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Thanos PK, McCarthy M, Senior D, Watts S, Connor C, Hammond N, Blum K, Hadjiargyrou M, Komatsu D, Steiner H. Combined Chronic Oral Methylphenidate and Fluoxetine Treatment During Adolescence: Effects on Behavior. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2023; 24:1307-1314. [PMID: 36306463 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666221028092342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can be comorbid with depression, often leading to the prescription of both methylphenidate (MP) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, such as fluoxetine (FLX). Moreover, these drugs are often misused as cognitive enhancers. This study examined the effects of chronic oral co-administration of MP and FLX on depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. METHODS Adolescent rats received daily either water (control), MP, FLX, or the combination of MP plus FLX in their drinking water over the course of 4 weeks. RESULTS Data analysis shows a decrease in food consumption and body weight for rats exposed to FLX or the combination of MP and FLX. Sucrose consumption was significantly greater in FLX or MP+FLX groups compared to controls. FLX-treated rats showed no effect in the elevated plus maze (EPM; open arm time) and forced swim test (FST; latency to immobility). However, rats treated with the combination (MP+FLX) showed significant anxiolytic-like and anti-depressive-like behaviors (as measured by EPM and FST), as well as significant increases in overall activity (distance traveled in open field test). Finally, the combined MP+FLX treatment induced a decrease in anxiety and depressive- like behaviors significantly greater than the response from either of these drugs alone. CONCLUSION These behavioral results characterize the long-term effects of these drugs (orally administered) that are widely co-administered and co-misused and provide important insight into the potential neurobiological and neurochemical effects. Future research will determine the potential risks of the long-term use of MP and FLX together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Madison McCarthy
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
| | - Daniela Senior
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
| | - Samantha Watts
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
| | - Carly Connor
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
| | - Nikki Hammond
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - David Komatsu
- Department of Orthopedics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Heinz Steiner
- Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Domingues RR, Fricke HP, Sheftel CM, Bell AM, Sartori LC, Manuel RSJ, Krajco CJ, Wiltbank MC, Hernandez LL. Effect of Low and High Doses of Two Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on Pregnancy Outcomes and Neonatal Mortality. TOXICS 2022; 10:11. [PMID: 35051053 PMCID: PMC8780128 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are the most common antidepressant used by pregnant women; however, they have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and perinatal morbidity in pregnant women and animal models. We investigated the effects of two SSRI, fluoxetine and sertraline, on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in mice. Wild-type mice were treated daily with low and high doses of fluoxetine (2 and 20 mg/kg) and sertraline (10 and 20 mg/kg) from the day of detection of a vaginal plug until the end of lactation (21 days postpartum). Pregnancy rate was decreased only in the high dose of fluoxetine group. Maternal weight gain was reduced in the groups receiving the high dose of each drug. Number of pups born was decreased in the high dose of fluoxetine and low and high doses of sertraline while the number of pups weaned was decreased in all SSRI-treated groups corresponding to increased neonatal mortality in all SSRI-treated groups. In conclusion, there was a dose-dependent effect of SSRI on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in a non-depressed mouse model. However, the distinct placental transfer of each drug suggests that the effects of SSRI on pup mortality may be mediated by SSRI-induced placental insufficiency rather than a direct toxic effect on neonatal development and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R. Domingues
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.R.D.); (H.P.F.); (C.M.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.C.S.); (R.S.J.M.); (C.J.K.); (M.C.W.)
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hannah P. Fricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.R.D.); (H.P.F.); (C.M.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.C.S.); (R.S.J.M.); (C.J.K.); (M.C.W.)
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Celeste M. Sheftel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.R.D.); (H.P.F.); (C.M.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.C.S.); (R.S.J.M.); (C.J.K.); (M.C.W.)
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Autumn M. Bell
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.R.D.); (H.P.F.); (C.M.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.C.S.); (R.S.J.M.); (C.J.K.); (M.C.W.)
| | - Luma C. Sartori
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.R.D.); (H.P.F.); (C.M.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.C.S.); (R.S.J.M.); (C.J.K.); (M.C.W.)
| | - Robbie S. J. Manuel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.R.D.); (H.P.F.); (C.M.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.C.S.); (R.S.J.M.); (C.J.K.); (M.C.W.)
| | - Chandler J. Krajco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.R.D.); (H.P.F.); (C.M.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.C.S.); (R.S.J.M.); (C.J.K.); (M.C.W.)
| | - Milo C. Wiltbank
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.R.D.); (H.P.F.); (C.M.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.C.S.); (R.S.J.M.); (C.J.K.); (M.C.W.)
