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Blum K, Mclaughlin T, Gold MS, Gondre-Lewis MC, Thanos PK, Elman I, Baron D, Bowirrat A, Barh D, Khalsa J, Hanna C, Jafari N, Zeine F, Braverman ER, Dennen C, Makale MT, Makale M, Sunder K, Murphy KT, Badgaiyan RD. Are We Getting High Cause the Thrill is Gone? JOURNAL OF ADDICTION PSYCHIATRY 2023; 7:5-516. [PMID: 38164471 PMCID: PMC10758019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In the USA alone, opioid use disorder (OUD) affects approximately 27 million people. While the number of prescriptions may be declining due to increased CDC guidance and prescriber education, fatalities due to fentanyl-laced street heroin are still rising. Our laboratory has extended the overall concept of both substance and non-substance addictive behaviors, calling it "Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)." Who are its victims, and how do we get this unwanted disorder? Is RDS caused by genes (Nature), environment (Neuro-epigenetics, Nurture), or both? Recent research identifies resting-state functional connectivity in the brain reward circuitry as a crucial factor. Analogously, it is of importance to acknowledge that the cumulative discharge of dopamine, governed by the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and modulated by an array of additional neurotransmitters, constitutes a cornerstone of an individual's overall well-being. Neuroimaging reveals that high-risk individuals exhibit a blunted response to stimuli, potentially due to DNA polymorphisms or epigenetic alterations. This discovery has given rise to the idea of a diminished 'thrill,' though we must consider whether this 'thrill' may have been absent from birth due to high-risk genetic predispositions for addiction. This article reviews this issue and suggests the general concept of the importance of "induction of dopamine homeostasis." We suggest coupling a validated genetic assessment (e.g., GARS) with pro-dopamine regulation (KB220) as one possible frontline modality in place of prescribing potent addictive opioids for OUD except for short time harm reduction. Could gene editing offer a 'cure' for this undesirable genetic modification at birth, influenced by the environment and carried over generations, leading to impaired dopamine and other neurotransmitter imbalances, as seen in RDS? Through dedicated global scientific exploration, we hope for a future where individuals are liberated from pain and disease, achieving an optimal state of well-being akin to the proverbial 'Garden of Eden'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- The Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University, Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Thomas Mclaughlin
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addiction, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Debamyla Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Jag Khalsa
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Infections Branch, NIDA-NIH, Special Volunteer, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addiction, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Jafari
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Foojan Zeine
- Department of Health Science, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Awareness Integration Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Milan T. Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miles Makale
- Department of Psychology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keerthy Sunder
- The Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kevin T. Murphy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Korchia T, Boyer L, Deneuville M, Etchecopar-Etchart D, Lancon C, Fond G. ADHD prevalence in patients with hypersexuality and paraphilic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1413-1420. [PMID: 35551451 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypersexuality and paraphilic disorders have been associated with increased ADHD in several studies. To determine the prevalence of ADHD in hypersexuality and paraphilic disorders. Three databases (Medline, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were explored. Using random effects models, we calculated the pooled estimate of ADHD prevalence. The leave-1-out method and subgroup analyses were carried out to identify sources of heterogeneity. Seven studies from three countries (N = 730 patients with hypersexuality) were included (including five US studies). The overall estimate of the prevalence of ADHD in patients with hypersexuality or paraphilic disorders was 22.6% (95% interval: 17-29.4) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 63%). No publication bias was observed according to Egger's test. We found no significant difference in ADHD prevalence between the following subgroups: hypersexuality vs. paraphilic disorders, studies exploring the history of childhood ADHD vs. adult ADHD, US studies vs. others. The French study was a source of heterogeneity with a much lower rate than others (4.5%) but did not significantly change the prevalence estimate. Removing this study increases the prevalence to 25%. We found no association between the year of publication and ADHD prevalence. ADHD is much more frequent in populations with hypersexuality or paraphilic disorders compared to the general population. It should be systematically screened. The subgroup analyses were not sufficient to identify all sources of heterogeneity, other sources should be explored in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Korchia
- Department de Psychiatrie Universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Department de Psychiatrie Universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Deneuville
- Department de Psychiatrie Universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Etchecopar-Etchart
- Department de Psychiatrie Universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Lancon
- Department de Psychiatrie Universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Fond
