1
|
Ngubane NP, Mabandla MV, De Gama BZ. Global perspectives on the traditional approaches used in the treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 97:104081. [PMID: 38797088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional healing considers a holistic approach when diagnosing and treating patients for mental ailments, and is the preferred approach globally. OBJECTIVE This review documented traditional healing approaches for treatment of schizophrenia used in different regions globally. METHODS PICO framework was used to facilitate literature search from Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, APA PsycINFO, and Web search. Studies documenting methods of treatment from the perspective of traditional healers, patients and/or caregivers were included and also studies which investigated herbal plants used in traditional healing in vitro and in vivo were included. Review articles, magazine/newspaper articles, editorials, letters, comments/opinion articles, and articles with inaccessible full text were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using MMAT and SYRCLE tools. University Capacity Development Programme funded this review. RESULTS 74 articles were included, these documented traditional healing practices used in Africa, Asia, America, Europe, and Oceania. Common approach globally was herbal medicine. Other reported methods included faith-based healing, consultation with the ancestors, performing rituals, acupuncture, and music and yoga therapies. Inhumane approaches included starving, beating, cutting and confining patients. In some cases, traditional healing was used as adjunctive treatment. The overall risk of bias for studies in this review was low. CONCLUSION Traditional healing contributes in bridging the treatment gap for schizophrenia in developing countries. However, there is a lack of standardisation of the approaches employed in the different regions, and the safety and effectiveness of some of these approaches remain questionable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ntombifuthi P Ngubane
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Musa V Mabandla
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Brenda Z De Gama
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Suroengrit A, Cao V, Wilasluck P, Deetanya P, Wangkanont K, Hengphasatporn K, Harada R, Chamni S, Leelahavanichkul A, Shigeta Y, Rungrotmongkol T, Hannongbua S, Chavasiri W, Wacharapluesadee S, Prompetchara E, Boonyasuppayakorn S. Alpha and gamma mangostins inhibit wild-type B SARS-CoV-2 more effectively than the SARS-CoV-2 variants and the major target is unlikely the 3C-like protease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31987. [PMID: 38867992 PMCID: PMC11168321 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and immunomodulatory drugs are important for treating clinically severe patients with respiratory distress symptoms. Alpha- and gamma-mangostins (AM and GM) were previously reported as potential 3C-like protease (3CLpro) and Angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2)-binding inhibitors in silico. Objective We aimed to evaluate two active compounds, AM and GM, from Garcinia mangostana for their antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 in live virus culture systems and their cytotoxicities using standard methods. Also, we aimed to prove whether 3CLpro and ACE2 neutralization were major targets and explored whether any additional targets existed. Methods We tested the translation and replication efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of AM and GM. Initial and subgenomic translations were evaluated by immunofluorescence of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and N expressions at 16 h after infection. The viral genome was quantified and compared with the untreated group. We also evaluated the efficacies and cytotoxicities of AM and GM against four strains of SARS-CoV-2 (wild-type B, B.1.167.2, B.1.36.16, and B.1.1.529) in Vero E6 cells. The potential targets were evaluated using cell-based anti-attachment, time-of-drug addition, in vitro 3CLpro activities, and ACE2-binding using a surrogated viral neutralization test (sVNT). Moreover, additional targets were explored using combinatorial network-based interactions and Chemical Similarity Ensemble Approach (SEA). Results AM and GM reduced SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and N expressions, suggesting that initial and subgenomic translations were globally inhibited. AM and GM inhibited all strains of SARS-CoV-2 at EC50 of 0.70-3.05 μM, in which wild-type B was the most susceptible strain (EC50 0.70-0.79 μM). AM was slightly more efficient in the variants (EC50 0.88-2.41 μM), resulting in higher selectivity indices (SI 3.65-10.05), compared to the GM (EC50 0.94-3.05 μM, SI 1.66-5.40). GM appeared to be more toxic than AM in both Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells. Cell-based anti-attachment and time-of-addition suggested that the potential molecular target could be at the post-infection. 3CLpro activity and ACE2 binding were interfered with in a dose-dependent manner but were insufficient to be a major target. Combinatorial network-based interaction and chemical similarity ensemble approach (SEA) suggested that fatty acid synthase (FASN), which was critical for SARS-CoV-2 replication, could be a target of AM and GM. Conclusion AM and GM inhibited SARS-CoV-2 with the highest potency at the wild-type B and the lowest at the B.1.1.529. Multiple targets were expected to integratively inhibit viral replication in cell-based system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aphinya Suroengrit