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Laura L. Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.R.D.); (H.P.F.); (C.M.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.C.S.); (R.S.J.M.); (C.J.K.); (M.C.W.)
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Metabolic and behavioral effects of olanzapine and fluoxetine on the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:917-929. [PMID: 34408550 PMCID: PMC8363109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of many psychotropic drugs (PDs) is associated with increased caloric intake, significant weight gain, and metabolic disorders. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been used to study the effects of PDs on food intake. However, little is known about PDs effects on the body fat of C. elegans. In C. elegans, feeding behavior and fat metabolism are regulated through independent mechanisms. This study aims to evaluate the body fat and food intake of C. elegans in response to treatment olanzapine and fluoxetine. Here we report that, with careful consideration to the dosage used, administration of fluoxetine and olanzapine increases body fat and food intake in C. elegans.
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Effect on Body Weight and Adipose Tissue by Cariprazine: A Head-to-Head Comparison Study to Olanzapine and Aripiprazole in Rats. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cariprazine (Car) is a recently approved second generation antipsychotic (SGA) with unique pharmacodynamic profile, being a partial agonist at both dopamine D2/3 receptor subtypes, with almost 10 times greater affinity towards D3. SGAs are known to increase body weight, alter serum lipids, and stimulate adipogenesis but so far, limited information about the adverse effects is available with this drug. In order to study this new SGA with such a unique mechanism of action, we compared Car to substances that are considered references and are well characterized: olanzapine (Ola) and aripiprazole (Ari). We studied the effects on body weight and also assessed the adipogenesis in rats. The drugs were self-administered in two different doses to female, adult, Wistar rats for six weeks. Weekly body weight change, vacuole size of adipocytes, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1 (SREBP-1) and Uncoupling Protein-1 (UCP-1) expression were measured from the visceral adipose tissue (AT). The adipocyte’s vacuole size, and UCP-1 expression were increased while body weight gain was diminished by Car. by increasing UCP-1 might stimulate the thermogenesis, that could potentially explain the weight gain lowering effect through enhanced lipolysis.
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Elsedawi BF, Hussein Y, Sabry MA, Aziz JA. Effect of fluoxetine on the testes of adult albino rats and the possible protective role of curcumin. Anat Sci Int 2020; 96:187-196. [PMID: 33057962 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-020-00573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (FLX) is extensively used for the treatment of a diversity of psychiatric disorders, mainly depression. However, it can adversely affect male fertility. This study was done to clarify the changes which take place in the testes after the oral administration of FLX and to evaluate the possible preventative role of curcumin. Seventy-six adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Control group: kept without any treatment. Curcumin group: received daily dose of curcumin (150 mg/kg body weight) through oral gavage for 8 weeks. FLX group. They were given daily dose of FLX (10 mg/kg body weight) given through oral gavage for 8 weeks. FLX and curcumin group. They were given FLX together with curcumin with the same previous doses through oral gavage daily for 8 weeks. By the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for the biochemical study of testosterone. All the animals were anaesthetized by ether inhalation, and the testis specimens were dissected out and weighed. The specimens were subjected to histopathological, immunohistochemical, and morphometrical evaluation. FLX decreased serum testosterone, diminished both epithelial height and diameter of seminiferous tubules, increased collagen fiber deposition in testicular tissue and induced positive immune reaction to B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein. In the FLX and curcumin group, the FLX-induced changes were less remarkable. Exposure to FLX led to pronounced testicular alterations. Co-administration of curcumin with FLX ameliorated these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Fathi Elsedawi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
| | - Youssef Hussein
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Sabry
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
| | - Joseph Amin Aziz
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt. .,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan.
