Effectiveness of Different Vaccine Platforms in Reducing Mortality and Length of ICU Stay in Severe and Critical Cases of COVID-19 in the Omicron Variant Era: A National Cohort Study in Iran

OBJECTIVES

Various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with different platforms have been administered worldwide; however, their effectiveness in critical cases of COVID-19 has remained a concern.

METHODS

In this national cohort study, 24,016 ICU COVID-19 admissions were included from January to April 2022. The mortality and length of ICU-stay were compared between the vaccinated and unvaccinated patients.

RESULTS

9,428(39.25%) patients were unvaccinated, and 14,588(60.75%) patients had received at least one dose of the vaccine. Compared to the unvaccinated, the first, second, and third doses of vaccine resulted in 8%, 20%, and 33% lower risk of ICU mortality in the adjusted model, with RR 0.92, 95%CI(0.84 to 1.001), RR 0.80, 95%CI(0.77 to 0.83), and RR 0.67, 95%CI(0.64 to 0.71), respectively. The mean survival time was significantly shorter in the unvaccinated versus the fully vaccinated patients(HR 0.84, 95%CI(0.80 to 0.88); p<0.001). All vaccine platforms successfully decreased the hazard of ICU death compared to the unvaccinated group. The duration of ICU-stay was significantly shorter in the fully vaccinated than in unvaccinated group(MD -0.62, 95%CI(-0.82 to -0.42);p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Since COVID-19 vaccination in all doses and platforms has been able to reduce the risk of mortality and length of ICU-stay, universal vaccination is recommended based on vaccine availability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Neural Differentiation of Wisdom Tooth Follicle Stem Cells on a Nano-Hydrogel Scaffold Containing Salvia Chloroleucat to Treat Nerve injury in the Cancer of Nervous System

The human third molar's follicle is one of the sources of stem cells with high differentiation capacities which can be used in nervous system cancer treatment particularly in nerve damge. The purpose of this research was to identify the effects of the aqueous extract of Salvia chloroleuca on the differentiation of the human dental follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells to neural cells for treti. In this experimental study, the method of culture of digested tissue fragments was used to isolate stem cells from three samples of the extracted wisdom teeth follicles. The nano-hyaluronic acid scaffold has been synthesized by the sol-gel method as a porous composite and the S. chloroleuca extract has been loaded into it. The scaffold was analyzed in terms of mechanical properties, drug release and toxicity. Afterwards, the cells were seeded onto the scaffold using the immersion method. After 21 days, cell differentiation was investigated by morphological confirmation methods and confirming the expression of β-tubulin and MAP2 genes at mRNA and protein levels. Morphological assessment revealed neural differentiation in the cells of the groups of nano-hyaluronic acid scaffold with S. chloroleuca extract and nano-hyaluronic acid scaffold with S. chloroleuca extract + 10% retinoic acid. Furthermore, the expression of MAP2 and β-tubulin in these groups was confirmed by RT-PCR, real time PCR and western blot assays. The results of this research showed that the follicle of the third molar contains stem cells with a high capacity for differentiation. Moreover, the extract of S. chloroleuca, could lead to induction of neural differentiation in stem cells.

Differentiation of human endometrial stem cells encapsulated in alginate hydrogel into oocyte-like cells

INTRODUCTION

Human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (hEnMSCs) are a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with multi-lineage differentiation potential, making them an intriguing tool in regenerative medicine, particularly for the treatment of reproductive and infertility issues. The specific process of germline cell-derived stem cell differentiation remains unknown, the aim is to study novel ways to achieve an effective differentiation method that produces adequate and functioning human gamete cells.

METHODS

We adjusted the optimum retinoic acid (RA) concentration for enhancement of germ cell-derived hEnSCs generation in 2D cell culture after 7 days in this study. Subsequently, we developed a suitable oocyte-like cell induction media including RA and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and studied their effects on oocyte-like cell differentiation in 2D and 3D cell culture media utilizing cells encapsulated in alginate hydrogel.

