Comparative Analysis of Inhaled Insulin With Other Types in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Pulmonary inhalation for disease treatment: Basic research and clinical translations

Pulmonary drug delivery has the advantages of being rapid, efficient, and well-targeted, with few systemic side effects. In addition, it is non-invasive and has good patient compliance, making it a highly promising drug delivery mode. However, there have been limited studies on drug delivery via pulmonary inhalation compared with oral and intravenous modes. This paper summarizes the basic research and clinical translation of pulmonary inhalation drug delivery for the treatment of diseases and provides insights into the latest advances in pulmonary drug delivery. The paper discusses the processing methods for pulmonary drug delivery, drug carriers (with a focus on various types of nanoparticles), delivery devices, and applications in pulmonary diseases and treatment of systemic diseases (e.g., COVID-19, inhaled vaccines, diagnosis of the diseases, and diabetes mellitus) with an updated summary of recent research advances. Furthermore, this paper describes the applications and recent progress in pulmonary drug delivery for lung diseases and expands the use of pulmonary drugs for other systemic diseases.

CVOT Summit 2022 Report: new cardiovascular, kidney, and glycemic outcomes

The 8th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial (CVOT) Summit on Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Glycemic Outcomes was held virtually on November 10-12, 2022. Following the tradition of previous summits, this reference congress served as a platform for in-depth discussion and exchange on recently completed outcomes trials as well as key trials important to the cardiovascular (CV) field. This year's focus was on the results of the DELIVER, EMPA-KIDNEY and SURMOUNT-1 trials and their implications for the treatment of heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and obesity with glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. A broad audience of primary care physicians, diabetologists, endocrinologists, cardiologists, and nephrologists participated online in discussions on new consensus recommendations and guideline updates on type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CKD management, overcoming clinical inertia, glycemic markers, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), novel insulin preparations, combination therapy, and reclassification of T2D. The impact of cardiovascular outcomes on the design of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) trials, as well as the impact of real-world evidence (RWE) studies on the confirmation of CVOT outcomes and clinical trial design, were also intensively discussed. The 9th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial Summit will be held virtually on November 23-24, 2023 ( http://www.cvot.org ).

Type 1 diabetes - What's new in prevention and therapeutic strategies?

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder, and insulin deficiency is the result of b-cell dysfunction. Treatment of type 1 diabetes requires constant parenteral insulin administration, which can be very burdensome for the patient. Meticulous use of insulin therapy does not protect the patient against complications. Hence, the search for other methods of treatment as well as ways of preventing the onset of diabetes has been ongoing for a long time. The main obstacle in the implementation of the prevention task is the need to identify people at risk of developing diabetes before the start of autoimmunity. It seems that primary prevention is still unrealistic at the moment, because we do not know all the factors leading to the activation of autoimmunity processes. Research on the use of late secondary prevention in people who develop glucose tolerance disorders or in the early period after the onset of type 1 diabetes are at the most advanced stage. Gene therapy is another attempt at an alternative treatment and prevention of type 1 diabetes and still requires further research. Recent years have brought a lot of information about the nature of type 1 diabetes and the mechanisms leading to its development. However, it has not yet been established what factors decide about the initiation of autoimmunity and what determines the dynamics of these processes.