- Department de Psychiatrie Universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Coid J, Gonzalez Rodriguez R, Kallis C, Zhang Y, Bhui K, De Stavola B, Bebbington P, Ullrich S. Ethnic disparities in psychotic experiences explained by area-level syndemic effects. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 217:555-561. [PMID: 31662125 PMCID: PMC7525103 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnic inequalities in health outcomes are often explained by socioeconomic status and concentrated poverty. However, ethnic disparities in psychotic experiences are not completely attenuated by these factors. AIMS We investigated whether disparities are better explained by interactions between individual risk factors and place-based clustering of disadvantage, termed a syndemic. METHOD We performed a cross-sectional survey of 3750 UK men, aged 18-34 years, oversampling Black and minority ethnic (BME) men nationally, together with men residing in London Borough of Hackney. Participants completed questionnaires covering psychiatric symptoms, substance misuse, crime and violence, and risky sexual health behaviours. We included five psychotic experiences and a categorical measure of psychosis based on the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire. RESULTS At national level, more Black men reported psychotic experiences but disparities disappeared following statistical adjustment for social position. However, large disparities for psychotic experiences in Hackney were not attenuated by adjustment for social factors in Black men (adjusted odds ratio, 3.24; 95% CI 2.14-4.91; P < 0.002), but were for South Asian men. A syndemic model of joint effects, adducing a four-component latent variable (psychotic experiences and anxiety, substance dependence, high-risk sexual behaviour and violence and criminality) showed synergy between components and explained persistent disparities in psychotic experiences. A further interaction confirmed area-level effects (Black ethnicity × Hackney residence, 0.834; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Syndemic effects result in higher rates of non-affective psychosis among BME persons in certain inner-urban settings. Further research should investigate how syndemics raise levels of psychotic experiences and related health conditions in Black men in specific places with multiple deprivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Coid
- Professor of Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China; and Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK,Correspondence: Professor Jeremy Coid, Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dianxin South Street, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China.
| | - Rafael Gonzalez Rodriguez
- Post-doctoral Researcher, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Constantinos Kallis
- Senior Lecturer in Medical Statistics, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Post-doctoral Researcher, Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Kamaldeep Bhui
- Professor of Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Bianca De Stavola
- Professor of Medical Statistics, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Paul Bebbington
- Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Simone Ullrich
- Lecturer in Forensic Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Coid J, González RA, Kallis C, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wood J, Quigg Z, Ullrich S. Gang membership and sexual violence: associations with childhood maltreatment and psychiatric morbidity. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 217:583-590. [PMID: 32338230 PMCID: PMC7525108 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gang members engage in many high-risk sexual activities that may be associated with psychiatric morbidity. Victim-focused research finds high prevalence of sexual violence towards women affiliated with gangs. AIMS To investigate associations between childhood maltreatment and psychiatric morbidity on coercive and high-risk sexual behaviour among gang members. METHOD Cross-sectional survey of 4665 men 18-34 years in Great Britain using random location sampling. The survey oversampled men from areas with high levels of violence and gang membership. Participants completed questionnaires covering violent and sexual behaviours, experiences of childhood disadvantage and trauma, and psychiatric diagnoses using standardised instruments. RESULTS Antisocial men and gang members had high levels of sexual violence and multiple risk behaviours for sexually transmitted infections, childhood maltreatment and mental disorders, including addictions. Physical, sexual and emotional trauma were strongly associated with adult sexual behaviour and more prevalent among gang members. Other violent behaviour, psychiatric morbidity and addictions accounted for high-risk and compulsive sexual behaviours among gang members but not antisocial men. Gang members showed precursors before age 15 years of adult preference for coercive rather than consenting sexual behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Gang members show inordinately high levels of childhood trauma and disadvantage, sexual and non-sexual violence, and psychiatric disorders, which are interrelated. The public health problem of sexual victimisation of affiliated women is explained by these findings. Healthcare professionals may have difficulties promoting desistance from adverse health-related behaviours among gang members whose multiple high-risk and violent sexual behaviours are associated with psychiatric morbidity, particularly addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Coid
- Brain Research Center and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China; and Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | | | - Constantinos Kallis
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Brain Research Center and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - YuanYuan Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jane Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, UK
| | - Zara Quigg
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Simone Ullrich
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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de Alarcón R, de la Iglesia JI, Casado NM, Montejo AL. Online Porn Addiction: What We Know and What We Don't-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E91. [PMID: 30650522 PMCID: PMC6352245 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, there has been a wave of articles related to behavioral addictions; some of them have a focus on online pornography addiction. However, despite all efforts, we are still unable to profile when engaging in this behavior becomes pathological. Common problems include: sample bias, the search for diagnostic instrumentals, opposing approximations to the matter, and the fact that this entity may be encompassed inside a greater pathology (i.e., sex addiction) that may present itself with very diverse symptomatology. Behavioral addictions form a largely unexplored field of study, and usually exhibit a problematic consumption model: loss of control, impairment, and risky use. Hypersexual disorder fits this model and may be composed of several sexual behaviors, like problematic use of online pornography (POPU). Online pornography use is on the rise, with a potential for addiction considering the "triple A" influence (accessibility, affordability, anonymity). This problematic use might have adverse effects in sexual development and sexual functioning, especially among the young population. We aim to gather existing knowledge on problematic online pornography use as a pathological entity. Here we try to summarize what we know about this entity and outline some areas worthy of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén de Alarcón
