjunctival samples on the mRNA (median: 0.0 transcripts per million [TPM], min: 0.0 TPM, max: 1.7 TPM) and protein levels. Similar results were obtained for the transcription of other auxiliary molecules. In conclusion, this study finds no evidence for a significant expression of ACE2 and its auxiliary mediators for cell entry in conjunctival samples, making conjunctival infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 via these mediators unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Auw-Haedrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,GenXPro, Frankfurt Innovation Center Biotechnology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thabo Lapp
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Horres
- GenXPro, Frankfurt Innovation Center Biotechnology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gottfried Martin
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Boeck M, Thien A, Wolf J, Hagemeyer N, Laich Y, Yusuf D, Backofen R, Zhang P, Boneva S, Stahl A, Hilgendorf I, Agostini H, Prinz M, Wieghofer P, Schlunck G, Schlecht A, Lange C. Temporospatial distribution and transcriptional profile of retinal microglia in the oxygen‐induced retinopathy mouse model. Glia 2020; 68:1859-1873. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Boeck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Adrian Thien
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Nora Hagemeyer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Yannik Laich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Dilmurat Yusuf
- Department of BioinformaticsUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Department of BioinformaticsUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity Medical Center Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Cardiology and AngiologyUniversity Heart Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of AnatomyUniversity of Leipzig Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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Boneva S, Vassilev K. Retention indices of alkenes and the corresponding epoxides on a capillary column coated with cyanopropyl methyl silicone phase. Chromatographia 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02466587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Boneva S, Balbolov E. Capillary gas chromatography of aromatic bicyclic and tricyclic spiro ketones. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02269725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Boneva S, Dimov N. Gas chromatographic separation of C4−C5 expoxides on a glass capillary colum coated with OV-101 methylsilicone. Chromatographia 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02312672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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