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Lyte M, Daniels KM, Schmitz-Esser S. Fluoxetine-induced alteration of murine gut microbial community structure: evidence for a microbial endocrinology-based mechanism of action responsible for fluoxetine-induced side effects. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6199. [PMID: 30643701 PMCID: PMC6330042 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Depression and major depressive disorder affect 25% of the population. First line treatment utilizing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have met with limited success due to well-recognized negative side effects which include weight gain or loss. This inability to control unwanted side effects often result in patients stopping their antidepressant medications. The mechanisms underlying the failure of SSRIs are incompletely understood. Methods Male CF-1 mice (5 weeks of age, N = 10 per group) were per orally administered fluoxetine (20 mg per kg body weight) or diluent daily for 29 days. During this time fecal specimens were collected at three defined time points (0, 15 and 29 days). At the conclusion of the 29-day dosing regimen, animals were subjected to two behavioral assessments. For bacterial identification of the microbiota, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on 60 fecal specimens (three specimens per mouse time course, N = 20 mice) using Illumina MiSeq. Analysis of community sequence data was done using mothur and LEfSe bioinformatic software packages. Results Daily per oral administration of fluoxetine for 29 days to male mice resulted in a significant, time dependent, alteration in microbial communities accompanying changes in body weight. The calculated species richness and diversity indicators of the murine fecal microbial communities were inconsistent and not significantly different between the groups. Among the phylotypes decreased in abundance due to fluoxetine administration were Lactobacillus johnsonii and Bacteroidales S24-7 which belong to phyla associated with regulation of body mass. The observed changes in body weight due to fluoxetine administration mimicked the dramatic shifts in weight gain/loss that has been observed in humans. Further, at the conclusion of the 29-day dosing regimen fluoxetine-dosed animals evidenced a mild anxiogenic-like behavior. Discussion We report that the most widely used antidepressant, fluoxetine, which is an SSRI-type drug, results in the selective depletion of gut microbiota, specifically the Lactobacilli which are involved in the regulation of body weight. Concomitantly, fluoxetine administration increases the abundance of phylotypes related to dysbiosis. Since Lactobacilli have been previously shown to possess a known biogenic amine transporter that regulates the uptake of fluoxetine, it is proposed that a microbial endocrinology-based mechanistic pathway is responsible for the ability of SSRIs to selectively negatively impact beneficial microbiota. The results of this study therefore suggest that the negative clinical side effects due to fluoxetine administration may be due to alterations in gut microbiota. Further, the data also suggests that supplementation of bacterial genera directly affected by fluoxetine administration may prove useful in ameliorating some of the well-known side effects of chronic fluoxetine administration such as weight alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Karrie M Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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Barone I, Melani R, Mainardi M, Scabia G, Scali M, Dattilo A, Ceccarini G, Vitti P, Santini F, Maffei L, Pizzorusso T, Maffei M. Fluoxetine Modulates the Activity of Hypothalamic POMC Neurons via mTOR Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9267-9279. [PMID: 29663284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are important players in the regulation of energy homeostasis; we previously demonstrated that environmental stimulation excites arcuate nucleus circuits to undergo plastic remodeling, leading to altered ratio between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts on these neurons. The widely used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX) is known to affect body weight. On the other hand, FLX administration mimics the effects of environmental stimulation on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and cortex. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is instrumental in these phenomena. Thus, we aimed at investigating whether and how FLX affects POMC neurons activity and hypothalamic mTOR function. Adult mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the POMC promoter were treated with FLX for 3 weeks resulting in diminished body weight. Patch clamp recordings performed on POMC neurons indicate that FLX increases their firing rate and the excitatory AMPA-mediated transmission, and reduces the inhibitory GABAergic currents at presynaptic level. Immunofluorescence studies indicate that FLX increases the ratio between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts on POMC neurons. These changes are associated with an increased activity of the hypothalamic mTOR pathway. Use of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin blunts the effects of FLX on body weight and on functional and structural plasticity of POMC neurons. Our findings indicate that FLX is able to remodel POMC neurons, and that this may be partly mediated by the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Barone
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity Center at the Endocrinology Unit, Via Paradisa 2, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Melani
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Mainardi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaia Scabia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity Center at the Endocrinology Unit, Via Paradisa 2, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Scali
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Dattilo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity Center at the Endocrinology Unit, Via Paradisa 2, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ceccarini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity Center at the Endocrinology Unit, Via Paradisa 2, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity Center at the Endocrinology Unit, Via Paradisa 2, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Santini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity Center at the Endocrinology Unit, Via Paradisa 2, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lamberto Maffei
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
- NEUROFARBA Department, Università di Firenze, Via di San Savi 26, 50235, Florence, Italy.
| | - Margherita Maffei
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity Center at the Endocrinology Unit, Via Paradisa 2, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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