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Gagnon MH, Derenoncourt PR, Rayamahi S, Taylor S, Parikh AK, Ponisio MR, Khanna G. Unusual imaging findings associated with abdominal pediatric germ cell tumors. Pediatr Radiol 2024; 54:1093-1104. [PMID: 38462578 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-024-05894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors of childhood are tumors arising from germline cells in gonadal or extragonadal locations. Extragonadal germ cell tumors are characteristically located in the midline, arising intracranially or in the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, or pelvis. These tumors are generally easily diagnosed due to typical sites of origin, characteristic imaging findings, and laboratory markers. However, germ cell tumors can be associated with unusual clinical syndromes or imaging features that can perplex the radiologist. This review will illustrate atypical imaging/clinical manifestations and complications of abdominal germ cell tumors in childhood. These features include unusual primary tumors such as multifocal primaries; local complications such as ovarian torsion or ruptured dermoid; atypical presentations of metastatic disease associated with burned-out primary tumor, growing teratoma syndrome, and gliomatosis peritonei; endocrine manifestations such as precocious puberty and hyperthyroidism; and antibody mediated paraneoplastic syndrome such as anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antibody-mediated encephalitis. This review aims to illustrate unusual imaging features associated with the primary tumor, metastatic disease, or distant complications of abdominal germ cell tumors of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Helene Gagnon
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Paul-Robert Derenoncourt
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sampanna Rayamahi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Susan Taylor
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ashishkumar K Parikh
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maria R Ponisio
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Geetika Khanna
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Pozza C, Tenuta M, Sesti F, Bertolotto M, Huang DY, Sidhu PS, Maggi M, Isidori AM, Lotti F. Multiparametric Ultrasound for Diagnosing Testicular Lesions: Everything You Need to Know in Daily Clinical Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5332. [PMID: 38001591 PMCID: PMC10670367 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonography (US) represents the gold standard imaging method for the assessment of testicular lesions (TL). The gray-scale (GSUS) and color-Doppler (CDUS) ultrasound examination allow sonographers to investigate the size, margins, echotexture, and vascular features of TLs with the aim to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Recently, the use of contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) and sonoelastography (SE) has led to further improvements in the differential diagnosis of TL. Although GSUS and CDUS are often sufficient to suggest the benign or malignant nature of the TL, CEUS can be decisive in the differential diagnosis of unclear findings, while SE can help to strengthen the diagnosis. The contemporary combination of GSUS, CDUS, CEUS, and SE has led to a new diagnostic paradigm named multiparametric US (mp-US), which is able to provide a more detailed characterization of TLs than single techniques alone. This narrative and pictorial review aimed to describe the mp-US appearance of several TLs. METHODS An extensive Medline search was performed to identify studies in the English language focusing on the mp-US evaluation of TLs. RESULTS A practical mp-US "identity card" and iconographic characterization of several benign and malignant TLs is provided herein. CONCLUSIONS The mp-US characterization of TL reported herein can be useful in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.T.); (F.S.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.T.); (F.S.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Franz Sesti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.T.); (F.S.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Michele Bertolotto
- Department of Radiology, Ospedale Di Cattinara, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Dean Y. Huang
- Department of Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (D.Y.H.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Paul S. Sidhu
- Department of Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (D.Y.H.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Andrea M. Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.T.); (F.S.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Francesco Lotti