RESULTS

Our results from microscopy analysis, real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence tests revealed that 10 µM RA concentration was the optimal dose for inducing germ-like cells after 7 days. We examined the alginate hydrogel structural characteristics and integrity by rheology analysis and SEM microscope. We also demonstrated encapsulated cell viability and adhesion in the manufactured hydrogel. We propose that in 3D cell cultures in alginate hydrogel, an induction medium containing 10 µM RA and 50 ng/mL BMP4 can enhance hEnSC differentiation into oocyte-like cells.

CONCLUSION

The production of oocyte-like cells using 3D alginate hydrogel may be viable in vitro approach for replacing gonad tissues and cells.

Synergistic inhibitory effect of human umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium and atorvastatin on MCF7 cancer cells viability and migration

Recent studies have demonstrated inhibitory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on breast tumors. Likewise, the emerging interest in statins as anticancer agents is based on their pleiotropic effects. In the present study, we investigated whether atorvastatin and umbilical cord matrix derived mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium affect the MCF7 cancer cells viability and interactions. We measured the viability of MCF7 cancer cells by MTT assay, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time PCR. Two-dimensional culture and hanging drop aggregation assay illustrated the morphological changes. We traced the MCF7 migration via scratch-wound healing test and trans-well assay. The results showed the inhibition of cancer cell viability in all treated groups compared to the control group. The effect of atorvastatin and conditioned medium combination was significantly more than each substance separately. The morphological changes indicated apoptosis in treated cells. The annexin V/PI flow cytometry especially in the combination-treated group displayed decreasing in DNA synthesis and cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2/M phases. As well, the mRNA expressions of caspases 3, 8, 9, and Bcl-2 genes were along with extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Conditioned medium disrupted the connections between cancer cells, so the spheroids in three-dimensional configuration lost their order and dispersed. The migration of treated cells across the wound area and trans-well diminished, particularly by the conditioned medium and atorvastatin combination. There fore, the synergistic anti-proliferative and anti-motility effect of atorvastatin along with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium on MCF7 breast cancer cells have been proved. The results might lead the development of novel adjuvant anticancer therapeutics based on targeting or modifying the extracellular matrix to increase chemotherapy results or to prevent metastatic colonization. Schematic representation of "Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Matrix Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Conditioned Medium and Atorvastatin on MCF7 Cancer Cells Viablity and Migration" by: Dr. Reyhaneh Abolghasemi, Dr. Somayeh Ebrahimi-barough, Proffesor. Jafar Ai.

Expression of miRNA1, miRNA133, miRNA191, and miRNA24, as Good Biomarkers, in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Real-Time PCR Method

Background:

Lung cancer has recently shown the highest incidence among all cancers. microRNAs (miRNAs) are the molecules playing a role in regulating gene expression and contributing to many pathogenic mechanisms. Therefore, these molecules could be used as biomarkers for the detection, anticipation, and treatment of cancer. With this in mind, we decided to investigate and compare the expression of miR-1, miR-133, miR-191, and miR-24 and also the expression differences in these four RNA molecules between lung cancer patients and the controls.

Methods:

A total of 50 patients with lung cancer participated in this study. In addition, 50 healthy blood samples were selected as the control group. Real-time PCR determined the expression levels of miRNA. The RNAs extracted from the patients’ white blood cells were initially synthesized, and then cDNA was extracted. Finally, the synthesized cDNA was amplified using real-time PCR, and its expression was compared with the control group.

Results:

The result indicated a low expression level of miR-1 and miR-133, and a high expression level of miR-191 and miR-24 in the blood of patients with lung cancer compared to the healthy subjects.

Conclusion:

Our findings revealed that miR-1, miR-133, miR-191, and miR-24 are oncogenes, and their expression could result in cancer. It appears that a therapy to overexpress miR-1 and miR-133 and downexpress miR-191 and miR-24 could contribute to the treatment of lung cancer.

