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Mahsusi M, Hudaa S, Nuryani N, Fahmi M, Tsurayya G, Iqhrammullah M. Global Rate of Willingness to Volunteer Among Medical and Health Students During Pandemic: Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 10:e56415. [PMID: 38621233 PMCID: PMC11019965 DOI: 10.2196/56415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, shortages of health care workers often occur. Recruiting students as volunteers could be an option, but it is uncertain whether the idea is well-accepted. OBJECTIVE This study aims to estimate the global rate of willingness to volunteer among medical and health students in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies reporting the number of health students willing to volunteer during COVID-19 from 2019 to November 17, 2023. The meta-analysis was performed using a restricted maximum-likelihood model with logit transformation. RESULTS A total of 21 studies involving 26,056 health students were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of the willingness-to-volunteer rate among health students across multiple countries was 66.13%, with an I2 of 98.99% and P value of heterogeneity (P-Het)<.001. Removing a study with the highest influence led to the rate being 64.34%. Our stratified analyses indicated that those with older age, being first-year students, and being female were more willing to volunteer (P<.001). From highest to lowest, the rates were 77.38%, 77.03%, 65.48%, 64.11%, 62.71%, and 55.23% in Africa, Western Europe, East and Southeast Asia, Middle East, and Eastern Europe, respectively. Because of the high heterogeneity, the evidence from this study has moderate strength. CONCLUSIONS The majority of students are willing to volunteer during COVID-19, suggesting that volunteer recruitment is well-accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsusi Mahsusi
- Department of Islamic Education Management, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Syihaabul Hudaa
- Department of Management, Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Ahmad Dahlan Jakarta, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Nuryani Nuryani
- Department of Indonesian Language and Literature Education, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Fahmi
- Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ghina Tsurayya
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Iqhrammullah
- Postgraduate Program of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Alzain AF, Elhussein N, Hamd ZY, Fadulelmulla IA, Omer AM, Alotaibi A, Alsuhaymi A, Aljohany M, Alharbi N, Ahmed AM, Hussien R, Elamin BA, Mohamed Ahmed Medani A, Khandaker MU. The impact of health volunteering of radiology students on improving their self-skills and practical capabilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1243014. [PMID: 38486825 PMCID: PMC10937525 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1243014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Volunteering is a beneficial activity with a wide range of positive outcomes, from the individual to the communal level. In many ways, volunteering has a positive impact on the development of a volunteer's personality and experience. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of health volunteering on improving the self-skills and practical capacities of students in the western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods The study was a descriptive cross-sectional electronic web-based survey that was submitted on a web-based questionnaire; 183 students answered the survey, and then, the data were analyzed using SPSS. Results This study shows that 95.6% of participants agree and strongly agree that the health volunteering experience was useful, 2.7% of the participants neither agree nor disagree, and 1.6% disagree and strongly disagree. Regarding the distribution of the participants on skills learned from volunteering experience, the largest proportion of student (36.1%) volunteers in the health sector acquired communication skills and the smallest proportion of student (14.8%) volunteers in the acquired time management skills. Regarding the disadvantages, 81.4% of the participants do not think there were any disadvantages to their previous health volunteering experience, while only 18.6% of them think there were any disadvantages to their previous health volunteering experience. Additionally, the study found that the type of the sector affects the skills acquired from health volunteering. Conclusion Research revealed that the majority considered volunteering a great experience. Volunteering increased the self-skills and practical capacities of radiology students, which proved the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel F. Alzain
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagwan Elhussein
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhal Y. Hamd
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Awatif M. Omer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahoud Alotaibi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alsuhaymi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Aljohany
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najwa Alharbi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amna Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Hussien
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badria Awad Elamin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Mohamed Ahmed Medani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Group, CCDCU, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Bughrara MS, Swanberg SM, Lucia VC, Schmitz K, Jung D, Wunderlich-Barillas T. Beyond COVID-19: the impact of recent pandemics on medical students and their education: a scoping review. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2023; 28:2139657. [PMID: 36331873 PMCID: PMC9639463 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2022.2139657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past two years, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has greatly altered medical student education as well as daily life. Medical schools across the world were disrupted and had to immediately adapt the educational experience to the online environment in order to continue the delivery of quality medical education. However, COVID-19 was not the only recent pandemic. This posed the question, were similar disruptions and adaptations also seen in recent past pandemics such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) that could have prepared medical educators for COVID-19? This scoping review investigated the educational and personal impact of recent pandemics on medical students. METHODS This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines for scoping reviews. Nine databases including PubMed, ERIC, and EMBASE were systematically searched using keywords and subject headings related to medical students and SARS, H1N1, MERS, Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19. Studies were limited to research studies published between 2000 and 2020 and in English. Based on exclusion and inclusion criteria, all studies were independently screened by two reviewers first by the title/abstract and then via full text. Data were extracted from the included studies and analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis. RESULTS A total of 174 studies fit the criteria. Seven major themes emerged from those studies: educational adaptations and online modifications, knowledge and attitudes of students, mental wellness of students, student involvement and use of telehealth, student vaccination, physical wellness of students, and stigma. CONCLUSION This review provided insights into how medical students were affected by recent pandemics and their perceptions of pivoting to online education, mental health, and knowledge of the diseases. Additionally, this review showcases the various educational adaptations that emerged uniquely during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as telehealth services or video conferencing tools, that can be utilized in a post-pandemic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneb S. Bughrara
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Swanberg
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
- Moustakas Johnson Library, Michigan School of Psychology, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - Victoria C. Lucia
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Keaton Schmitz
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Dawn Jung
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Tracy Wunderlich-Barillas
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