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Burned-Out Testicular Tumours: The Diagnostic Keys Based on 48 Cases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164013. [PMID: 36011006 PMCID: PMC9406361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous regression of testicular germ-cell tumours is a rare event whose mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. In the majority of published cases, tumour regression is concomitant with the metastatic development of the disease. Residual lesions, often referred to as burned-out testicular tumours (BOTTs), are difficult to diagnose due to the paucity of published data, especially in the field of imaging. The aim of this article is to describe the radiological signs of BOTTs on multimodal ultrasound and multiparametric MRI from a series of 48 patients whose diagnosis was confirmed histologically. The demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients are studied, as well as the data of the imaging examinations, including conventional scrotal ultrasound, shear-wave elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and multiparametric MRI. A total of 27 out of 48 patients were referred for investigation of primary testicular lesion following the discovery of retroperitoneal metastases, 18/48 patients were referred because of lesions suspected on an ultrasound that was performed for an infertility work-up, and 3/48 were referred because of scrotal clinical signs. Of these last 21 patients (infertility work-up/scrotal clinical sign), 6 were found to be metastatic on the extension work-up. Of the 48 orchiectomy specimens, tumour involution was complete in 41 cases, and a small active contingent remained in 7 cases, with 6 suspected upon advanced US and MRI. Typically, BOTTs appear on a conventional ultrasound as ill-delineated, hypoechoic and hypovascular nodular areas. Clustered microliths (60.4%) and macrocalcifications (35.4%) were frequent. Shear-wave elastography showed areas of focal induration (13.5 ± 8.4 vs. 2.7 ± 1.2 kPa for normal parenchyma, p < 0.01) in 92.5% of the patients for whom it was performed, and contrast ultrasonography demonstrated hypoperfusion of these lesions. Of the 42 MRIs performed, BOTTs corresponded to nodules on T2-weighted sequences (hyposignal) with significantly increased ADC values compared with healthy parenchyma (2 ± 0.3 versus 1.3 ± 0.3 × 10−3 mm2/s, p < 0.01) and an enhancement defect after injection. This enhancement defect overlapped the lesions visible on T2-weighted sequences in most cases. In the case of predominant partial regression, an enhanced portion after contrast injection was visible on MRI in all seven patients of our series, and in six of them a focal diffusion restriction zone was also present. Spontaneously involuted testicular germ-cell tumours have specific radiological signs, and all of the mentioned examinations contribute to this difficult diagnosis, even histologically, because there is no tumour cell left. These signs are similar whether the patient is initially symptomatic metastatic or whether the discovery is fortuitous on the occasion of an infertility work-up, and whatever the seminomatous or non-seminomatous nature of the germ-cell tumour, when this can be determined. The appearance of regressed germ-cell tumours is often trivialized, which can lead to the wrong diagnosis of an extra gonadal germ-cell tumour (in metastatic patients) or of scarring from an acute event such as trauma or infection, which is not recognized or forgotten. In our series, two patients had an unrecognized diagnosis in their history, with local and/or distant recurrence. An improvement in diagnosing burned-out tumours, combining advanced US and MRI, is necessary in order to optimize patient management, with special attention paid to asymptomatic patients, to prompt extension screening and orchiectomy with analysis of the whole testis. This may reveal a persistent viable tumour or lesions of germinal neoplasia in situ, which are precursors of testicular germ-cell tumours.
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Tsili AC, Sofikitis N, Pappa O, Bougia CK, Argyropoulou MI. An Overview of the Role of Multiparametric MRI in the Investigation of Testicular Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163912. [PMID: 36010905 PMCID: PMC9405843 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although conventional ultrasonography remains the primary imaging modality for the assessment of testicular tumors, multiparametric MRI of the scrotum, which combines morphologic and functional data, serves as a powerful adjunct. Based on the recommendations issued by the Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology, scrotal MRI is strongly recommended after equivocal US findings. In cases of testicular masses, the main clinical indications are as follows: lesion characterization when sonographic findings are non-diagnostic, discrimination between germ-cell and non-germ-cell testicular tumors, local staging of testicular tumors in patients who are candidates for testis-sparing surgery, and preoperative histological characterization of testicular germ-cell tumors in selected cases. This article aims to provide an overview of the role of multiparametric MRI in the investigation of testicular tumors. Abstract Conventional ultrasonography represents the mainstay of testis imaging. In cases in which ultrasonography is inconclusive, scrotal MRI using a multiparametric protocol may be used as a useful problem-solving tool. MRI of the scrotum is primarily recommended for differentiating between benign and malignant