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Kim HW, Ko MK, Park SH, Shin S, Kim SM, Park JH, Lee MJ. Bestatin, A Pluripotent Immunomodulatory Small Molecule, Drives Robust and Long-Lasting Immune Responses as an Adjuvant in Viral Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1690. [PMID: 38006022 PMCID: PMC10675184 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An inactivated whole-virus vaccine is currently used to prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Although this vaccine is effective, it offers short-term immunity that requires regular booster immunizations and has several side effects, including local reactions at the vaccination site. To address these limitations, herein, we evaluated the efficacy of bestatin as a novel small molecule adjuvant for inactivated FMD vaccines. Our findings showed that the FMD vaccine formulated with bestatin enhanced early, intermediate-, and particularly long-term immunity in experimental animals (mice) and target animals (pigs). Furthermore, cytokines (interferon (IFN)α, IFNβ, IFNγ, and interleukin (IL)-29), retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I, and T-cell and B-cell core receptors (cluster of differentiation (CD)28, CD19, CD21, and CD81) markedly increased in the group that received the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with bestatin in pigs compared with the control. These results indicate the significant potential of bestatin to improve the efficacy of inactivated FMD vaccines in terms of immunomodulatory function for the simultaneous induction of potent cellular and humoral immune response and a long-lasting memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.W.K.); (M.-K.K.); (S.H.P.); (S.S.); (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.P.)
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Yao Y, Zhang Z, Yang Z. The combination of vaccines and adjuvants to prevent the occurrence of high incidence of infectious diseases in bovine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1243835. [PMID: 37885619 PMCID: PMC10598632 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1243835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As the global population grows, the demand for beef and dairy products is also increasing. The cattle industry is facing tremendous pressures and challenges. The expanding cattle industry has led to an increased risk of disease in cattle. These diseases not only cause economic losses but also pose threats to public health and safety. Hence, ensuring the health of cattle is crucial. Vaccination is one of the most economical and effective methods of preventing bovine infectious diseases. However, there are fewer comprehensive reviews of bovine vaccines available. In addition, the variable nature of bovine infectious diseases will result in weakened or even ineffective immune protection from existing vaccines. This shows that it is crucial to improve overall awareness of bovine vaccines. Adjuvants, which are crucial constituents of vaccines, have a significant role in enhancing vaccine response. This review aims to present the latest advances in bovine vaccines mainly including types of bovine vaccines, current status of development of commonly used vaccines, and vaccine adjuvants. In addition, this review highlights the main challenges and outstanding problems of bovine vaccines and adjuvants in the field of research and applications. This review provides a theoretical and practical basis for the eradication of global bovine infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Ayele G, Getachew B, Bari FD, Bayissa B, Muluneh A, Abayneh T, Gelaye E, Edao BM. Combined Adjuvant Formulations Enhanced an Immune Response of Trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine in Cattle. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2023; 14:47-62. [PMID: 37090231 PMCID: PMC10115203 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s397590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Foot-and-mouth disease is globally one of the most economically important viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals that can be controlled by different strategies, where vaccination plays an important role. Selection of adjuvant added to vaccine preparation is crucial in ensuring the protective effect of the vaccine. Aluminum hydroxide gel mixed with saponin (AS) is widely used adjuvant, with its suboptimal immune response in FMD vaccine. The present study was undertaken to evaluate different ingredients of adjuvants for inactivated trivalent (A, O and SAT 2) FMD vaccine and to demonstrate the effect of booster dose in cattle. Methods Cattle were grouped into five; four experimental and one control, with six animals in each group and immunized with trivalent vaccine with various formulations of adjuvants. Immune response was measured using Solid Phase Competitive Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (SPCE). Results The antibody level in cattle immunised with a vaccine formulation containing a mixture of aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin (AS) were significantly lower than AS boosted group for the three serotypes (p<0.05, t-test), which directs the need for booster dose. Whereas the antibody response in the AS + oil group was higher followed by oil alone. The AS preparation with a booster dose has shown better immune response compared to the group without. Conclusion The findings of this study could suggest that oil based and AS with oil could replace the conventional aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin adjuvants in FMD vaccine preparations. Challenge test was not successful indicating the need for further research on the virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Ayele
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Belayneh Getachew
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Dawo Bari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Vet Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Berecha Bayissa
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Abayneh
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Vet Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Bedaso Mammo Edao, Email
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Ahn YH, Chathuranga WAG, Shim YJ, Haluwana DK, Kim EH, Yoon IJ, Lim YT, Shin SH, Jo H, Hwang SY, Kim HM, Lee MJ, Park JH, Yoo SS, Lee JS. The Potential Adjuvanticity of CAvant ®SOE for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101091. [PMID: 34696199 PMCID: PMC8539697 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a notifiable contagious disease of cloven-hoofed mammals. A high potency vaccine that stimulates the host immune response is the foremost strategy used to prevent disease persistence in endemic regions. FMD vaccines comprise inactivated virus antigens whose immunogenicity is potentiated by immunogenic adjuvants. Oil-based adjuvants have clear advantages over traditional adjuvant vaccines; however, there is potential to develop novel adjuvants to increase the potency of FMD vaccines. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel water-in-oil emulsion, called CAvant®SOE, as a novel vaccine adjuvant for use with inactivated FMD vaccines. In this study, we found that inactivated A22 Iraq virus plus CAvant®SOE (iA22 Iraq-CAvant®SOE) induced effective antigen-specific humoral (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a) and cell-mediated immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-4) in mice. Immunization of pigs with a single dose of iA22 Iraq-CAvant®SOE also elicited effective protection, with no detectable clinical symptoms against challenge with heterologous A/SKR/GP/2018 FMDV. Levels of protection are strongly in line with vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers. Collectively, these results indicate that CAvant®SOE-adjuvanted vaccine is a promising candidate for control of FMD in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Ahn
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - W. A. Gayan Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Korea; (W.A.G.C.); (D.K.H.)
| | - Young-Jung Shim
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - D. K. Haluwana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Korea; (W.A.G.C.); (D.K.H.)