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Asogun D, Mahmud MA, Precious AJO, Osazuwa I. The role of Nigerian medical students in the HIV response: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH : AJAR 2023; 22:210-216. [PMID: 38015896 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2023.2274343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study seeks to understand how medical students' involvement in the HIV response during the COVID-19 pandemic - as well as before and after it - has influenced their decision to specialise in HIV care and their participation in HIV-related activities in the future.Method: Quantitative and qualitative approaches were utilised among medical students from Ambrose Alli University in their fourth, fifth and sixth years of study respectively. Data from this study was analysed using the SPSS version 21 module for descriptive statistics.Results: Medical students were more involved in community-based HIV awareness campaigns (48.6%) during the pre-COVID era, but then became more involved in online awareness campaigns (55%). Only 8.6% were involved in HIV research and evaluation activities. Over 31.2% of respondents were interested in specialising in HIV-related fields, with 23.6% attributing their decision to the COVID-19 pandemic. 92.3% of the respondents were of the opinion that medical students need to become more involved in HIV-related activities. There was statistical significance between the year of study of respondents and awareness of HIV-related activities (p < 0.007). Focused discussions revealed that all students felt that medical students should be more involved in HIV-related activities.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic marginally boosted the number of medical students involved in online awareness campaigns for HIV and AIDs, but there was decreased involvement in community campaigns and participation in community HIV testing. The impact of these findings on the lives of people living with HIV needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Asogun
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Mahmud A Mahmud
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ighodaro Osazuwa
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. Bartholomew Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Susanti RD, Yudianto K, Mulyana AM, Amalia IN. A Systematic Scoping Review of Motivations and Barriers in COVID-19 Volunteering Among Health Students: The Potential for Future Pandemic Volunteers. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:1671-1681. [PMID: 37350985 PMCID: PMC10284154 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s411896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The high number of cases of COVID-19 has caused an increase in workload and a shortage of medical personnel in various countries, so volunteers are needed, such as health students. However, becoming a volunteer during a pandemic is influenced by motivational factors and barriers. Purpose This study aims to identify the motivations and barriers of health students as COVID-19 volunteers. Methods This study uses a systematic scoping review. A literature review was conducted using CINAHL, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. The study was eligible for inclusion if it included articles published from 2020 to 2022, full-text, and primary studies. Studies were excluded if they were not in English. The keywords used in English were "health students OR nursing students OR medical students" AND "motivation OR willingness" AND "Barriers" AND "volunteer OR volunteering OR volunteerism OR voluntary" AND "COVID-19 OR covid-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR COVID-19 pandemic". Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) appraisal tool. Results We found 12 articles showing motivational factors and barriers among health students volunteering to control COVID-19. Motivational factors include domain values, understanding, enhancement, career, incentive, government, social, and demographics. In contrast, barriers include fear, lack of training and knowledge, PPE shortage, unpreparedness and role uncertainty, and lack of interest, support, and protection. Conclusion Our findings highlight that eight motivational factors and seven barriers influence health students' involvement in COVID-19 volunteering. However, to optimize the potential of health students, further preparation is essential to ensure that students can volunteer effectively, such as integrating volunteer training programs into the curriculum in preparation for future pandemic mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raini Diah Susanti
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Kurniawan Yudianto
- Department of Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Aep Maulid Mulyana
- Professional Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Ismah Nur Amalia
- Professional Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia
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Qattan M, Alwashali D, Alshinawi M, Sulimani OA, Alluqmani L, AlQurashi M, Alfahmi N, Althubaiti R, Aboalshamat K. Perceptions of volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic among medical and dental professionals in Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1197-1201. [PMID: 37636197 PMCID: PMC10451581 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2422_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Volunteering can be defined as any action where time is freely donated to help another individual, organization, or cause. During pandemics, volunteers in the healthcare industry are essential. There were different perspectives on volunteering around the world. This study evaluated Saudi Arabia's clinical medical and dentistry students' attitudes and perspectives on volunteering during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study of medical and dental students completing the clinical experience in Saudi Arabia. A web-based survey gathered data, and SPSS, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests were used for analysis. Results The majority of participants had positive attitudes and perceptions of volunteering during COVID-19 on most items. A total of 93.80% said they would volunteer given the opportunity, and 86.25% would respond to governmental calls during health crises. However, 62.26% would volunteer only if compensated, 66.58% needed parental approval before volunteering, and 74.93% had fears about infecting family members. Nearly all items were not significantly different by specialty (medicine/dentistry), gender, nationality, region, or education level. Conclusions Medical and dentistry professionals had good attitudes about volunteering during health disasters, especially when provided proper protection and training. The majority of participants were likely to respond to governmental calls if needed. Future studies should investigate compensation methods and types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneera Qattan
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duaa Alwashali
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Alshinawi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Luran Alluqmani
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Najwa Alfahmi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehaf Althubaiti
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Aboalshamat
- Department of Preventative Dentistry, Dental Public Health Division, College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Rebnord IK, Rortveit G, Huibers L, Dale JN, Smits M, Morken T. Pandemic preparedness and management in European out-of-hours primary care services - a descriptive study. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:54. [PMID: 36658520 PMCID: PMC9849833 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care is the first point of contact for all acute health problems. As such, primary care was at the frontline in the COVID-19 pandemic, playing a significant role in clinical responses and information to the public. This study aimed to describe the variations in patient management strategies used in the out-of-hours services in different European countries during the first phase of the pandemic. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey in August 2020, selecting key informants from European countries using European networks. The questionnaire was developed in collaboration with researchers in the field of out-of-hours primary care. We performed descriptive analyses per region, structuring results into themes. RESULTS Key informants from 38 regions in 20 European countries responded. Seven regions reported that their out-of-hours services had a pandemic preparedness plan, three had trained on the plan, and two had stockpiles of personal protection equipment before the outbreak. Extension of telephone triage lines and establishment of local infection-control teams and clinics were the main patient management strategies. Other strategies for patient contacts were also used in the regions, such as video-consultations (13 regions), electronic consultations (21 regions), patient's car as alternative waiting room (19 regions), outside tents for testing (24 regions), "drive-through" testing (26 regions), and separate departments for infected patients (14 regions). CONCLUSION Few out-of-hours services were well prepared for a pandemic, but all expanded and reorganized rapidly, adopting new strategies for patient management and treatment. The results could be useful for planning of organization preparedness of out-of-hours primary care service for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Keilegavlen Rebnord