testicular masses when sonographic findings are ambiguous. This technique is also accurate in the preoperative local staging of testicular tumors and, therefore, is recommended in patients scheduled for testis-sparing surgery. In addition, MRI may provide valuable information regarding the histological characterization of testicular germ-cell tumors, in selected cases. Scrotal MRI may also help in the differentiation between testicular germ-cell neoplasms and non-germ-cell neoplasms. Axial T1-weighted imaging, axial and coronal T2-weighted imaging, axial diffusion-weighted imaging, and coronal subtracted dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging are the minimum requirements for scrotal MRI. A variety of MRI techniques—including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, proton MR spectroscopy, volumetric apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis, and MRI-based radiomics—are being investigated for testicular mass characterization, providing valuable supplementary diagnostic information. In the present review, we aim to discuss clinical indications for scrotal MRI in cases of testicular tumors, along with MRI findings of common testicular malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina C. Tsili
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence: or
| | - Nikolaos Sofikitis
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ourania Pappa
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christina K. Bougia
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria I. Argyropoulou
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
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Dupeux M, Maxwell F, Rocher L, Izard V, Guettier C, Ferlicot S. Testicular Lesions in Infertile Men. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 157:936-941. [PMID: 34935941 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An increasing number of incidental testicular tumors are diagnosed in patients during infertility workup. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of frozen section examination (FSE) for the management of these tumors. METHODS We retrospectively studied a series of 46 testicular tumors diagnosed during exploration for infertility from 2000 to 2019 and submitted for FSE. RESULTS A diagnosis of malignancy was made in 23 cases on both gross examination (yellow-white or cream-colored nodules for seminomas) and FSE, then confirmed on final diagnosis in 22 of the cases. One seminoma reported on FSE was revised as being a Leydig cell tumor. The 23 other lesions were diagnosed as benign on FSE, including 11 Leydig cell tumors (yellow-brown nodules), 2 Leydig cell hyperplasias, and 10 whitish fibrous lesions. All Leydig cell lesions were confirmed except 1, which was reclassified as a Sertoli cell tumor. Of the 10 cases of fibrous lesions, 6 were associated with malignancy. CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of Leydig cell tumors and the accuracy of FSE for these lesions demonstrate the interest in FSE. In contrast, FSE is not reliable for fibrous lesions, and surgeons should be aware that a fibrosis result often corresponds with regressed tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Dupeux
- Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay , Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
- Université Paris-Saclay Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Florian Maxwell
- Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Laurence Rocher
- Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
- Université Paris Saclay, Ecole Doctorale Biosigne, ED 419 , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
- Institut Langevin , Paris , France
| | - Vincent Izard
- Department of Urology, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay , Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay , Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
- Université Paris-Saclay Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Sophie Ferlicot
- Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay , Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
- Université Paris-Saclay Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
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Pickett L, Liddy R, Davis N, Foran P, Singh J, Quinlan M. Regressed testicular germ cell tumour in a post-pubertal male. Urol Case Rep 2022; 42:101997. [PMID: 35070726 PMCID: PMC8761703 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2022.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell regression is a rare, generally metastatic phenomenon which describes the spontaneous, complete, or partial regression of a testicular germ cell tumour. As a result, studies have focused on defining specific histopathological criteria to establish if the resected testis is the primary source of the germ cell tumour. There are few publications which describe its presentation in the absence of distant metastases with elevated tumour markers and suspicious findings on testicular ultrasound. We present the clinical presentation and radiological features of a non-metastatic regressed testicular germ cell tumour following scrotal trauma in a post pubertal male.