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Yong-Taik Lim
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Sung Ho Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Hyundong Jo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Seong Yun Hwang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Hyun Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Sung-Sik Yoo
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.-S.Y.); (J.-S.L.); Tel.: +82-42-870-9322 (S.-S.Y.); +82-42-821-6753 (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Korea; (W.A.G.C.); (D.K.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-S.Y.); (J.-S.L.); Tel.: +82-42-870-9322 (S.-S.Y.); +82-42-821-6753 (J.-S.L.)
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Adjuvant effect of saponin in an oil-based monovalent (serotype O) foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine on the antibody response in guinea pigs and cattle. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1977-1984. [PMID: 33871696 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the potency of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine, saponin was included in the vaccine formula. In this study, the combined effect of Montanide ISA 50 and saponin was evaluated. Two experiments were performed in guinea pigs and one in cattle to determine the optimal antigen and saponin doses. Only serotype O of foot-and-mouth disease virus (O/PanAsia-2 of ME-SA topotype) was employed in preparation of the monovalent vaccine. All animals were immunized twice with a four-week interval, except for the negative controls. Blood was collected 10 days after the second booster, and the immune response was evaluated using a serum neutralization test. Oil-based FMD vaccines containing saponin induced higher neutralizing antibody levels than formulations lacking saponin. The addition of saponin to formulations with low antigen payload (2.5 µg of inactivated whole virus particles [146S particles] per dose) gave significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels (p < 0.005) than 5 µg of 146S without saponin, suggesting that it can be used to improve FMD vaccine potency in susceptible animals. No adverse effects were observed in vaccinated cattle or guinea pigs.
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de Andrade DF, Jank L, Rego VB, Minozzo R, Sfoggia MVB, Bavaresco Á, Barreto F. A liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) method for identification analysis of saponins from Quillaja saponaria bark extracts in foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: Development, validation and applicability. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4873. [PMID: 32367529 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Saponins from Quillaja saponaria have been commonly used as immunomodulatory adjuvants in foot-and-mouth disease vaccines (FMDVs). However, due to the lack of consensus over the possible exacerbation of local inflammatory responses in cattle and its economic impacts, their use has been discouraged by Brazilian authorities. A qualitative method intended to determine the presence of saponins from Q. saponaria bark extracts in FMDVs was developed and validated. Instrumental analysis was performed using an liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) system. The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization Harmonized Tripartite Guideline Q2 (R1) and Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Analytical Quality Assurance Guidelines. Validation parameters were determined and considered suitable to the established criteria. The validated method has been applied in routine analysis in the National Agricultural Laboratory at Rio Grande do Sul (LANAGRO-RS). All results obtained were in agreement with the vaccine's composition described by the manufacturer. The method is easy and adequate for analysis in routine laboratories. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a method which intends to investigate the presence of saponins from Q. saponaria bark extracts in veterinary vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fontana de Andrade
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Sul - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Louise Jank
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Sul - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitor Breda Rego
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Sul - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Roberto Minozzo
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Sul - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Burgel Sfoggia
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Sul - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Bavaresco
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Sul - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Sul - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Food-Grade Saponin Extract as an Emulsifier and Immunostimulant in Emulsion-Based Subunit Vaccine for Pigs. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8979838. [PMID: 30599004 PMCID: PMC6288570 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8979838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines consisting of highly purified antigens require the presence of adjuvants to create effective and long-lasting protective immunity. Advances on adjuvant research include designing combination adjuvants which incorporate two or more adjuvants to enhance vaccine efficacy. Previously, an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant (OW-14) composed of mineral oil and an inexpensive gum Arabic emulsifier has been reported demonstrating enhanced and robust immune responses when used as an adjuvant in swine subunit vaccines. This study presents a modified version of OW-14 prepared with food-grade Quillaja saponin extract (OWq). In new OWq emulsion, saponin extract served as an emulsifier for stabilization of emulsion droplets and as an immunoactive compound. The use of saponins allowed to reduce the required amount of emulsifier in the original OW-14. However, emulsion stabilized with saponins demonstrated extended physical stability even at elevated temperature (37°C). The two-dose vaccination with a classical swine fever virus (CSFV) glycoprotein E2-based vaccine formulated with OWq produced higher levels of E2-specific IgG and virus neutralizing antibodies in pigs in contrast with animals that received the vaccine adjuvanted with oil only. In addition, new OWq adjuvant was safe to use in the vaccination of pigs.
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Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in animals. One of the most important steps in vaccine development is the selection of a suitable adjuvant. The focus of this review is the adjuvants used in vaccines for animals. We will discuss current commercial adjuvants and experimental formulations with attention to mineral salts, emulsions, bacterial-derived components, saponins, and several other immunoactive compounds. In addition, we will also examine the mechanisms of action for different adjuvants, examples of adjuvant combinations in one vaccine formulation, and challenges in the research and development of veterinary vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Burakova
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Rachel Madera
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Scott McVey
- 3 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - John R Schlup
- 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jishu Shi
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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Incorporation of a bi-functional protein FimH enhances the immunoprotection of chitosan-pVP1 vaccine against coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Antiviral Res 2017; 140:121-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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