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Javier I de la Iglesia
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Nerea M Casado
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Angel L Montejo
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
- University of Salamanca, EUEF, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Walton MT, Cantor JM, Bhullar N, Lykins AD. Response to Commentaries: Recognizing Hypersexuality as a Psychosexual Behavioral Problem and Advancing the Sexhavior Cycle of Hypersexuality. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2279-2287. [PMID: 29159752 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Walton
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - James M Cantor
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Navjot Bhullar
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Amy D Lykins
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Chatzittofis A, Savard J, Arver S, Öberg KG, Hallberg J, Nordström P, Jokinen J. Interpersonal violence, early life adversity, and suicidal behavior in hypersexual men. J Behav Addict 2017; 6:187-193. [PMID: 28467102 PMCID: PMC5520124 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims There are significant gaps in knowledge regarding the role of childhood adversity, interpersonal violence, and suicidal behavior in hypersexual disorder (HD). The aim of this study was to investigate interpersonal violence in hypersexual men compared with healthy volunteers and the experience of violence in relation to suicidal behavior. Methods This case-control study includes 67 male patients with HD and 40 healthy male volunteers. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF) and the Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale (KIVS) were used for assessing early life adversity and interpersonal violence in childhood and in adult life. Suicidal behavior (attempts and ideation) was assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (version 6.0) and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale - Self-rating. Results Hypersexual men reported more exposure to violence in childhood and more violent behavior as adults compared with healthy volunteers. Suicide attempters (n = 8, 12%) reported higher KIVS total score, more used violence as a child, more exposure to violence as an adult as well as higher score on CTQ-SF subscale measuring sexual abuse (SA) compared with hypersexual men without suicide attempt. Discussion Hypersexuality was associated with interpersonal violence with higher total scores in patients with a history of suicide attempt. The KIVS subscale exposure to interpersonal violence as a child was validated using the CTQ-SF but can be complemented with questions focusing on SA for full assessment of early life adversity. Conclusion Childhood adversity is an important factor in HD and interpersonal violence might be related to suicidal behavior in hypersexual men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Chatzittofis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus,Corresponding author: Andreas Chatzittofis; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Phone: +46 7 00289786; Fax: +46 8 303706; E-mail:
| | - Josephine Savard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Arver
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Görts Öberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Hallberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nordström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jussi Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Blum K, Downs B, Dushaj K, Li M, Braverman ER, Fried L, Waite R, Demotrovics Z, Badgaiyan RD. THE BENEFITS OF CUSTOMIZED DNA DIRECTED NUTRITION TO BALANCE THE BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITRY AND REDUCE ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS. PRECISION MEDICINE 2016; 1:18-33. [PMID: 28066828 PMCID: PMC5210211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA Customization of nutraceutical products is here. In the truest sense, "Gene Guided Precision Nutrition™" and KB220 variants (a complex mixture of amino-acids, trace metals, and herbals) are the pioneers and standard-bearers for a state of the art DNA customization. Findings by both, Kenneth Blum, Ph.D. and Ernest Noble, Ph.D. concerning the role of genes in shaping cravings and pleasure- seeking, opened the doors to comprehension of how genetics control our actions and effect our mental and physical health. Moreover, technology that is related to KB220 variants in order to reduce or eradicate excessive cravings by influencing gene expression is a cornerstone in the pioneering of the practical applications of nutrigenomics. Continuing discoveries have been an important catalyst for the evolution, expansion, and scientific recognition of the significance of nutrigenomics and its remarkable contributions to human health. Neuro-Nutrigenomics is now a very important field of scientific investigation that offers great promise to improving the human condition. In the forefront is the development of the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS™), which unlike 23andMe, has predictive value for the severity of drug and alcohol abuse as well as other non-substance related addictive behaviors. While customization of neuronutrients has not yet been commercialized, there is emerging evidence that in the future, the concept will be developed and could have a significant impact in addiction medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
- Human Integrated Services Unit, University of Vermont Centre for Clinical & Translational Science, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC., North Kingstown, RI, USA
- Division of Neuroscience-based Therapy, Summit Estate Recovery Center, Los Gatos, CA, USA
- The Shores Treatment & Recovery, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Precision Medicine, IGENE, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, LaVitaRDS, Draper, UT, USA
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, HUNGARY
| | - B.W. Downs
- Victory Nutrition International, Lederoch, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Dushaj
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mona Li
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lyle Fried
- The Shores Treatment & Recovery, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Roger Waite
- Division of Nutrigenomics, LaVitaRDS, Draper, UT, USA
| | | | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, University at Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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