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen , Norway ,grid.509009.5National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Guri Rortveit
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen , Norway ,grid.509009.5Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linda Huibers
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Nordvik Dale
- grid.509009.5National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marleen Smits
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tone Morken
- grid.509009.5National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
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Coster S, Parekh R, Moula Z, Kumar S. Responsibility driven learning in primary care: a qualitative evaluation of a medical student COVID-19 volunteering programme. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:740. [PMID: 36289524 PMCID: PMC9607656 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the first wave of the pandemic when clinical placements were suspended, a UK medical student volunteering programme was developed to support local GP practices. This study aimed to explore the impact that volunteering in primary care had on students' learning and professional development to inform the design of future service-learning curricula innovations. METHODS Seventy medical students across all years volunteered across forty-five GP practices in north-west London. Ten volunteer students and six GPs who had hosted students volunteered to participate in remotely conducted, semi-structured interviews with a researcher. Transcriptions were independently coded by two researchers and analysed by thematic analysis using service learning and communities of practice as sensitising concepts. RESULTS Analysis showed a strong alignment between the views of students and GPs in terms of perceived learning. Our analysis of both sets of interviews resulted in five themes describing student outcomes from the volunteering scheme: developing as a doctor, understanding the complexity of medicine, responsibility driven learning, a meaningful role in a community of practice, and seeing behind the scenes in primary care. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Results from this study highlighted how a meaningful service-led role and responsibility in primary care can empower and motivate students to learn beyond the traditional medical curriculum and assessments. Adopting these new 'pro-active' roles within general practices led volunteers, particularly those in the early years of study, to develop a better understanding of primary care and medical complexity. It also enhanced their professional skills, attitudes and behaviours, while having a beneficial impact on patient care during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Coster
- Medical Education, Innovation and Research Centre, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ravi Parekh
- Medical Education, Innovation and Research Centre, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Zoe Moula
- Medical Education, Innovation and Research Centre, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Kumar
- Medical Education, Innovation and Research Centre, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Umar TP, Samudra MG, Nashor KMN, Agustini D, Syakurah RA. Health professional student’s volunteering activities during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic literature review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:797153. [PMID: 35928294 PMCID: PMC9345056 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.797153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has forced health and education services to use additional human resources, such as health professional students. Students in the health professions, particularly those in the medical field, can participate in a variety of voluntary activities, both directly and indirectly in health services. The aim of this review was to determine the affecting factors, types of activity, and benefits of undertaking a volunteering role by the health professional student. Methods A systematic review of health professional student volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted using seven databases: Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Scopus, EBSCOhost, JSTOR, Cochrane Library, and PubMed. This literature search included published articles from March 2020 through to December 2021 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Result We included 41 studies that met the selection criteria that assessed the factors and specific programs related to health profession students’ volunteering involvement during the COVID-19 pandemic era. The most frequently observed supporting factor of the eagerness to be a volunteer was the feeling of moral responsibility (such as social dedication, sense of duty, and care), potential learning opportunities, personal interest, and financial compensation. Factors that contributed to a person’s refusal to participate in a volunteer position were the fear of COVID-19 itself (such as transmission, risk of being infected, and personal identification as a risk group). Conclusion The review of available literature has shown that understanding the motivation and barriers to the willingness of health professional students to volunteer and the impact of volunteering activities on their future lives is a key for supporting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tungki Pratama Umar
- Medical Profession Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Dessy Agustini
- Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Rizma Adlia Syakurah
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia
- *Correspondence: Rizma Adlia Syakurah,
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Pop AI, Mirel S, Florea M, Lotrean LM. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Research and Volunteering Activities among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study among Romanian and International Students from One Medical Faculty from Romania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127477. [PMID: 35742726 PMCID: PMC9223600 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This study focuses on the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students in their last year of study at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. It analyzes the impact of social distance limits on the conduct of research activities required for the development of the graduation thesis, as well as assesses sixth-year students’ attitudes and behaviors toward volunteer activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in June–July 2021 among sixth-year students. It used an anonymous online questionnaire and was sent to all students from the Faculty of Medicine studying in the Romanian, English, or French sections (n = 606). The response rate was 38.28%, resulting in a final sample of 232 students from both Romanian and international sections. Results: The findings demonstrate that two-thirds of the students in the survey agreed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on their research. Some of the students had to choose another subject for their graduation thesis, while about a quarter of the students gave up collecting personal data, 25% of respondents stated that it was difficult to contact research participants, one-third of them linked the difficulty of doing activities at the hospital to the present outbreak, and almost 30% of the students had difficulty communicating with the coordinator. The disturbance of the research activity seems to be higher among international students in comparison with the Romanian students, while there are limited gender differences. One out of five medical students has been involved in volunteer activities during the pandemic. Most have opted to volunteer at hospitals (especially international students) and contribute to health education activities (especially women). Conclusions: This is the first study from Romania and one of the few from Europe that presents data regarding the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on research and volunteering activities among medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Iulia Pop
- Discipline of Hygiene, Department of Community Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: (A.I.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Simona Mirel