COVID-19 and Vaccine-Induced Thrombosis

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly contagious infectious disease, has had a catastrophic effect on the world's demographics resulting in more than 2.9 million deaths worldwide till January 2021. It can lead to systemic multi-organ complications; in particular, venous and arterial thromboembolism risk is significantly increased. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs in 22.7% of patients with COVID-19 in the ICU and 8% in non-ICU hospitalized patients. Studies evaluating thromboprophylaxis strategies in patients with COVID-19 are needed to improve the prevention of VTE. VTE is the most commonly reported thrombotic complication, with higher incidence rates among critically ill patients. Several vaccines have been licensed and are currently used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, several cases of vaccine-induced thrombosis have been reported. Vaccination remains the most critical measure to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a broad consensus that the benefits of vaccination greatly outweigh the potential risks of rare vaccine side effects, such as vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). Therefore, the importance of vaccination should be emphasized. This statement aims to focus on VITT.

Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Impacted Third Molar Tooth into Neuron-like Cells

Peripheral nerve damages are among the most important consequences of dental and maxillofacial procedures. Tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising method to manage such injuries. Moreover, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) can enhance this treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of PBMT on differentiation of MSCs derived from dental follicle (DF) into neurons. MSCs were isolated from an impacted tooth follicle by digestion method. The stem cells were cultured, and differentiated into neurons. The cells received two sessions of PBMT with 810 or 980nm diode laser (100 mW, 4 J/cm² ) in either DMEM or neural inductive medium . Phenotypic characterization of the cells was determined using Flow cytometry. In addition, β-tubulin and MAP2 genes expression level changes were analyzed using RT-PCR and western blot technique. After 14 days, Flow cytometry analysis confirmed the mesenchymal nature of cells. RT-PCR and western blot affirmed the expression of β-tubulin and MAP2 genes and proteins, respectively. PBMT with both wavelengths significantly increased β-tubulin and MAP2 expression in neural inductive medium with highest expression mean in 980-nm group. PBMT with 810 and 980-nm lasers could be a promising adjunctive method in differentiation of DF-originated MSCs into neural cells.

Case Report: Coronavirus Disease 2019-associated Rhinosinusitis Mucormycosis Caused by Rhizopus arrhizus: A Rare but Potentially Fatal Infection Occurring After Treatment with Corticosteroids

COVID-19 first emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Since that time, the frequency of bacterial and fungal coinfections has been continuously increasing. Although invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is being increasingly recognized in association with COVID-19, there is limited information regarding COVID-19-associated mucormycosis. We describe a 50-year-old woman with uncontrolled diabetes who received systemic corticosteroids and remdesevir during her admission for COVID-19. A few days after discharge, the patient was readmitted because of facial swelling and numbness, and a diagnosis of COVID-19-associated rhinosinusitis mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus arrhizus (formerly called Rhizopus oryzae) was confirmed with sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA. This report aimed to address the importance of short-term follow-up for COVID-19 patients who have received systemic corticosteroids, particularly those with predisposing conditions, because early detection and prompt, aggressive treatment are essential for the management of invasive fungal infections.

Early Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) by miR-138 and miR-424-5p Expression as a Cancer Marker

INTRODUCTION

MicroRNAs (miRs) are a group of endogenous, non-coding, 18-24 nucleotide length single-strand RNAs. These molecules mediate the gene expression and are involved in regulating diverse cellular biological processes, i.e. cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis. Aberrant miR expression has been shown to be an important event in the pathologies of various types of cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

METHODS

Blood samples were obtained from 30 patients (15 cases and 15 controls), to determine miR-138 and miR-424-5p expression by using real-time PCR and ΔΔCT.

RESULTS

The median CT values of miR-138 were 27.60 and 28.70, while those of miR 424-5p were 29.40 and 30.0 in the case and control groups, respectively. Mann-Whitney test indicated no significant difference in miR-138 and miR-424-5p between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, results obtained by ΔΔCT method showed that miR-424-5p expression was 1.96 times higher in the case group, but miR-138 expression was 3.05 times lower in the plasma of OSCC patients.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the evaluation of miR-138 and miR-424-5p expression in serum can be used as potent markers for carcinoma detection and also may be a potentially therapeutic approach in the future. Further longitudinal studies with larger samples are required to verify these findings.<br />.