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Van Cao
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- DaNang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, DaNang, 50200, Viet Nam
| | - Patcharin Wilasluck
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Peerapon Deetanya
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Harada
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Supakarn Chamni
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products and Nanoparticles (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supot Hannongbua
- Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Eakachai Prompetchara
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University (Chula-VRC), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Labban RSM, Alfawaz HA, Amina M, Bhat RS, Hassan WM, El-Ansary A. Synergism between Extracts of Garcinia mangostana Pericarp and Curcuma in Ameliorating Altered Brain Neurotransmitters, Systemic Inflammation, and Leptin Levels in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Wistar Albino Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214630. [PMID: 36364892 PMCID: PMC9657435 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effects of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) and Curcuma longa independently and synergistically in modulating induced inflammation and impaired brain neurotransmitters commonly observed in high-fat diet-induced obesity in rodent models. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups. Group I, control, obese, fed on a high-fat diet (HFD), and Group II-IV, fed on HFD then given mangosteen extract (400 mg/kg/day) and/or Curcuma (80 mg/kg/day), or a mixture of both for 6 weeks. Plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines, leptin, and brain serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate were measured in the five studied groups. G. mangostana and Curcuma longa extracts demonstrate antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Both induced a significant reduction in the weight gained, concomitant with a non-significant decrease in the BMI (from 0.86 to 0.81 g/cm2). Curcuma either alone or in combination with MPE was more effective. Both extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects and induced a significant reduction in levels of both IL-6 and IL-12. The lowest leptin level was achieved in the synergistically treated group, compared to independent treatments. Brain dopamine was the most affected variable, with significantly lower levels recorded in the Curcuma and synergistically treated groups than in the control group. Glutamate and serotonin levels were not affected significantly. The present study demonstrated that mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) and Curcuma were independently and in combination effective in treating obesity-induced inflammation and demonstrating neuroprotective properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranyah Shaker M. Labban
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Deputyship for Therapeutic Services, General, Administration of Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11595, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musarat Amina
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail M. Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effect of Water Extract of Mangosteen Pericarp on Donepezil Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175246. [PMID: 34500680 PMCID: PMC8434012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) change in a drug by co-administered herbal products can alter the efficacy and toxicity. In the circumstances that herb-drug combinations have been increasingly attempted to alleviate Alzheimer's disease (AD), the PK evaluation of herb-drug interaction (HDI) is necessary. The change in systemic exposure as well as target tissue distribution of the drug have been issued in HDIs. Recently, the memory-enhancing effects of water extract of mangosteen pericarp (WMP) has been reported, suggesting a potential for the combination of WMP and donepezil (DNP) for AD treatment. Thus, it was evaluated how WMP affects the PK change of donepezil, including systemic exposure and tissue distribution in mice after simultaneous oral administration of DNP with WMP. Firstly, co-treatment of WMP and donepezil showed a stronger inhibitory effect (by 23.0%) on the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ(25-35) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells than donepezil alone, suggesting that the combination of WMP and donepezil may be more effective in moderating neurotoxicity than donepezil alone. In PK interaction, WMP increased donepezil concentration in the brain at 4 h (by 63.6%) after administration without affecting systemic exposure of donepezil. Taken together, our results suggest that WMP might be used in combination with DNP as a therapy for AD.