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Peradejordi Font MR, Vas D, Trias Puigsureda I, Moreno Rojas JM, Ribal Caparrós MJ, Nicolau Molina C. The role of contrast enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of segmental testicular infarction. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:3815-3820. [PMID: 34691345 PMCID: PMC8515411 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 43-year-old male presented to the emergency department with acute left testicular pain. Physical exam showed a tender left testicle and epididymis with mild swelling. Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasound revealed a heterogeneous, avascular lesion with hyper vascularized surrounding. Follow-up contrast enhanced ultrasound performed a few days later showed persistence of the sparsely vascularized lesion with more hypoechoic echo structure. Despite the tumor markers being negative, a necrotic tumor could not be ruled out and a left orchiectomy was performed. Pathology report described an extensive segmental testicular infarction with no evidence of malignant tissue. We present the ultrasound and pathology findings, differential diagnostic pearls and clinical perspective of segmental testicular infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Vas
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
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Lewicki A, Freeman S, Jędrzejczyk M, Dobruch J, Dong Y, Bertolotto M, Dietrich CF. Incidental Findings and How to Manage Them: Testis- A WFUMB Position Paper. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2787-2802. [PMID: 34303560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Testicular incidentalomas are non-palpable, asymptomatic lesions, most frequently detected on ultrasound examinations. Each incidentaloma should undergo a standardized diagnostic workup to exclude malignancy and recognize other potentially significant non-malignant conditions that may first present with an incidental finding on scrotal ultrasound. This position statement of the World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) summarizes the available evidence on management of testicular incidentalomas and describes efficient management strategies with particular reference to the role of ultrasound techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Lewicki
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Medical Education Centre, Professor Witold Orłowski Independent Public Clinical Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Simon Freeman
- Imaging Directorate, Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust. Derriford Road, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Jędrzejczyk
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Dobruch
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Medical Education Centre, Professor Witold Orłowski Independent Public Clinical Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Christoph F Dietrich
- Department Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Kliniken Hirslanden Beau Site, Salem und Permanence, Bern, Switzerland.
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Iannantuono GM, Strigari L, Roselli M, Torino F. A scoping review on the "burned out" or "burnt out" testicular cancer: When a rare phenomenon deserves more attention. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 165:103452. [PMID: 34384861 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The "burned out" or "burnt out" testicular cancer (BTC) indicates the spontaneous and complete regression of a testicular germ cell tumor in the presence of distant metastases at the diagnosis. As this condition was never reviewed systematically, a scoping review was conducted to scrutinize the available literature on clinical and histological features of BTC patients. Medline was searched from inception to 19 April 2020. A virtual cohort of 68 BTC patients was generated. Our findings highlighted some inconsistencies: BTC was diagnosed in 5,9% of patients not showing distant metastases and in 2,9% of patients who did not undergo an orchiectomy. Besides, evidence of residual tumor was found in 22,7% of testis specimens, recognized as seminoma in 40% of cases. The emerged inconsistencies may derive from the lack of an unequivocal definition of BTC. Larger collaborative studies are needed to define the best diagnostic workup and treatment for BTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maria Iannantuono
- Medical Oncology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Strigari
- Department of Medical Physics, S. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Roselli
- Medical Oncology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Torino
- Medical Oncology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Pinto SP, Huang DY, Dinesh AA, Sidhu PS, Ahmed K. A Systematic Review on the Use of Qualitative and Quantitative Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound in Diagnosing Testicular Abnormalities. Urology 2021; 154:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tsili AC, Argyropoulou MI, Dolciami M, Ercolani G, Catalano C, Manganaro L. When to ask for an MRI of the scrotum. Andrology 2021; 9:1395-1409. [PMID: 33964115 PMCID: PMC8596813 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the scrotum has been established as a useful second‐line diagnostic tool for the investigation of scrotal diseases. Recently, recommendations on clinical indications for scrotal MRI were issued by the Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology. Objective To update current research on when to ask for an MRI of the scrotum. Methods PubMed database was searched for original articles and reviews published during 2010–2021. Results Eighty‐three articles fulfilled the search criteria. Scrotal MRI is mainly recommended after inconclusive US findings or inconsistent with the clinical examination and should be asked in the following cases: differentiation between intratesticular and paratesticular lesions (in rare cases of uncertain US findings), characterization of paratesticular and intratesticular lesions (when US findings are indeterminate), discrimination between germ cell and sex cord‐stromal testicular tumors, local staging of testicular malignancies (in patients planned for testis‐sparing surgery), differentiation between seminomas and non‐seminomatous tumors (when immediate chemotherapy is planned and orchiectomy is delayed), assessment of acute scrotum and scrotal trauma (rarely needed, in cases of non‐diagnostic US findings) and detection and localization of undescended testes (in cases of inconlusive US findings). Although preliminary data show promising results in the evaluation of male infertility, no established role for mpMRI still exists. Conclusion Multiparametric MRI of the scrotum, by assessing morphologic and functional data represents a valuable problem‐solving tool, helping to improve our understanding on the nature of scrotal pathology and the process of spermatogenesis. The technique may improve patient care and reduce the number of unnecessary surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina C Tsili