Application of a collagen scaffold saturated with platelet-rich plasma in prevention of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in the rat animal model

BACKGROUND

Among the myriad adverse events of drugs in the oral cavity, Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is one of the most detrimental drug reactions that have ever been known.

OBJECTIVE

This study was aimed to investigate the success of applying collagen scaffold alone and platelet-rich plasma (PRP)+collagen scaffold in prevention of zoledronic acid-induced BRONJ in the rat.

METHODS

A total of 17 male Wistar-rats were treated with 4 weekly doses of zoledronic acid. All rats were undergone bilateral tooth extraction of mandibular first molars and divided into three groups of scaffold + PRP + suture, scaffold + suture, and suture only. All rats were scarified and clinical, radiological, histological and histomorphomerical evaluations were made on week 8 post-treatment. The soft tissue healing, bone mineralized density (BMD), number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, necrotic bone (NB), intensity of inflammation and new bone formation (NBF) were analyzed.

RESULTS

BMD, number of osteoblasts and NBF variables proved to be statistically were higher in the treatment groups than the control group. In addition, the PRP + scaffold group showed the better results in terms of BMD, number of osteoblasts and NBF than that of the scaffold alone group. Number of osteoclasts, inflammation intensity and osteonecrosis were also significantly different in the PRP + scaffold group compared to the scaffold alone and the control groups.

CONCLUSION

Application of a PRP-enriched collagen scaffold appeared to be a successful preventive treatment for BRONJ by effecting of the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, BMD, NBF, inflammation, and osteonecrosis.

No clinical benefit of high dose corticosteroid administration in patients with COVID-19: A preliminary report of a randomized clinical trial

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of dexamethasone administration in patients with mild to moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study included 50 patients who were randomly assigned to the dexamethasone group or control group. Dexamethasone was administered at a dose of 20 mg/day from day 1-5 and then at 10 mg/day from day 6-10. The need for invasive mechanical ventilation, death rate, duration of clinical improvement, length of hospital stay, and radiological changes in the computed tomography scan were assessed. The results revealed that 92% and 96% of patients in the dexamethasone and control groups, respectively, required noninvasive ventilation (P = 0.500). Among them, 52% and 44% of patients in the dexamethasone and control groups, respectively, required invasive mechanical ventilation (P = 0.389). At the end of the study, 64% of patients in the dexamethasone group and 60% of patients in the control group died (P = 0.500); the remaining patients were discharged from the hospital during the 28-day follow-up period. The median length of hospital stay was 11 days in the dexamethasone group and 6 days in the control group (P = 0.036) and the median length of hospital stay was 7 days in the dexamethasone group and 3 days in the control group (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the other outcomes. This study showed that corticosteroid administration had no clinical benefit in patients with COVID-19-induced mild to moderate ARDS.

Role of miR153 and miR455-5p Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Isolated from Plasma

Background:

Despite the notable advances in modern surgery and radiotherapy,no significant increase in the five year survival rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma has been reported. Collecting evidence demonstrates that miR 153 and miR 455-5p play a key role in growth and progression of oral cancer. Early detection of OSCC is important for enhancing patient quality of life and clinical treatment.For this reason, biomarkers or tumour markers offer an opportunity to intervene and avoid development of oral cancer.

Methods:

A total of 50 blood samples from patients from both genders (25 OSCC and 25 healthy people/control groups) were obtained to determine the expression of miR153 and miR455-5p using Real time Polymerase chain reaction and t test.

Results:

In general by using the formula Δ ct, it is evident that the miR 153 expression in peripheral blood is lower in patients than in healthy individuals (1.97) while the miR 455-5p expression in peripheral blood is higher in patients than in healthy individuals (2.56).

Conclusion:

We conclude that miR153 and miR 455-5p expression in serum can function as a diagnostic screening test for the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Blood Purification Techniques, Inflammatory Mediators and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory mediators are an important component in the pathophysiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to assess the effects of reducing inflammatory mediators using hemoperfusion (HP) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on the mortality of patients with COVID-19.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were included. All patients had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients were divided into three groups, namely, HP, CRRT and HP+CRRT. The primary outcome was mortality and the secondary outcomes were oxygenation and reduction in inflammatory mediators at the end of the study.