- Discipline of Medical Devices, Department 4 Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.I.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Mira Florea
- Discipline of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Lucia Maria Lotrean
- Discipline of Hygiene, Department of Community Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Taher TMJ, Saadi RB, Oraibi RR, Ghazi HF, Abdul-Rasool S, Tuma F. E-Learning Satisfaction and Barriers in Unprepared and Resource-Limited Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cureus 2022; 14:e24969. [PMID: 35698676 PMCID: PMC9188810 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sudden and quick propagation of coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) has disrupted face-to-face lectures and practical sessions at Iraqi universities. E-learning has surfaced in most countries as an alternative way to continue educational programs. This study aimed to determine the degree of satisfaction and perceived barriers among college students with E-learning. Methods Students of two Iraqi universities studying through an online platform participated in this cross-sectional study. An online survey questionnaire was used to assess student perceptions of the level of satisfaction with and barriers to E-learning. Participants' non-identifying demographics were also collected. Results The majority of students (70.9%) were females, and more than half (57.9%) were from the Faculty of Science. About 64.8% of the students were not satisfied with the E-learning experience. Only 35.5% of the students attended synchronous electronic classes while the rest used asynchronous learning activities. Students’ level of satisfaction was poor, as only 6.4% of students strongly believed that tutoring was informative and that technology and educational technology were adequate. On the contrary, 69% of students strongly agreed that E-learning saved them time and money. Barriers that were perceived by the student were slow internet speed, power interruption, and the lack of face-to-face interaction. Conclusions E-learning has significant barriers that require investment in infrastructures and teaching skills development to make students learning satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taqi Mohammed Jwad Taher
- Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Wasit University/College of Medicine, Wasit, IRQ
| | | | | | | | - Sahar Abdul-Rasool
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, ZAF
| | - Faiz Tuma
- Surgery, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, USA.,Surgery, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
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12
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Walters M, Alonge T, Zeller M. Impact of COVID-19 on Medical Education: Perspectives From Students. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:S40-S48. [PMID: 34789656 PMCID: PMC8855758 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of issues facing medical students in such key areas as communication, preclinical and clinical education, increased isolation, disruption to time-based curricula, inequities in virtual learning, racial trauma, medical student activism, increased conversations surrounding race and racism, LGBTQIA+ students, dual-degree students, and the virtual residency cycle. This article described challenges navigated by medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as triumphs resulting from the disruption and actionable recommendations in key areas. While the pandemic presented new challenges for medical students, it also uncovered or exacerbated long-standing problems. The intent is for medical schools and institutions to use these recommendations to create learning environments that do not depend on medical student resilience. The main takeaways for medical schools are to: (1) maintain an individualized and learner-centered ethos while remaining dynamic, flexible, and ready to embrace both immediate and incremental changes; (2) maintain open lines of communication; (3) implement policies and practices that support students' academic, physical, and mental well-being; (4) engage and support students who bear historically disadvantaged identities on the basis of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, or disability; and (5) support creative and collaborative partnerships between medical institutions and students to ensure the ongoing evolution of medical education to meet the needs of learners and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Walters
- M. Walters is a first-year emergency medicine resident, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Taiwo Alonge
- T. Alonge is a first-year psychiatry resident, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew Zeller
- M. Zeller is a first-year surgical resident, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
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‘Who Else If Not We’. Medical Students’ Perception and Experiences with Volunteering during the COVID-19 Crisis in Poznan, Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042314. [PMID: 35206496 PMCID: PMC8871886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the closure of all Polish medical universities. Simultaneously, due to staff shortages and the Polish health-care system being seriously challenged, many students were eager to contribute to the fight against the outbreak. This study explores medial student volunteers’ (MSV) perspectives and their lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Material and Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-one students. Results: A total of seven major themes emerged from the interviews: 1. students’ reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic, 2. students’ experiences of the outbreak, 3. motivations for volunteering, 4. students’ perceptions of the COVID-19 volunteering, 5. organization of students’ volunteering, 6. benefits and costs of volunteering during COVID-19, and 7. social perception of MSVs. Although students volunteering was an example of civic responsibility and created new learning opportunities, many students felt unprepared for the pandemic, lacked social skills and access to psychological support, and were the target of stigmatization and discrimination. Discussion: Because during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic medical universities were closed and classes were held online, students’ volunteering became an important part of service learning and created an opportunity for education. Consequently, while it benefited students, patients and the healthcare system, students’ involvement reinforced such important values of medical ethos as: altruism, public service, and (professional) solidarity. However, some systemic approach should be undertaken that would prepare students better for future crises.
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14
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Domaradzki J. ‘Who Else If Not We’. Medical Students’ Perception and Experiences with Volunteering during the COVID-19 Crisis in Poznan, Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2314. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the closure of all Polish medical universities. Simultaneously, due to staff shortages and the Polish health-care system being seriously challenged, many students were eager to contribute to the fight against the outbreak. This study explores medial student volunteers’ (MSV) perspectives and their lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Material and Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-one students. Results: A total of seven major themes emerged from the interviews: 1. students’ reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic, 2. students’ experiences of the outbreak, 3. motivations for volunteering, 4. students’ perceptions of the COVID-19 volunteering, 5. organization of students’ volunteering, 6. benefits and costs of volunteering during COVID-19, and 7. social perception of MSVs. Although students volunteering was an example of civic responsibility and created new learning opportunities, many students felt unprepared for the pandemic, lacked social skills and access to psychological support, and were the target of stigmatization and discrimination. Discussion: Because during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic medical universities were closed and classes were held online, students’ volunteering became an important part of service learning and created an opportunity for education. Consequently, while it benefited students, patients and the healthcare system, students’ involvement reinforced such important values of medical ethos as: altruism, public service, and (professional) solidarity. However, some systemic approach should be undertaken that would prepare students better for future crises.