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria I Argyropoulou
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Miriam Dolciami
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Giada Ercolani
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Manganaro
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
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Persano G, Crocoli A, De Pasquale MD, Cozza R, Alaggio R, Diomedi Camassei F, Beati F, Di Paolo P, Martucci C, Inserra A. Burned-Out Testicular Tumors in Adolescents: Clinical Aspects and Outcome. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:688021. [PMID: 34513760 PMCID: PMC8424195 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.688021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Testicular germ cell tumors are the fourth most common neoplasm in adolescents, accounting for 8% of all tumors in the age group 15-19 years. On rare instances, the primary testicular lesion is not clinically or radiologically evident while nodal or visceral metastases represent the clinical manifestations of the disease. This phenomenon is described as "burned-out testicular tumor." In this paper, the authors report a single-institution experience with burned-out testicular tumors in adolescents and discuss their clinical implications. Patients and Methods: All the patients diagnosed with metastatic testicular germ cell tumors at Bambino Gesù Children Hospital between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2020, were included in the study. Patients were categorized into two groups: "primary testicular" and "burned out." All the patients were staged and treated according to the AIEOP-TCGM 2004 protocol. Results: Eleven patients were classified as "primary testicular," and five patients were classified as "burned out." "Burned-out" tumors were associated with the presence of systemic symptoms compared to "primary testicular" tumors (80 vs. 0%; p = 0.0027) and higher aFP, hCG, and LDH levels (p < 0.00001). The "burned-out" population had a statistically significant higher incidence of relevant toxicity than the "primary testicular" population (80 vs. 18%; p = 0.0357) and a worse outcome in terms of both mean overall survival (15 vs. 43 months; p = 0.0299) and mean event-free survival (12 vs. 38 months; p = 0.0164). Conclusion: "Burned-out" testicular tumors seem to be a well-distinct clinical entity with a high treatment-related toxicity and poor prognosis. Further studies are needed to clarify the "burned-out phenomenon" and to identify more effective therapeutic strategies for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Persano
- Surgical Oncology-General and Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Crocoli
- Surgical Oncology-General and Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Debora De Pasquale
- Oncohematology Unit, Department of Oncohematology and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cozza
- Oncohematology Unit, Department of Oncohematology and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Alaggio
- Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federico Beati
- Surgical Oncology-General and Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Di Paolo
- Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Martucci
- Surgical Oncology-General and Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Inserra
- Surgical Oncology-General and Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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13
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Roy C, de Marini P, Labani A, Leyendecker P, Ohana M. Shear-wave elastography of the testicle: potential role of the stiffness value in various common testicular diseases. Clin Radiol 2020; 75:560.e9-560.e17. [PMID: 32248949 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the value and efficacy of real-time shear-wave elastography (SWE) of normal testicular parenchyma and various common testicular diseases in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS SWE was undertaken in 338 patients (mean age: 43.2±17.2 years, range 17-78 years) comprising normal testicles (n = 358), testicular microlithiasis (n = 40), and various testicular diseases (n = 208) and the stiffness was recorded. The final diagnosis was correlated with the clinical context, long-term follow-up, or histopathology. Statistical evaluation was performed to provide a stiffness threshold for pathological diagnosis. RESULTS The mean size of testicular lesions was 2.6±1.5 cm (range: 10-42 mm). The mean Young's modulus value for normal testis was recorded at 4.55±2.54 kPa. Whatever the stage of microlithiasis, a higher statistically significant stiffness value was recorded. For acute orchitis, the mean stiffness value was slightly higher, but not statistically significantly. The testicular tumoural processes presented a median stiffness value of 21.02 kPa with a cut-off of 16.1 kPa. Fibrosis presented the highest median stiffness value of 30.03 kPa with a cut-off of 26.3 kPa. By analysing the distribution of the different pathological groups, the difference was statistically significant between fibrosis and tumoural processes (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION SWE is a feasible technique in the exploration of the testicular parenchyma. SWE values can be used to differentiate testicular fibrosis from a tumoural process with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roy
- Department of Radiology B, University Hospital of Strasbourg - New Civil Hospital, 1, place de l' hôpital BP 426, Strasbourg, 67091, Cedex, France.
