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Margelidon-Cozzolino V, Chbini K, Freymond N, Devouassoux G, Belaaouaj A, Pacheco Y. [COPD: An early disease]. Rev Pneumol Clin 2016; 72:49-60. [PMID: 26657351 PMCID: PMC7126852 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This general review deals with the mechanisms which underlie the genetic factors in COPD. Many cellular and biochemical mechanisms occur in bronchial inflammation. We present the experimental models of COPD, insisting on the importance of oxydative stress, and on recent knowledge about the lung microbiome. Starting from this pathophysiology basis, we show how various genetic targets are able to interfere with the disease model. Thanks to these genetic targets, new markers in exhaled breath condensates and new drug targets are rising.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Margelidon-Cozzolino
- Service de pneumologie A, centre hospitalier de Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, faculté de médecine, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France.
| | - K Chbini
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Mohammed VI, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - N Freymond
- Service de pneumologie A, centre hospitalier de Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - G Devouassoux
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital de la Croix Rousse, hospices civils de Lyon, faculté de médecine Lyon Sud, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 69005 Lyon, France
| | - A Belaaouaj
- Inserm 1111, faculté de médecine Lyon Sud, chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Y Pacheco
- Service de pneumologie A, centre hospitalier de Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, faculté de médecine Lyon Sud, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
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Lagrange B, Bellanger C, Malleret L, Benmohamed F, Freymond N, Devouassoux G, Touqui L, Belaaouaj A. Study of cytosolic phospholipase A2 role in COPD exacerbations using a cell culture model. Rev Mal Respir 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Perotin J, Deslee G, Kaplan H, Dury S, Boxio R, Lenaour R, Guenounou M, Birembaut P, Belaaouaj A, Lebargy F. 020 Profils des sérine-protéases du neutrophile et de leurs inhibiteurs physiologiques dans un modèle d’emphysème. Rev Mal Respir 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(07)74311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Deslee G, Dury S, Perotin J, Ald Alam D, Poirier T, Benabid R, Boxio R, Angloff S, Guenounou M, Lebargy F, Belaaouaj A. 029 Les sphéroïdes bronchiques : un modèle de culture cellulaire pour l’étude de la réponse inflammatoire médiée par l’épithélium bronchique dans la BPCO. Rev Mal Respir 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(07)74320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dury S, Poirier T, Deslee G, Perotin J, Lenaour R, Genounou M, Belaaouaj A, Lebargy F. 030 Étude de l’activité chimiotactique du fluide alvéolaire au cours de l’emphysème : implication des peptides d’élastine. Rev Mal Respir 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(07)74321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Deslee G, Fragaki K, Vitry F, Hinnrasky J, Dury S, Perotin J, Belaaouaj A, Puchelle E, Lebargy F. 150 Effets de la corticothérapie inhalée sur l’épithélium bronchique des BPCO. Rev Mal Respir 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(07)72526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Boxio R, Nawrocki-Raby B, Zahm J, Poirier T, Bonnet N, Birembaut P, Belaaouaj A. 101 Dégradation de la cadhérine E par l’élastase du neutrophile. Rev Mal Respir 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(06)71929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hirche T, Crouch E, Bahr S, McDonald B, Perez G, Matalon S, Belaaouaj A. 034 Myeloperoxidase mediates oxidation of surfactant protein-D abrogating its biological activities. Rev Mal Respir 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(05)92446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hirche TO, Gaut JP, Heinecke JW, Wagner TOF, Belaaouaj A. Myeloperoxidase/Hypochlorsäure hemmt die enzymatische Aktivität der neutrophilen Serin-Proteinasen. Pneumologie 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-864541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gaut JP, Yeh GC, Tran HD, Byun J, Henderson JP, Richter GM, Brennan ML, Lusis AJ, Belaaouaj A, Hotchkiss RS, Heinecke JW. Neutrophils employ the myeloperoxidase system to generate antimicrobial brominating and chlorinating oxidants during sepsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:11961-6. [PMID: 11593004 PMCID: PMC59821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.211190298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloperoxidase system of neutrophils uses