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Sasse K, Mahabir R, Gkountouna O, Crooks A, Croitoru A. Understanding the determinants of vaccine hesitancy in the United States: A comparison of social surveys and social media. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301488. [PMID: 38843170 PMCID: PMC11156396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted governments worldwide to implement a range of containment measures, including mass gathering restrictions, social distancing, and school closures. Despite these efforts, vaccines continue to be the safest and most effective means of combating such viruses. Yet, vaccine hesitancy persists, posing a significant public health concern, particularly with the emergence of new COVID-19 variants. To effectively address this issue, timely data is crucial for understanding the various factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy. While previous research has largely relied on traditional surveys for this information, recent sources of data, such as social media, have gained attention. However, the potential of social media data as a reliable proxy for information on population hesitancy, especially when compared with survey data, remains underexplored. This paper aims to bridge this gap. Our approach uses social, demographic, and economic data to predict vaccine hesitancy levels in the ten most populous US metropolitan areas. We employ machine learning algorithms to compare a set of baseline models that contain only these variables with models that incorporate survey data and social media data separately. Our results show that XGBoost algorithm consistently outperforms Random Forest and Linear Regression, with marginal differences between Random Forest and XGBoost. This was especially the case with models that incorporate survey or social media data, thus highlighting the promise of the latter data as a complementary information source. Results also reveal variations in influential variables across the five hesitancy classes, such as age, ethnicity, occupation, and political inclination. Further, the application of models to different MSAs yields mixed results, emphasizing the uniqueness of communities and the need for complementary data approaches. In summary, this study underscores social media data's potential for understanding vaccine hesitancy, emphasizes the importance of tailoring interventions to specific communities, and suggests the value of combining different data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuleen Sasse
- Department of Computer Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ron Mahabir
- Geographic Data Science Lab, Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Gkountouna
- Geographic Data Science Lab, Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Crooks
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Arie Croitoru
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
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Kwon JA, Bretaña NA, Kronfli N, Dussault C, Grant L, Galouzis J, Hoey W, Blogg J, Lloyd AR, Gray RT. Preparing correctional settings for the next pandemic: a modeling study of COVID-19 outbreaks in two high-income countries. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1279572. [PMID: 38560445 PMCID: PMC10978752 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1279572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Correctional facilities are high-priority settings for coordinated public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. These facilities are at high risk of disease transmission due to close contacts between people in prison and with the wider community. People in prison are also vulnerable to severe disease given their high burden of co-morbidities. Methods We developed a mathematical model to evaluate the effect of various public health interventions, including vaccination, on the mitigation of COVID-19 outbreaks, applying it to prisons in Australia and Canada. Results We found that, in the absence of any intervention, an outbreak would occur and infect almost 100% of people in prison within 20 days of the index case. However, the rapid rollout of vaccines with other non-pharmaceutical interventions would almost eliminate the risk of an outbreak. Discussion Our study highlights that high vaccination coverage is required for variants with high transmission probability to completely mitigate the outbreak risk in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo A. Kwon
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nadine Kronfli
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Dussault
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luke Grant
- Corrective Services NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Wendy Hoey
- Justice Health Forensic Mental Health Network NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Blogg
- Justice Health Forensic Mental Health Network NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mambro A, Afshar A, Leone F, Dussault C, Stoové M, Savulescu J, Rich JD, Rowan DH, Sheehan J, Kronfli N. Reimbursing incarcerated individuals for participation in research: A scoping review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104283. [PMID: 38109837 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about global practices regarding the provision of reimbursement for the participation of people who are incarcerated in research. To determine current practices related to the reimbursement of incarcerated populations for research, we aimed to describe international variations in practice across countries and carceral environments to help inform the development of more consistent and equitable practices. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, Medline, and Embase, and conducted a grey literature search for English- and French-language articles published until September 30, 2022. All studies evaluating any carceral-based research were included if recruitment of incarcerated participants occurred inside any non-juvenile carceral setting; we excluded studies if recruitment occurred exclusively following release. Where studies failed to indicate the presence or absence of reimbursement, we assumed none was provided. RESULTS A total of 4,328 unique articles were identified, 2,765 were eligible for full text review, and 426 were included. Of these, 295 (69%) did not offer reimbursement to incarcerated individuals. A minority (n = 13; 4%) included reasons explaining the absence of reimbursement, primarily government-level policies (n = 7). Among the 131 (31%) studies that provided reimbursement, the most common form was monetary compensation (n = 122; 93%); five studies (4%) offered possible reduced sentencing. Reimbursement ranged between $3-610 USD in total and 14 studies (11%) explained the reason behind the reimbursements, primarily researchers' discretion (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS The majority of research conducted to date in carceral settings globally has not reimbursed incarcerated participants. Increased transparency regarding reimbursement (or lack thereof) is needed as part of all carceral research and advocacy efforts are required to change policies prohibiting reimbursement of incarcerated individuals. Future work is needed to co-create international standards for the equitable reimbursement of incarcerated populations in research, incorporating the voices of people with lived and living experience of incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mambro
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avideh Afshar
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Leone
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Dussault
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Stoové
- Burnet Institute, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam and Rhode Island Hospitals, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel H Rowan
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Nadine Kronfli
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Moazen B, Agbaria N, Ismail N, Mazzilli S, Klankwarth UB, Amaya A, Rosello A, D'Arcy J, Plugge E, Stöver H, Tavoschi L. Interventions to increase vaccine uptake among people who live and work in prisons: A global multistage scoping review. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37462954 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine interventions implemented to increase vaccine uptake among people who live and work in prisons around the world. Peer-reviewed and gray literature databases were searched systematically to identify relevant information published from 2012 to 2022. Publications were evaluated by two researchers independently and underwent quality assessment through established tools. Of the 11,281 publications identified through peer-reviewed (2607) and gray literature (8674) search, 17 met the inclusion criteria. In light of limited data, the identified interventions were categorized into two categories of educational and organizational interventions, and are discussed in the text. The lack of availability of vaccination services and interventions to increase vaccine uptake among people who live and work in prisons, worldwide, is a serious public health concern. These interventions reported in this review can be adapted and adopted to mitigate the burden of infectious diseases among people who live and work in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Moazen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Health and Social Work, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nisreen Agbaria
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Health and Social Work, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nasrul Ismail
- School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sara Mazzilli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ulla-Britt Klankwarth
- Department of Health and Social Work, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Arianna Amaya
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Emma Plugge
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Heino Stöver
- Department of Health and Social Work, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Lara Tavoschi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Education increases COVID-19 vaccine uptake among people in Canadian federal prisons in a prospective randomized controlled trial: The EDUCATE study. Vaccine 2023; 41:1419-1425. [PMID: 36697314 PMCID: PMC9868384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Education is key to behavioural adoption and acceptability of health interventions. We evaluated the impact of an educational intervention administered 1:1 to individuals incarcerated in four Canadian federal prisons on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Eligible individuals (those who had refused all COVID-19 vaccines) were randomized 2:1 to receive the educational intervention or not (control group); those who received the intervention completed questionnaires assessing COVID-19 vaccine-related knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs pre- and post-educational intervention. The primary and secondary outcome measures were COVID-19 vaccine uptake and vaccine confidence, respectively. Between May 3 and September 9, 2022, 202 participants were randomized to receive the intervention, of whom 127 (63 %) agreed to participate. Participants who were randomized to the intervention had higher COVID-19 vaccine uptake vs. the control group (5 % vs 1 %, p = 0.046). COVID-19 vaccine-related knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs improved post-intervention. Education increases COVID-19 vaccine uptake and confidence among people in Canadian federal correctional facilities.
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