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15
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Tran VD, Pham DT, Dao TNP, Pham KAT, Ngo PT, Dewey RS. Willingness of Healthcare Students in Vietnam to Volunteer During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Community Health 2022; 47:108-117. [PMID: 34468931 PMCID: PMC8408812 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-021-01030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare students play an important role in volunteering activity, often addressing staff shortages. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the willingness of students to volunteer in contribution to the pandemic response, especially in Vietnam, has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with the willingness of healthcare students to volunteer during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. For this, an online cross-sectional survey was conducted, between June 7th and July 6th, 2021, among healthcare students from 10 fields of study at the largest public university of medicine and pharmacy in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Of 2032 respondents, 1473 (72.5%) reported that they would be willing to volunteer during the COVID-19 pandemic. More than half of the students reported having a desire to volunteer in non-patient contact activities such as data entry (65.9%) and logistics (57.7%). Whereas less than 50% of the participants were willing to volunteer with activities involving patients. Year of education, study field, educational format, living arrangements, health status self-perception, chronic illness possession, COVID-19 fear level, past volunteering experience in non-healthcare sectors, and COVID-19 prevention and control training course attendance were all associated with a willingness to volunteer. The strongest barriers preventing volunteering included fear for the health of their family and lack of training/knowledge. Conclusively, healthcare students reported a high level of willingness, indicating a positive attitude toward responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Adequate training should be employed to increase the willingness among healthcare students in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van De Tran
- Department of Drug Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 179 Nguyen Van Cu, Can Tho, 900000 Vietnam
| | - Duy Toan Pham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Can Tho, 900000 Vietnam
| | - Tran Nhat Phong Dao
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 179 Nguyen Van Cu, Can Tho, 900000 Vietnam
| | - Kieu Anh Tho Pham
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 179 Nguyen Van Cu, Can Tho, 900000 Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thao Ngo
- Department of Student Assistance, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 179 Nguyen Van Cu, Can Tho, 900000 Vietnam
| | - Rebecca Susan Dewey
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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16
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Adli I, Widyahening IS, Lazarus G, Phowira J, Baihaqi LA, Ariffandi B, Putera AM, Nugraha D, Gamalliel N, Findyartini A. Knowledge, attitude, and practice related to the COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduate medical students in Indonesia: A nationwide cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262827. [PMID: 35061848 PMCID: PMC8782366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential role of medical students in raising awareness during public health emergencies has been acknowledged. To further explore their potentials as public educators and role models for the communities during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, this study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of these students toward COVID-19. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate medical students in Indonesia. Socio-demographics characteristics, social interaction history, information-seeking behavior, as well as knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 were collected through a self-reported questionnaire. A p-value of <0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS Out of 4870 respondents, 64.9% had positive attitude and 51.5% had positive practice toward COVID-19, while only 29.8% had adequate knowledge. Knowledge was slightly positively correlated with attitude and practice (ρ = 0.074 and ρ = 0.054, respectively; both p<0.001), while attitude was weakly correlated with practice (ρ = 0.234, p<0.001). Several factors including age, sex, place of residence, institution type, academic level, family income, history of chronic illness, prior volunteering experience, and perceptual awareness on COVID-19 were significantly associated with either knowledge, attitude, and/or practice toward COVID-19. Furthermore, health institution's and the government's press releases, as well as health expert opinions were deemed as the most reliable sources of COVID-19-related information-yet trivially none of these sources were associated with knowledge, attitude, and practice in the study population. CONCLUSION Many undergraduate medical students in Indonesia had positive attitude and practice against COVID-19, yet only a few had adequate knowledge. This warrants further interventions to keep them updated with COVID-19 evidence to maximize their potentials in raising public awareness on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imam Adli
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indah Suci Widyahening
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gilbert Lazarus
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jason Phowira
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Bagas Ariffandi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - David Nugraha
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nico Gamalliel
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ardi Findyartini
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Medical Education Center, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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17
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Karki P, Budhathoki L, Khadka M, Maharjan S, Dhakal S, Pokharel S, Poudel A, Rokaya P, Raut U, Rayamajhi S. Willingness of Nepalese medical and nursing students to volunteer during COVID-19 pandemic: A single-centered cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 72:103056. [PMID: 34812288 PMCID: PMC8600799 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical students, being more familiar with medical situations, can play a vital role as volunteers during medical crises like mass casualty emergencies and epidemics. This study was conducted to know the willingness of medical and nursing students to volunteer during the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical and nursing students of a medical college in Kathmandu. A proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used. A pretested, self-administered questionnaire was emailed to participants and the data were collected from 8th July to July 29, 2021 via the Google forms, extracted to the Google sheets, and then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. RESULTS Out of 288 randomly selected participants, a total of 261 valid responses were obtained, giving a response rate of 90.6%. The majority (n = 203, 77.8%) of the participants were willing to volunteer. The most preferred area of work during volunteering was clinical care of the COVID-19 patients (n = 74, 36.5%), followed by involvement in health education and awareness-raising activities (n = 63, 31%). Among those not willing to volunteer (n = 58, 22.2%), the most commonly reported reason was the lack of adequate training and skills (n = 23, 40%). CONCLUSION Since the majority of medical and nursing students were willing to volunteer during the times of COVID-19, they can be of great help as a human resource in case of shortage of healthcare professionals. As lack of training and adequate skills was the main reason for those not willing to volunteer, we recommend the provision of adequate training and skills before deploying students as volunteers during health crises like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Karki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shree Birendra Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lee Budhathoki