hydrogen peroxide and chloride to generate hypochlorous acid, a potent bactericidal oxidant in vitro. In a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis, we observed that mice deficient in myeloperoxidase were more likely than wild-type mice to die from infection. Mass spectrometric analysis of peritoneal inflammatory fluid from septic wild-type mice detected elevated concentrations of 3-chlorotyrosine, a characteristic end product of the myeloperoxidase system. Levels of 3-chlorotyrosine did not rise in the septic myeloperoxidase-deficient mice. Thus, myeloperoxidase seems to protect against sepsis in vivo by producing halogenating species. Surprisingly, levels of 3-bromotyrosine also were elevated in peritoneal fluid from septic wild-type mice and were markedly reduced in peritoneal fluid from septic myeloperoxidase-deficient mice. Furthermore, physiologic concentrations of bromide modulated the bactericidal effects of myeloperoxidase in vitro. It seems, therefore, that myeloperoxidase can use bromide as well as chloride to produce oxidants in vivo, even though the extracellular concentration of bromide is at least 1,000-fold lower than that of chloride. Thus, myeloperoxidase plays an important role in host defense against bacterial pathogens, and bromide might be a previously unsuspected component of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Gaut
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
In determining the mechanism of neutrophil elastase (NE)-mediated killing of Escherichia coli, we found that NE degraded outer membrane protein A (OmpA), localized on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria. NE killed wild-type, but not OmpA-deficient, E. coli. Also, whereas NE-deficient mice had impaired survival in response to E. coli sepsis, as compared to wild-type mice, the presence or absence of NE had no influence on survival in response to sepsis that had been induced with OmpA-deficient E. coli. These findings define a mechanism of nonoxidative bacterial killing by NE and point to OmpA as a bacterial target in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belaaouaj
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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MacIvor DM, Shapiro SD, Pham CT, Belaaouaj A, Abraham SN, Ley TJ. Normal neutrophil function in cathepsin G-deficient mice. Blood 1999; 94:4282-93. [PMID: 10590073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin G is a neutral serine protease that is highly expressed at the promyelocyte stage of myeloid development. We have developed a homologous recombination strategy to create a loss-of-function mutation for murine cathepsin G. Bone marrow derived from mice homozygous for this mutation had no detectable cathepsin G protein or activity, indicating that no other protease in bone marrow cells has the same specificity. Hematopoiesis in cathepsin G-/- mice is normal, and the mice have no overt abnormalities in blood clotting. Neutrophils derived from cathepsin G-/- mice have normal morphology and azurophil granule composition; these neutrophils also display normal phagocytosis and superoxide production and have normal chemotactic responses to C5a, fMLP, and interleukin-8. Although cathepsin G has previously shown to have broad spectrum antibiotic properties, challenges of mice with Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Escherichia coli yielded survivals that were not different from those of wild-type animals. In sum, cathepsin G-/- neutrophils have no obvious defects in function; either cathepsin G is not required for any of these normal neutrophil functions or related azurophil granule proteases with different specificities (ie, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, azurocidin, and/or others) can substitute for it in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M MacIvor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Belaaouaj A, Moog-Lutz C, Just J, Houzel-Charavel A, Shapiro SD, Cayre Y. Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of mouse proteinase 3 (Myeloblastin). Mamm Genome 1999; 10:210-2. [PMID: 10051312 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3), is a matrix-degrading serine proteinase expressed in different hematopoietic cell lineages. The PR3 protein appears to regulate the myeloid differentiation and was found to be the autoantigen associated with Wegener granulomatosis. We have isolated and characterized the gene for mouse PR3 (mPR3) and determined its chromosomal location. The gene has been localized to Chromosome (Chr) 10. Comparison of mouse PR3 genomic structure with that of its human counterpart indicates that: 1) the mPR3 gene spans 7 kb organized in 5 exons and 4 introns, 2) the codons of His-Asp-Ser of the catalytic site are conserved and spread out over different exons, similar to the human gene, and 3) the gene product encodes a pre-proform of the protein. Knowledge of the structure and chromosomal location of the mPR3 gene may help better the understanding of the temporal and cell-specific expression of mouse PR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belaaouaj
