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Mizuno T, Ikeda T, Noda M, Iwama E, Yamaguchi T, Kameyama Y. Development and Effective Utilization of a Rapid Multiplex Real-Time PCR of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli for Food Poisoning Cases. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 19:126-135. [PMID: 34726510 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) causes diarrheal symptoms in humans. The comprehensive detection of DEC from feces using SYBR Green real-time PCR assay requires multiple runs. Moreover, PCR screening can have discrepancies related to the conformance between the results from PCR screening and culturing. We aimed to develop a real-time PCR for the comprehensive testing of DEC for diagnostic support that can be used in any general laboratory and proposed its effective utilization. We tested specificity for the designed primer sets using 100 strains. Moreover, screening and isolation of DEC were performed using the proposed multiplex real-time PCR system for 308 fecal samples collected from 37 food poisoning incidences that occurred in Gifu Prefecture, Japan from 2017 to 2019. Furthermore, the factor of discrepant results between PCR screening and culturing was analyzed by quantifying the number of DEC cell and whole E. coli cell using real-time PCR for 47 PCR screening-positive fecal samples. The results obtained from the developed multiplex real-time PCR system were in 99% concordance with those from the conventional techniques. A total of 49 fecal samples were detected with virulence genes for the screening. Of the samples which were positive with virulence genes by PCR screening, 38.3% could not be detected from the strain for bacterial culture. We found that the culturing positive samples were significantly high in numbers for the DEC cells, but no significant difference was noted in the whole E. coli cells with culturing negative samples. The multiplex real-time PCR developed in this study was found to be rapid and practical for DEC testing. The PCR screening for DEC using this method can provide rapid information toward the diagnostic support of DEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Mizuno
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikeda
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makiko Noda
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Gifu, Japan
| | - Eri Iwama
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamaguchi
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kameyama
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Gifu, Japan
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Asakura H, Sakata J, Sasaki Y, Kawatsu K. Development and Evaluation of Fluorescence Immunochromatography for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Thermophilic Campylobacter. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2021; 9:81-87. [PMID: 34631336 PMCID: PMC8472094 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-21-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli) are leading causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in Japan. Epidemiological surveillance has provided evidence that poultry meat is one of the main reservoirs for human campylobacteriosis, and therefore, improvement in process hygiene at slaughter is required to reduce the number of human infections. This study thus aimed to develop fluorescent immunochromatography strips for rapid and sensitive detection of thermophilic Campylobacter on poultry carcasses at slaughter. To establish the required detection levels, we first determined the numbers of C. jejuni and C. coli on poultry carcasses at one large-scale poultry slaughterhouse in Japan, resulting in the detection of Campylobacter at 1.97 ± 0.24 log CFU/25 g of neck skin during the post-chilling process by using ISO 10272-2:2017. Our developed Campylobacter fluorescence immunochromatography (FIC) assay exhibited a 50% limit of detection of 3.51 log CFU or 4.34 log CFU for C. jejuni NCTC 11168 or C. coli JCM 2529, respectively. Inclusive and exclusive tests resulted in good agreement. The practical usefulness of this test toward poultry carcasses should be evaluated in future studies, perhaps concentration of the target microorganisms prior to the testing might be helpful to further enhance sensitivity. Nevertheless, our data suggest the potential of FIC for rapid and sensitive detection of thermophilic Campylobacter for monitoring the process hygiene of poultry carcasses at slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of
Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi,Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Junko Sakata
- Bacteriology Section, Osaka Institute of Public Health,
1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of
Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi,Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawatsu
- Bacteriology Section, Osaka Institute of Public Health,
1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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Pinto LM, Nanda V, Sunavala A, Rodriques C. Reinfection in COVID-19: A scoping review. Med J Armed Forces India 2021; 77:S257-S263. [PMID: 34334891 PMCID: PMC8313064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinfections in COVID-19 are being reported all around the world and are a cause for concern, considering that a lot of our assumptions and modeling (including vaccination) related to the disease have relied on long-term immunity. We were one of the first groups to report a series of 4 healthcare workers to have been reinfected. This review article reports a scoping review of the available literature on reinfections, with a discussion of the implications of reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancelot Mark Pinto
- Consultant Pulmonologist, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Viral Nanda
- DNB Trainee, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Ayesha Sunavala
- Consultant Infectious Diseases, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Camilla Rodriques
- Consultant Microbiologist, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, India
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Asakura H, Nakayama T, Yamamoto S, Izawa K, Kawase J, Torii Y, Murakami S. Long-Term Grow-Out Affects Campylobacter jejuni Colonization Fitness in Coincidence With Altered Microbiota and Lipid Composition in the Cecum of Laying Hens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:675570. [PMID: 34222400 PMCID: PMC8249580 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.675570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal illness worldwide and is mainly transmitted from chicken through the food chain. Previous studies have provided increasing evidence that this pathogen can colonize and replicate in broiler chicken during its breeding; however, its temporal kinetics in laying hen are poorly understood. Considering the possible interaction between C. jejuni and gut microbiota, the current study was conducted to address the temporal dynamics of C. jejuni in the cecum of laying hen over 40 weeks, with possible alteration of the gut microbiota and fatty acid (FA) components. Following oral infection with C. jejuni 81-176, inocula were stably recovered from ceca for up to 8 weeks post-infection (p.i.). From 16 weeks p.i., most birds became negative for C. jejuni and remained negative up to 40 weeks p.i. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses revealed that most of the altered relative rRNA gene abundances occurred in the order Clostridiales, in which increased relative rRNA gene abundances were observed at >16 weeks p.i. in the families Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Peptococcaceae. Lipidome analyses revealed increased levels of sterols associated with bile acid metabolisms in the cecum at 16 and/or 24 weeks p.i. compared with those detected at 8 weeks p.i., suggesting that altered microbiota and bile acid metabolism might underlie the decreased colonization fitness of C. jejuni in the gut of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nakayama