| | - P de Marini
- Department of Radiology B, University Hospital of Strasbourg - New Civil Hospital, 1, place de l' hôpital BP 426, Strasbourg, 67091, Cedex, France
| | - A Labani
- Department of Radiology B, University Hospital of Strasbourg - New Civil Hospital, 1, place de l' hôpital BP 426, Strasbourg, 67091, Cedex, France
| | - P Leyendecker
- Department of Radiology B, University Hospital of Strasbourg - New Civil Hospital, 1, place de l' hôpital BP 426, Strasbourg, 67091, Cedex, France
| | - M Ohana
- Department of Radiology B, University Hospital of Strasbourg - New Civil Hospital, 1, place de l' hôpital BP 426, Strasbourg, 67091, Cedex, France
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14
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Rocher L, Ksouri A, Maxwell F, Bresson B, Hindawi G, Balasa C, Bellin MF, Albiges L. [Testicular tumors: A diagnostic challenge of imaging]. Bull Cancer 2019; 106:875-886. [PMID: 31088679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reviewing the characterization and the follow-up imaging of testicular tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature review (PubMed, Medline) of urological and radiological studies dealing with testicular tumors using keywords: Testicular tumors; Color Doppler ultrasound; US elastography; Magnetic resonance imaging; Contrast enhanced sonography. RESULTS Ultrasound remains the basic exam for the tumor characterization. Among the other techniques, MRI, elastography, contrast enhanced ultrasound, although still in evaluation, will be increasingly used in the future. The frequency of benign Leydig cell tumors justifies a testicular preservation approach, through improvement of characterization, monitoring or tumorectomy. The follow-up of testicular lesions must be indicated on precise indications: follow-up of the contralateral testicle in the case of germi cell tumor, follow-up by of a supposed benign lesion, such as a small Leydig cell tumor in an infertile patient, follow-up when ultra-sound findings are not sufficiently worrying to require immediate diagnosis but which include pejorative criteria. The tumor markers and the extension screening remain systematic. CONCLUSION The era of total orchiectomy for any uncertain testicular lesion is over. We try the challenge of characterization, and define management's algorithms based on clinical biological data and suspected nature of the tumor at imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Rocher
- Hôpitaux Paris Sud, service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, site Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris Sud, 63, rue Gabriel-Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris Sud, service hospitalier Frédéric-Joliot, imagerie par résonance magnétique médicale et multimodalités, CNRS UMR8081, 4, place du Gal Leclerc, 91401 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Aïda Ksouri
- Hôpitaux Paris Sud, service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, site Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Florian Maxwell
- Hôpitaux Paris Sud, service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, site Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bertrand Bresson
- Hôpitaux Paris Sud, service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, site Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris Sud, 63, rue Gabriel-Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris Sud, service hospitalier Frédéric-Joliot, imagerie par résonance magnétique médicale et multimodalités, CNRS UMR8081, 4, place du Gal Leclerc, 91401 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Ghina Hindawi
- Hôpitaux Paris Sud, service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, site Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Cristina Balasa
- Hôpitaux Paris Sud, service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, site Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Marie France Bellin
- Hôpitaux Paris Sud, service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, site Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris Sud, 63, rue Gabriel-Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris Sud, service hospitalier Frédéric-Joliot, imagerie par résonance magnétique médicale et multimodalités, CNRS UMR8081, 4, place du Gal Leclerc, 91401 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Laurence Albiges
- Institut Gustave-Roussy, département d'oncologie, 114, rue Edouard-Vaillaxnt, 94805 Villejuif, France
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15
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Dana J, Maxwell F, Eiss D, Rocher L. Spontaneous gas in a retroperitoneal mass: check the testis! Int Braz J Urol 2019; 45:847-850. [PMID: 31038859 PMCID: PMC6837609 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2018.0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumor is the most common cancer in 20-to 35-years-old men. There are known risk factors such as undescended testicle(s) and history of testicular cancer. Most lesions are germ cell tumors with two main subtypes: seminomas and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Dana
- Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Radiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Site Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Florian Maxwell
- Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Radiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Site Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Faculté Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - David Eiss