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, 44600, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manoj Khadka
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, 44600, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Swojay Maharjan
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, 44600, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Subodh Dhakal
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, 44600, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Anita Poudel
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, 44600, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pooja Rokaya
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, 44600, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Udit Raut
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, 44600, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sushma Rayamajhi
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, 44600, Kathmandu, Nepal
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18
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Stachteas P, Vlachopoulos N, Smyrnakis E. Medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Considerations and arguments on their clinical engagement. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION & PROFESSIONALISM 2021; 9:238-242. [PMID: 34692862 PMCID: PMC8521214 DOI: 10.30476/jamp.2021.89092.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the clinical exposure of medical students has been hindered while the impact on medical education is under investigation. The potential negative impact of medical students on transmission rates, along with the shortages of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), their lack of proper training, and their limited ability to work independently, give rise to reasonable concerns regarding their involvement in pandemic management. Nevertheless, the heavy workload could soon provoke severe deficiencies in the frontline medical workforce. Hence, the possibility of covering gaps in human resources by effectively deploying students should not be rejected in advance. Additionally, a pandemic poses a valuable learning opportunity for high-quality medical education. The aim of this commentary is to present a discussion with supporters and opponents of medical student engagement in the pandemic management and their involvement in placements requiring physical contact with patients. We also attempt to elucidate the necessary conditions for the students' possible involvement in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Stachteas
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, General Practice and Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Vlachopoulos
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, General Practice and Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Smyrnakis
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, General Practice and Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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19
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Dagyaran I, Risom SS, Berg SK, Højskov IE, Heiden M, Bernild C, Christensen SW, Missel M. Like soldiers on the front - a qualitative study understanding the frontline healthcare professionals' experience of treating and caring for patients with COVID-19. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:666. [PMID: 34229686 PMCID: PMC8260234 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While people in the societies must stay home to reduce spread of the newly discovered coronavirus, healthcare professionals do the exact opposite. For them the coronavirus is an enemy that should be defeated as a part of one's job. They do, however, also have a daily life with family while doing their work obligations. The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the frontline healthcare professionals' experience of balancing work life and family life during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A sample of 22 frontline healthcare professionals caring for patients with COVID-19 was included and interviewed individually from May to August 2020. Ricoeur's phenomenological hermeneutical philosophy inspired the methodology in this study. RESULT Frontline healthcare professionals treating and caring for patients with COVID-19 are, voluntarily or involuntarily, forced to be ready to change departments as well as being ready to face the unknown coronavirus. The frontline work leads to feelings of being abandoned among their families and friends due to the threat of bringing the infection home and spreading the virus. Although healthcare professionals are facing a working life filled with uncertainty and unpredictability impacting their family life, they express opposing feelings of being a part of something bigger. CONCLUSIONS The work life balance for these healthcare professionals is threatened by changes in professional responsibilities, working hours and shifts. Fear of bringing the infection home challenges them ethically and creates a distance between healthcare professionals and their families, leading to a conflict within the individual if their work on the frontline is worth it - or if it is a too high price to pay. Despite facing a working life filled with uncertainty and unpredictability the healthcare professionals are being a part of something bigger that contributes to a fighting spirit and professional pride outweighing the negative consequences; like being soldiers on the front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Dagyaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Stelling Risom
- Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Selina Kikkenborg Berg
- Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ida Elisabeth Højskov
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malin Heiden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Bernild
- Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Malene Missel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Appelbaum NP, Misra SM, Welch J, Humphries MH, Sivam S, Ismail N. Variations in Medical Students' Educational Preferences, Attitudes and Volunteerism during the COVID-19 Global Pandemic. J Community Health 2021; 46:1204-1212. [PMID: 34106370 PMCID: PMC8188156 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-021-01009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Public health crises require individuals, often volunteers, to help minimize disasters. The COVID-19 pandemic required such activation of individuals, but little is known about medical students' preferences of such engagement. We investigated potential variations in medical students' educational preferences, attitudes, and volunteerism during the COVID-19 pandemic based on socio-demographics to better prepare for future activation scenarios. A web-based, anonymous survey of U.S. medical students at a single institution was conducted in May 2020. Across four training year, 518 (68% response rate) students completed the survey. During the pandemic, 42.3% (n = 215) wanted to discontinue in-person clinical experiences, 32.3% (n = 164) wanted to continue, and 25.4% (n = 129) were neutral. There was no gender effect for engagement in volunteer activities or preference to engage in clinical activities during the pandemic. However, second-year (n = 59, 11.6%) and third-year students (n = 58, 11.4%) wanted to continue in-person clinical experiences at a greater proportion than expected, while a small proportion of fourth-year students (n = 17, 3.3%) wanted to continue, χ2(6) = 43.48, p < .001, φ = 0.29. Majority of respondents (n = 287, 55.5%) volunteered in clinical and non-clinical settings. A lower proportion of fourth-year (n = 12, 2.3%) and first-year students (n = 50, 9.7%) volunteered than expected. Likelihood to volunteer during a pandemic varied by gender, training year, and/or prior experience with disaster event depending on the type of volunteer-site setting. Our findings suggest socio-demographic factors may impact medical student engagement and volunteerism during a public health crisis. Educational leadership should be sensitive to such variations and can facilitate volunteer activities that allow student engagement during future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nital P Appelbaum