- Respiratory and Critical Care Division, Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 216 South Kingshighway, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Belaaouaj A, McCarthy R, Baumann M, Gao Z, Ley TJ, Abraham SN, Shapiro SD. Mice lacking neutrophil elastase reveal impaired host defense against gram negative bacterial sepsis. Nat Med 1998; 4:615-8. [PMID: 9585238 DOI: 10.1038/nm0598-615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a potent serine proteinase whose expression is limited to a narrow window during myeloid development. In neutrophils, NE is stored in azurophil granules along with other serine proteinases (cathepsin G, proteinase 3 and azurocidin) at concentrations exceeding 5 mM. As a result of its capacity to efficiently degrade extracellular matrix, NE has been implicated in a variety of destructive diseases. Indeed, while much interest has focused on the pathologic effects of this enzyme, little is known regarding its normal physiologic function(s). Because previous in vitro data have shown that NE exhibits antibacterial activity, we investigated the role of NE in host defense against bacteria. Generating strains of mice deficient in NE (NE-/-) by targeted mutagenesis, we show that NE-/- mice are more susceptible than their normal littermates to sepsis and death following intraperitoneal infection with Gram negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) but not Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Our data indicate that neutrophils migrate normally to sites of infection in the absence of NE, but that NE is required for maximal intracellular killing of Gram negative bacteria by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belaaouaj
- Respiratory & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE), a serine proteinase, is considered to play a role in normal tissue turnover and host defense, NE may also cause tissue damage in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. We have isolated and characterized the gene for mouse NE and determined its chromosomal location. The mouse NE gene has been localized by interspecific backcross analysis to Chromosome (Chr) 10. The gene for mouse NE is composed of 5 exons and 4 introns, similar to the human NE. Mouse NE shares the highly conserved exon size and intron-exon borders with human NE. The coding exons of the mouse NE gene predict a translation product in a pre-pro form, similar to human NE. Knowledge of the genomic organization and chromosomal location of mouse NE may allow us to further define mechanisms responsible for cell and tissue-specific expression of mouse NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belaaouaj
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Belaaouaj A, Shipley JM, Kobayashi DK, Zimonjic DB, Popescu N, Silverman GA, Shapiro SD. Human macrophage metalloelastase. Genomic organization, chromosomal location, gene linkage, and tissue-specific expression. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:14568-75. [PMID: 7782320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.24.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human macrophage metalloelastase (HME) is a recent addition to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family that was initially found to be expressed in alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers. To understand more about HME expression, analysis of the structure and location of the gene was performed. The gene for HME is composed of 10 exons and 9 introns, similar to the stromelysins and collagenases, and HME shares the highly conserved exon size and intron-exon borders with other MMPs. The 13-kilobase (kb) HME gene has been localized by fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosome 11q22.2-22.3, the same location of the interstitial collagenase and stromelysin genes. We determined that HME and stromelysin 1 genes are physically linked within 62 kb utilizing pulse-field gel electrophoresis. The promoter region of the HME gene contains several features common to other MMP genes including a TATA box 29 bp upstream to the transcription initiation site, an AP-1 motif, and a PEA3 element. HME mRNA is not detectable in normal adult tissues but is induced in rapidly remodeling tissues such as the term placenta. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry of placental tissue demonstrated HME mRNA and protein expression in macrophages and stromal cells. Cell-specific expression and response to inflammatory stimuli such as endotoxin is conferred within 2.8 kb of the HME 5'-flanking sequence as demonstrated by HME promoter-CAT expression constructs. Knowledge of the genomic organization and chromosomal location of HME may allow us to further define mechanisms responsible for cell- and tissue-specific expression of HME.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belaaouaj