Collapse
|
5
|
Marx W, Skvarc DR, Mohebbi M, Walker AJ, Meehan A, Turner A, Baker A, Dodd S, Cotton SM, Scott JG, Kavanagh BE, Ashton MM, Brown E, McGrath JJ, Berk M, Dean OM. The Effect of Adjunctive Mangosteen Pericarp on Cognition in People With Schizophrenia: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:626486. [PMID: 34211410 PMCID: PMC8239132 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive impairment is prevalent and often highly burdensome in people with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate if mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) pericarp extract may be an effective intervention to improve cognitive performance in this population. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a larger randomized placebo-controlled trial that investigated a 24-weeks intervention of mangosteen pericarp extract supplementation in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. A subset of n = 114 participants with completed cognitive outcomes at follow up were included in this analysis. Using the Cogstate Brief Battery, the following cognitive outcomes were assessed: psychomotor function, attention, visual learning and memory (visual and working). Subgroup analyses investigated whether baseline clinical parameters (baseline cognitive functioning, illness severity and duration, depressive symptoms) moderated the relationship between mangosteen pericarp extract intervention and change in cognitive outcomes. Results: There were no significant between-group changes in any cognitive outcomes assessed. Subgroup analysis based on baseline cognition and clinical characteristics did not reveal any significant between-group difference in change. Conclusions: Mangosteen pericarp extract did not affect cognitive outcomes in people with schizophrenia. Further investigation regarding optimal dosing strategies for mangosteen interventions and the testing of additional cognitive domains may be warranted. Trial Registration: ANZCTR.org.au identifier: ACTRN12616000859482, registered 30 June 3 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David R. Skvarc
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammadreza Mohebbi
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam J. Walker
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alcy Meehan
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alyna Turner
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea Baker
- Queensland Center for Mental Health Research, The Park Center for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Seetal Dodd
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Center for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sue M. Cotton
- Center for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James Graham Scott
- Queensland Center for Mental Health Research, The Park Center for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Mental Health Programme, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Metro North Mental Health Service Herston, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Bianca E. Kavanagh
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie M. Ashton
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ellie Brown
- Center for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John J. McGrath
- Queensland Center for Mental Health Research, The Park Center for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- National Center for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Olivia May Dean
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Turner A, Baker A, Dean OM, Walker AJ, Dodd S, Cotton SM, Scott JG, Kavanagh BE, Ashton MM, Brown E, McGrath JJ, Berk M. Adjunctive Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Mangosteen) Pericarp for Schizophrenia: A 24-Week Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Efficacy Trial: Péricarpe d'appoint Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangoustan) pour la schizophrénie : un essai d'efficacité de 24 semaines, à double insu, randomisé et contrôlé par placebo. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2021; 66:354-366. [PMID: 33355478 PMCID: PMC8172349 DOI: 10.1177/0706743720982437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Garcinia mangostana Linn. ("mangosteen") pericarp contains bioactive compounds that may target biological pathways implicated in schizophrenia. We conducted a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp, compared to placebo, in the treatment of schizophrenia. METHODS People diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), recruited across 2 sites (Brisbane and Victoria, Australia), were randomized to receive 24 weeks of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp (1,000 mg/day) or matched placebo. The primary outcome measure was the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale total score. Secondary outcomes included positive and negative symptoms, general psychopathology, clinical global severity and improvement, participant reported overall improvement, depressive symptoms, functioning, quality of life, and safety data at 24 and 28 weeks (4 weeks postdiscontinuation). Data were collected from July 2016 to February 2019. RESULTS Baseline assessments were conducted on 148 people (mangosteen = 74, placebo = 74); data analyses were conducted on 136 (92%) participants with postbaseline data. The treatment group had significantly higher symptom severity compared to placebo, and both groups significantly improved on all symptom, functioning, and quality of life measures over time. No between-group differences were found for the rate of change between baseline and 24 or 28 weeks. CONCLUSION Despite promising preclinical and clinical work, our results do not support mangosteen pericarp extract as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyna Turner
- 2104Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea Baker
- 90131Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- 2104Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Adam J Walker
- 2104Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Seetal Dodd
- 2104Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Susan M Cotton
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia
| | - James G Scott
- 90131Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia
- Metro North Mental Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Mental Health Programme, QIMRBerghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bianca E Kavanagh
- 2104Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Melanie M Ashton
- 2104Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ellie Brown
- 2104Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia
| | - John J McGrath
- 90131Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, 1974University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Michael Berk
- 2104Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|