- IR4M, CNRS, imagerie par résonance magnétique médicale et multi-modalités, CNRS Université Paris Sud, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Rocher
- Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Radiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Site Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Faculté Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Radiology, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
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16
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Pedersen MR, Sloth Osther PJ, Nissen HD, Vedsted P, Møller H, Rafaelsen SR. Elastography and diffusion-weighted MRI in patients with testicular microlithiasis, normal testicular tissue, and testicular cancer: an observational study. Acta Radiol 2019; 60:535-541. [PMID: 29969051 DOI: 10.1177/0284185118786063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound elastography is increasingly available in clinical practice. Recent studies showed higher velocity stiffness in testicular tumors compared to normal testicles. PURPOSE To evaluate ultrasound elastography in combination with the apparent diffusion coefficient measurements in diffusion weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in testicles. DW can be a useful tool in evaluating testicular malignancies. However, the relationship between velocity stiffness and MRI diffusion is not well established. MATERIAL AND METHODS We prospectively included 132 patients with testicular microlithiasis (n = 53), or normal testicular tissue (n = 53), or suspected for testicular cancer (n = 26). All 132 patients underwent ultrasonography including shear wave elastography and MRI diffusion coefficient examination of the scrotum. RESULTS No clinically relevant difference in velocity stiffness was found between normal and testicles with microlithiasis. There was a significant difference in stiffness between patients with testicular microlithiasis (0.78 m/s), normal testicular tissue (0.77 m/s), and patients with testicular cancer (1.95 m/s) ( P ≤ 0.001). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference in MRI diffusion values between patients with testicular microlithiasis (0.978 × 10-3 mm2 s-1), normal testicular tissue (0.929 × 10-3 mm2 s-1), and testicular cancers (0.743 × 10-3 mm2 s-1) ( P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Patients with testicular microlithiasis had no malignant characteristics measured with shear wave elastography or MRI diffusion. MRI diffusion and elastography may be useful to preoperatively differentiate benign from malignant testicular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Roland Pedersen
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Cancer Centre, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Urological Research Centre, Clinical Cancer Centre, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Palle Jørn Sloth Osther
- Urological Research Centre, Clinical Cancer Centre, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Dahl Nissen
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Cancer Centre, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Peter Vedsted
- Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Møller
- Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Søren Rafael Rafaelsen
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Cancer Centre, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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17
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Rocher L, Criton A, Gennisson JL, Creze M, Albiges L, Ferlicot S, Bellin MF, Izard V, Correas JM. Characterization of Testicular Masses in Adults: Performance of Combined Quantitative Shear Wave Elastography and Conventional Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:720-731. [PMID: 30600129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We prospectively evaluated the performance of combined shear wave elastography (SWE) and conventional ultrasound (US) for the characterization of 89 testicular focal masses. Testes were evaluated with B-mode, color Doppler and SWE measurements, locating a region of interest on the normal and pathologic parenchyma. Thirty-seven malignant tumors (MTs), 12 burned out tumors (BOTs), 28 Leydig cell tumors (LCTs), 2 dermoid cysts and other benign lesions were included. MTs + BOTs exhibited more microliths and macrocalcifications compared with benign lesions (p < 10-4). LCTs manifested mostly a dominant peripheral vascularization pattern compared with other lesions. MTs + BOTs were stiffer compared with benign lesions (p < 2 × 10-4) but with a moderate area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 80%. By focusing on LCTs versus MTs + BOTs, diagnostic performance led to an AUROC of 89% for the best stiffness parameter. For combined conventional US and SWE, the diagnostic performance to differentiate all benign lesions versus MTs + BOTs and LCTs versus MTs + BOTs increased to AUROCs of 93% and 98%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Rocher
- Department of Adult Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Bicetre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Paris South Medical University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM ERL U-979, Paris, France; Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi-Modalités, CNRS UMR8081, Université Paris Sud, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay Cedex, France.