- Department of Medicine, Jewish Hospital, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Belaaouaj A, Lapoumeroulie C, Caniça MM, Vedel G, Névot P, Krishnamoorthy R, Paul G. Nucleotide sequences of the genes coding for the TEM-like beta-lactamases IRT-1 and IRT-2 (formerly called TRI-1 and TRI-2). FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 120:75-80. [PMID: 8056297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Two blaTEM-like genes were characterized that encoded IRT beta-lactamases (previously called TRI) in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli resistant to amoxycillin alone and to combinations of amoxycillin with beta-lactamase inhibitors. Plasmids carrying this resistance were isolated from E. coli K 12 transconjugants and the genes were sequenced after amplification of defined fragments, using TEM-1-specific primers. The gene for IRT-1 beta-lactamase resembled the blaTEM-1B gene, and that for IRT-2 resembled blaTEM-2. However, both IRT enzymes have a glutamine residue at position 37, which is characteristic of TEM-1. The unique nucleotide difference with parental genes corresponding to amino acid variation was observed at nucleotide position 929. The consequence of C to T transition in the blaIRT-1 gene and C to A transversion in the blaIRT-2 gene was the substitution of arginine 241 in the native protein by cysteine and serine, respectively, in the mutants. Thus, the nature of amino acid 241 is critical in conferring resistance or susceptibility to beta-lactamase inhibitors. Furthermore, these basic to neutral amino acid replacements explain the more acidic pI (pI = 5.2) of these IRT enzymes compared to that of TEM-1 (pI = 5.4). The presence of cysteine-241 in IRT-1 also explains the selective sensitivity of this beta-lactamase to inhibition by p-chloromercuribenzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belaaouaj
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, UFR Cochin-Port-Royal, Paris, France
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belaaouaj
- Department of Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104
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Vedel G, Belaaouaj A, Gilly L, Labia R, Philippon A, Névot P, Paul G. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli producing TRI beta-lactamases: novel TEM-enzymes conferring resistance to beta-lactamase inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 30:449-62. [PMID: 1490918 DOI: 10.1093/jac/30.4.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different strains of Escherichia coli exhibiting unusual patterns of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics were isolated from patients at Cochin Hospital. Both isolates showed a low level of resistance to amoxycillin, ticarcillin and ureidopenicillins but were susceptible to cephalosporins, aztreonam and imipenem; beta-lactamase inhibitors potentiated the activities of the beta-lactams to only a limited extent. All resistance characteristics of the strains were transferable by conjugation to E. coli K12. Resistance was shown to be due to beta-lactamases of pI 5.20 and relative molecular masses of 24,000. The hydrolytic and inhibition profiles of these enzymes were similar to each other but differed from those of broad-spectrum beta-lactamases (TEM-1). The rates of hydrolysis (Vmax) of amoxycillin (c. 200%) were higher than that for TEM-1 (84%). Ticarcillin, ureidopenicillins and cephaloridine were hydrolyzed slowly. However, as for TEM-1, no hydrolysis was observed with cefoxitin, third generation cephalosporins, aztreonam and imipenem. The high Km values demonstrated the poor affinity of these enzymes for their substrates. Unlike TEM-1, they were poorly inhibited by beta-lactamase inhibitors. These two enzymes differed from each other as follows: (i) the concentrations of clavulanic acid required for 50% beta-lactamase inhibition were 31 mumol/L for one enzyme (E-SAL) and 9.4 mumol/L for the other (E-GUER); (ii) p-chloromercuribenzoate was a more active inhibitor of E-SAL then E-GUER. The titration curve method and DNA-DNA hybridization studies demonstrated that both enzymes were structurally related to TEM-1. The novel plasmid-encoded enzymes produced by the two isolates of E. coli appeared to be almost identical and to be derived from TEM-enzymes. On the basis of their presumed phylogeny and their biological properties, we propose that these beta-lactamases be given the generic name TRI (TEM Resistant to beta-lactamase Inhibitors).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vedel
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Cochin 24, Paris, France
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