- Department of Education, Innovation, Technology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Sunthosh Sivam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadia Ismail
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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21
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Domaradzki J, Walkowiak D. Does Religion Influence the Motivations of Future Healthcare Professionals to Volunteer During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland? An Exploratory Study. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:1507-1520. [PMID: 33797729 PMCID: PMC8017435 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the relation between religion and the motivations of future healthcare professionals to volunteer during the COVID-19 outbreak in Poland. Data were collected from 417 healthcare students via an online questionnaire. The results indicated that although students' religiosity was not a significant predictor of volunteering during the pandemic, it played a key role in determining their motivations to join the fight against COVID-19. There was a significant positive relationship between students' religiosity and their eagerness to commit for the sake of the community rather than for personal or egoistic motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Domaradzki
- Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7, St, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Walkowiak
- Department of Organization and Management in Health Care, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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22
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Nolan H, Owen K. Qualitative exploration of medical student experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic: implications for medical education. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:285. [PMID: 34006277 PMCID: PMC8131173 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the Covid-19 pandemic medical students were offered paid roles as medical student healthcare assistants. Anecdotal reports suggested that students found this experience rich for learning. Previous studies have explored alternative models of student service, however this defined medical student support role is novel. METHODS Individual semi-structured interviews were recorded with 20 medical students at a UK medical school exploring their experiences of placement learning and experiences of working as healthcare assistants. Responses were analysed qualitatively using a framework approach. The framework was developed into a model describing key findings and their relationships. RESULTS Interviews yielded data that broadly covered aspects of (1) Medical students' experiences of clinical placement learning (2) Medical students' experiences of working as medical student healthcare assistants (3) Learning resulting from working as a healthcare assistant (4) Hierarchies and professional barriers in the clinical environment (5) Influences on professional identity. Participants described barriers and facilitators of clinical learning and how assuming a healthcare assistant role impacted on learning and socialisation within the multidisciplinary team. Students became increasingly socialised within the healthcare team, contributing directly to patient care; the resulting social capital opened new opportunities for learning, team working and enhanced students' interprofessional identity. Students described the impact of these experiences on their aspirations for their future practice. CONCLUSIONS Changes to work patterns in healthcare and delivery models of medical education have eroded opportunities for students to contribute to healthcare delivery and be embedded within a team. This is impacting negatively on student learning and socialisation and we suggest that medical curricula have much to learn from nursing and allied health professional training. Longitudinal embedment with a multidisciplinary team, where students have a defined role and work directly with patients may not only add value to clinical service, but also overcome current barriers to effective placement learning and interprofessional identity formation for medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Nolan
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
| | - Katherine Owen
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
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23
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Byrne MHV, Ashcroft J, Alexander L, Wan JCM, Arora A, Brown MEL, Harvey A, Clelland A, Schindler N, Brassett C, Allan R. COVIDReady2 study protocol: cross-sectional survey of medical student volunteering and education during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:211. [PMID: 33853584 PMCID: PMC8045566 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to global disruption of healthcare. Many students volunteered to provide clinical support. Volunteering to work in a clinical capacity was a unique medical education opportunity; however, it is unknown whether this was a positive learning experience or which volunteering roles were of most benefit to students. METHODS The COVIDReady2 study is a national cross-sectional study of all medical students at medical schools in the United Kingdom. The primary outcome is to explore the experiences of medical students who volunteered during the pandemic in comparison to those who did not. We will compare responses to determine the educational benefit and issues they faced. In addition to quantitative analysis, thematic analysis will be used to identify themes in qualitative responses. DISCUSSION There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that service roles have potential to enhance medical education; yet, there is a shortage of studies able to offer practical advice for how these roles may be incorporated in future medical education. We anticipate that this study will help to identify volunteer structures that have been beneficial for students, so that similar infrastructures can be used in the future, and help inform medical education in a non-pandemic setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not Applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H V Byrne
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Old Rd, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - James Ashcroft
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Anmol Arora
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Megan E L Brown
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Anna Harvey
- King's College London GKT School of Medical Education, London, UK
| | - Andrew Clelland
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Schindler
- Paediatric Department, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Cecilia Brassett
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel Allan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Radcliffe Primary Care Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
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Domaradzki J, Walkowiak D. Does Religion Influence the Motivations of Future Healthcare Professionals to Volunteer During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland? An Exploratory Study. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis study was designed to determine the relation between religion and the motivations of future healthcare professionals to volunteer during the COVID-19 outbreak in Poland. Data were collected from 417 healthcare students via an online questionnaire. The results indicated that although students’ religiosity was not a significant predictor of volunteering during the pandemic, it played a key role in determining their motivations to join the fight against COVID-19. There was a significant positive relationship between students’ religiosity and their eagerness to commit for the sake of the community rather than for personal or egoistic motives.