| | - Aline Criton
- Supersonic Imagine, Aix en Provence Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gennisson
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM ERL U-979, Paris, France; Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi-Modalités, CNRS UMR8081, Université Paris Sud, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Maud Creze
- Department of Adult Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Bicetre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Paris South Medical University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi-Modalités, CNRS UMR8081, Université Paris Sud, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Albiges
- Paris South Medical University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Département d'Oncologie, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Ferlicot
- Paris South Medical University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pathology, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Marie-France Bellin
- Department of Adult Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Bicetre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Paris South Medical University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi-Modalités, CNRS UMR8081, Université Paris Sud, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Izard
- Department of Urology, Bicetre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Michel Correas
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM ERL U-979, Paris, France; Department of Adult Radiology, Necker University Hospital, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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18
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Fang C, Huang DY, Sidhu PS. Elastography of focal testicular lesions: current concepts and utility. Ultrasonography 2019; 38:302-310. [PMID: 31430839 PMCID: PMC6769191 DOI: 10.14366/usg.18062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a relatively new sonographic technique, tissue elastography has emerged as a qualitative and potentially quantitative adjunctive tool to provide additional information on tissue stiffness, aiming to further improve diagnostic confidence in discriminating benign from malignant focal testicular lesions. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the elastography techniques used to assess focal testicular lesions and their typical appearance on tissue elastography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fang
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dean Y Huang
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul S Sidhu
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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19
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Pedersen MR, Bartlett EC, Brown C, Rafaelsen SR, Sellars ME, Sidhu PS. Is Testicular Macrocalcification a Risk for Malignancy?: Tumor Development on Ultrasonographic Follow-up of Preexisting Intratesticular Macrocalcification. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2018; 37:2949-2953. [PMID: 29665033 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Testicular macrocalcification is an uncommon finding when imaging the scrotum with ultrasonography (US). It is not normally a recognized risk factor for development of testicular malignancy, and patients are not usually offered follow-up US examinations or counseled for self-examination. This aspect is in distinction to patients with testicular microlithiasis (usually with an additional risk factor), who are offered follow-up on the assumption that microlithiasis is associated with malignancy. We report a series of 6 patients with predetermined testicular macrocalcification, with development of a malignancy on follow-up US. We encourage US follow-up examinations for patients with macrocalcification, potentially in a similar manner as for those with testicular microlithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene R Pedersen
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Radiology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Emily C Bartlett
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, England
| | - Christian Brown
- Department of Urology, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, England
| | - Søren R Rafaelsen
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Radiology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Maria E Sellars
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, England
| | - Paul S Sidhu
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, England
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20
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Pedersen MR, Møller H, Osther PJS, Vedsted P, Holst R, Rafaelsen SR. Comparison of Tissue Stiffness Using Shear Wave Elastography in Men with Normal Testicular Tissue, Testicular Microlithiasis and Testicular Cancer. Ultrasound Int Open 2017; 3:E150-E155. [PMID: 29276802 PMCID: PMC5739346 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-116660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare elastography measurements in men with normal testicular tissue, testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer. Methods A total of 248 consecutive patients were included. All men provided written informed consent. Testicular stiffness was assessed using shear wave elastography (SWE). Three SWE velocity measurements were assessed in each testicle. The patients were divided into three groups; men with normal testicular tissue (n=130), men with testicular microlithiasis (n=99) and men with testicular cancer (n=19). Results We found a higher mean velocity in the group of patients with testicular cancer (1.92 m/s (95% CI 1.82-2.03)) compared to both the group with normal tissue (0.76 m/s (95% CI: 0.75-0.78)) (p<0.001) and the group with testicular microlithiasis 0.79 m/s (95% CI: 0.77-0.81) (p<0.001). Conclusion The presence of testicular microlithiasis increased stiffness slightly, but within the range of variation in normal testicles. Increased stiffness may indicate testicular malignancy in testicular lesions. Ultrasound elastography could be a very useful tool when investigating scrotum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Roland Pedersen
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Cancer Centre, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark.,Urological Research Centre, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Møller
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, King's College London, United Kingdom.,Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Palle Jørn Sloth Osther
- Urological Research Centre, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Vedsted
- Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - René Holst
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo
| | - Søren Rafael Rafaelsen
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Cancer Centre, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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