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shiori Yamamoto
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Izawa
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Japan
| | - Jun Kawase
- Department of Bacteriology, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Matsue City, Japan
| | - Yasushi Torii
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi City, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi City, Japan
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Choudhuri J, Carter J, Nelson R, Skalina K, Osterbur-Badhey M, Johnston A, Goldstein D, Paroder M, Szymanski J. SARS-CoV-2 PCR cycle threshold at hospital admission associated with patient mortality. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244777. [PMID: 33382805 PMCID: PMC7774957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cycle threshold (Ct) has been suggested as an approximate measure of initial viral burden. The utility of cycle threshold, at admission, as a predictor of disease severity has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a retrospective study of SARS-CoV-2 positive, hospitalized patients from 3/26/2020 to 8/5/2020 who had SARS-CoV-2 Ct data within 48 hours of admission (n = 1044). Only patients with complete survival data, discharged (n = 774) or died in hospital (n = 270), were included in our analysis. Laboratory, demographic, and clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship of patient mortality with Ct values while adjusting for established risk factors. Ct was analyzed as continuous variable and subdivided into quartiles to better illustrate its relationship with outcome. Cumulative incidence curves were created to assess whether there was a survival difference in the setting of the competing risks of death versus patient discharge. Mean Ct at admission was higher for survivors (28.6, SD = 5.8) compared to non-survivors (24.8, SD = 6.0, P<0.001). In-hospital mortality significantly differed (p<0.05) by Ct quartile. After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, hypertension and diabetes, increased cycle threshold was associated with decreased odds of in-hospital mortality (0.91, CI 0.89-0.94, p<0.001). Compared to the 4th Quartile, patients with Ct values in the 1st Quartile (Ct <22.9) and 2nd Quartile (Ct 23.0-27.3) had an adjusted odds ratio of in-hospital mortality of 3.8 and 2.6 respectively (p<0.001). The discriminative ability of Ct to predict inpatient mortality was found to be limited, possessing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68 (CI 0.63-0.71). CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 Ct was found to be an independent predictor of patient mortality. However, further study is needed on how to best clinically utilize such information given the result variation due to specimen quality, phase of disease, and the limited discriminative ability of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui Choudhuri
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jamal Carter
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Randin Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Karin Skalina
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Marika Osterbur-Badhey
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent’s Medical Center, Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Doctor Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Monika Paroder
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - James Szymanski
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Machado BAS, Hodel KVS, Barbosa-Júnior VG, Soares MBP, Badaró R. The Main Molecular and Serological Methods for Diagnosing COVID-19: An Overview Based on the Literature. Viruses 2020; 13:E40. [PMID: 33383888 PMCID: PMC7823618 DOI: 10.3390/v13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic tests have been considered as the main alternative for the control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a correct diagnosis allows for decision making when facing the disease, particularly as there is a lack of effective therapeutic protocols and vaccines. Thus, in this review, we summarized the main diagnostic approaches currently available for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans based on studies available in article databases. The tests can be organized into two main categories: nucleic acid-based tests, recommended for the initial detection of the virus, and serological tests, recommended for assessing the disease progression. The studies have shown that the performance of diagnostic methods depends on different factors, such as the type of samples and the characteristics of each assay. It was identified that the positivity of the tests is mainly related to the onset of symptoms. We also observed that point-of-care diagnoses are considered as one of the main trends in this area, due to the low-cost and simplicity of the assay; however, the analytical performance must be critically analyzed. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of diagnostic technologies in the control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Valdir Gomes Barbosa-Júnior
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Badaró
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
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Lu Y, Xu X, Nong XH, Yao DS. Detection of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2317-2325. [PMID: 32194731 PMCID: PMC7039119 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in patients with early-stage cervical cancer (CC). In addition, the present study compared the positive rate of SLNs metastasis detected by routine pathological examination, and investigated the value of HPV-DNA in the detection of early CC lymph node micrometastasis. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used in order to evaluate the HPV DNA detection in all CC samples [International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IA2-IIA2]. The consistency of HPV-DNA was compared between primary lesions and SLNs. The positive rates of HPV-DNA were compared with pathological diagnosis of SLN metastasis, and the association between the positive expression of HPV-DNA in SLNs and the clinical and pathological parameters of patients with cervical cancer were analyzed. A total of 345 sentinel lymph nodes were detected in 100 patients with IA2-IIA2 CC. The positive rates of RT-qPCR and conventional histopathological detection of SLNs metastasis were 31.6% (109/345) and 12.8% (44/345), respectively (P<0.001). The positive expression of HPV-DNA in SLNs was associated with the clinical stage and tumor diameter (P<0.05), but not with patients' age, depth of cervical invasion, histological grade, lymphatic and vascular space invasion (LVSI), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg) (P>0.05). The detection of HPV-DNA expression in pelvic lymph nodes of early CC may be used to improve the detection rate of micrometastasis, guide the postoperative adjuvant therapy more accurately and improve prognosis. Patients with positive HPV-DNA would require closer surveillance than those with negative HPV-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Hong Nong
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - De-Sheng Yao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
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