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How the COVID-19 Pandemic Impacted Medical Education during the Last Year of Medical School: A Class Survey. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040294. [PMID: 33808274 PMCID: PMC8065402 DOI: 10.3390/life11040294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the medical education platform for students in the United States of America (USA). In that light, medical schools had to rapidly rearrange the dynamics of their educational curricula from the traditional platforms, to incorporate telemedicine. The telemedicine platform is supported in many specialties, allowing students various options to continue their education without interruption during the COVID-19 pandemic, and beyond. Telemedicine platforms are projected to grow exponentially due to the COVID-19 pandemic, allowing a segue for medical schools to modify their curricula by incorporating telemedicine programs. These distant-, e-learning (tele-education) programs align with the recommendations and guidelines for practicing social distancing. In this article, we surveyed fourth-year medical students to better understand their views on multiple aspects of e-learning, and its impact on their medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed the medical students’ experiences, satisfaction, insight and knowledge with e-learning, tele-education, telehealth, and their related modalities during COVID-19. We provide an organized overview and analysis of the main factors that influence medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic, while bringing forth the main challenges, limitations, and emerging approaches in the field of telemedicine and its application as it relates to medical education and e-learning across medical specialties. We outline the main themes and ideas that the medical students voiced, as to how their medical education is being impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and how they will incorporate telemedicine and tele-education in their future career. A cross-sectional, mixed-method survey was developed and distributed via Google Surveys to 181 University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, United States of America, 4th year medical students, in December 2020. Results were compiled and analyzed after a 6-day open period for responses to be submitted. The survey instrument consisted of questions that inquire about the students’ perspectives as it relates to their rapid switch from their traditional method of learning to the on-line version of medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 65 students responded to the survey, of which 63 completed the survey. More than half of the students (n = 63, 57%) indicated that both their specialty of interest, and (n = 21, 33%) their sub-internships were impacted by the temporary lockdown, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Students also indicated that the top three specialties that were affected included surgery, internal medicine and obstetrics and gynecology. When the students were asked if they were satisfied with the use of aquifer for their health care e-learning, only 35% of the students were satisfied. The students expressed that the school’s administration team did a good job in developing the new tele-education curriculum for those in clinical training. In addition, responses indicated that students were open to case-based video learning and readings, when combined with the abbreviated clinical exposure during the make-up “clinical immersions periods” allowed for adequate learning. Overall, the survey responses show that more than half, approximately 54% of the medical students utilized telemedicine platforms during their clerkships that were impacted by COVID-19. The 4th-year medical students did not find tele-education and e-learning to be as effective as traditional medical education that combines in-person didactic classroom instructions and in-person face-to-face in hospital clerkships. Students felt that the telemedicine program that was rapidly set up due to the COVID-19 ‘lockdown’ was fragmented, since it was not a formal integration of a telemedicine E-learning program. Students would have preferred more ‘real’ cases to follow, instead of the ready-made, aquifer type of cases. Telemedicine has significant potential to address many of the challenges facing the medical education environment today. We believe now that people have become comfortable with this method of teaching, that even after the pandemic ends, we will continue to see tele-education used as a platform for medical education.
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Lazarus G, Findyartini A, Putera AM, Gamalliel N, Nugraha D, Adli I, Phowira J, Azzahra L, Ariffandi B, Widyahening IS. Willingness to volunteer and readiness to practice of undergraduate medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey in Indonesia. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:138. [PMID: 33648516 PMCID: PMC7919987 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The question to involve or restrict medical students' involvement in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response remains contentious. As their state of preparation and perceptions in volunteering during this pandemic have yet to be investigated, this study aims to evaluate Indonesian medical students' willingness to volunteer and readiness to practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A web-based survey was conducted among undergraduate medical students throughout Indonesia. Socio-demographic and social interaction information, in addition to willingness to volunteer and readiness to practice, were obtained using a self-reported questionnaire. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS Among 4870 participants, 2374 (48.7%) expressed their willingness to volunteer, while only 906 (18.6%) had adequate readiness to practice. Male students, students with prior volunteering experience in health or non-health sectors, and students from public universities or living in Central Indonesia (vs Java) had higher scores of willingness and readiness to volunteer. Students from Sumatra also had better preparedness (odds ratio [OR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-2.12, p = 0.004), while the opposite occurred for students from Eastern Indonesia (OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.89, p = 0.002)-when compared to students from Java. In addition, compared to students with high family income, students from lower-middle income families were less willing to volunteer (OR 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59-0.98, p = 0.034), though those with low family income had better readiness (OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.10-2.08, p = 0.011). Shortage of medical personnel, sense of duty, and solicitation by stakeholders were the main reasons increasing the students' willingness to volunteer; whereas contrarily fear for own's health, absence of a cure, and fear of harming patients were the primary factors diminishing their willingness to volunteer. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that many Indonesian medical students are willing to volunteer, yet only few of them were ready to practice, indicating that further preparations are required to maximize their potentials and minimize their exposure to hazards. We suggest that their potentials as a firm support system during the pandemic should not be overlooked, and that the integration of relevant courses to the medical curricula are imperative to prepare for future public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Lazarus
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ardi Findyartini
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba 6, Central, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia.
- Medical Education Center, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | | | - Nico Gamalliel
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - David Nugraha
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Imam Adli
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jason Phowira
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lyanna Azzahra
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bagas Ariffandi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indah Suci Widyahening
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Lavender DM, Dekker AP, Tambe AA. Rising to the challenge: medical students as Doctors' Assistants; an evaluation of a new clinical role. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION & PROFESSIONALISM 2021; 9:26-33. [PMID: 33521138 PMCID: PMC7846712 DOI: 10.30476/jamp.2020.87764.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 Pandemic brought clinical placements to a halt for many UK medical students. A University Hospitals Trust offered clinical phase students the opportunity to support the National Health Service (NHS) in newly defined roles as Doctors' Assistants (DAs). This study evaluates the experience of students working in a single NHS Trust. To our knowledge, this is the first report of medical students' perspectives on taking up a novel clinical role in the UK. METHODS An anonymised novel electronic survey was sent to all 40 DAs across a single University Hospitals Trust via email to determine student perceptions of several aspects of the role, including its value to learning and development, impact on well-being, and benefit to the clinical environment. A formal statistical analysis was not required. RESULTS Of the total cohort participating in the programme, 32 DAs responded (80% response rate). The experience was considered valuable to multiple aspects of learning and development, particularly familiarisation with the role of a Foundation doctor. Levels of confidence in training and support were high, and most DAs felt valued as part of the clinical team, and experienced no mental health issues resulting from their role. 53% of the participants felt their work was necessary or valuable to the team, and all reported a positive experience overall. CONCLUSION A new role allowed medical students to effectively provide clinical assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. This provided immediate support to clinical teams as well as learning opportunities for the participants without detriment to their mental well-being, and could be a model for effective retention of medical students in clinical environments in the face of resurgence of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Lavender
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Amol A Tambe
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- University of Nottingham, UK
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