RESULTS

Patients were not different at baseline in demographics, inflammatory cytokine levels, and the level of acute phase reactants. Half of the patients (3 out of 6) in the HP+CRRT group survived along with the survival of one patient (1 out of 2) in the HP group. All four patients in the CRRT group died. Serum creatinine (SCr), Interleukin-1 (IL1), Interleukin-6 (IL6), Interleukin-8 (IL8), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), O2 saturation (O2 sat), and hemodynamic parameters improved over time in HP+CRRT and CRRT groups, but no significant difference was observed in the HP group (All Ps > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Combined HP and CRRT demonstrated the best result in terms of mortality, reduction of inflammatory mediators and oxygenation. Further investigations are needed to explore the role of HP+CRRT in COVID-19 patients.

miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 as diagnostic biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma and the effects of Avastin on these biomarkers

Objectives

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common types of head and neck cancer. MicroRNAs, as new biomarkers, are recommended for diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers. Bevacizumab, sold under the trade name Avastin, is a humanized whole monoclonal antibody that targets and blocks VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A; angiogenesis) and oncogenic signaling pathways.

Materials and Methods

This study comprised 50 cases suffering from OSCC and 50 healthy participants. Peripheral blood samples were collected in glass test tubes, and RNA extraction was started immediately. Expression levels of miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 biomarkers in the peripheral blood of OSCC-affected individuals and healthy volunteers in vivo were evaluated using real-time PCR. The influence of Avastin on the expression levels of the aforementioned biomarkers in vitro and in the HN5 cell line was also investigated.

Results

Expression levels of miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 in the peripheral blood of individuals affected by OSCC were higher than in those who were healthy. Moreover, Avastin at a concentration of 400 µM caused a decrease in the expression levels of the three biomarkers and a 1.5-fold, 3.5-fold, and 4-fold increase in apoptosis in the test samples compared to the controls in the HN5 cell line after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively.

Conclusion

The findings of this study demonstrate that overexpression of miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 is associated with OSCC, and Avastin is able to regulate and downregulate the expression of those biomarkers and increase apoptosis in cancerous cells in the HN5 cell line

Reconstruction of necrotic submandibular salivary gland using mesenchymal stem cells

Background

The efficacy of mesnchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat the necrotic tissue of salivary glands (SGs) has yet investigated.

Objective

This study was conducted to investigate the potential capacity of MSCs to restore the function and regenerate the necrotic submandiular gland in the rat animal model.

Methods

Twenty-one Sprague–Dawley rats were provided from a breeding colony and randomly divided into three groups including the positive control or induced SG atrophy without treatment, the treatment group or induced SG atrophy with MSCs isolated transplantation and the negative control group consists of healthy rats. The atrophic and necrotic submandiular gland was induced using intraoral duct ligation of the main duct of submandiular gland for one month. The isolated stem cells were confirmed using flow cytometry for CD90 and CD 105. The isolated MSCs were cultured and injected to submandiular gland and the potential efficacy of MSCs to treat the atrophic submandibular glands was evaluated using histopathology on two weeks post-transplantation. To detect the acinar cell protein secretory granules, Alcian Blue and periodic acid shift (PAS) staining were done. For the demonstration of mitotic index or proliferation rate of the SG epithelia tissue, Ki-67 and Smbg proteins expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry.

Results

The locally injected MSCs could regenerate the overall histological structure of the necrotic submandibular gland tissue within 2 weeks of post-transplantation. Alcian Blue and PAS staining indicated that the mean amount of serous and mucin secretions in the treatment group was significantly increased compared to the positive control groups. We have also found that the treatment group significantly express higher Ki-67 protein, as a diagnostic marker for cell mitosis and proliferation rate, and lower Smbg protein, as a diagnostic marker, for damage to the submandibular gland than that of control group.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the therapeutic benefits of MSCs isolated from the SG in treating atrophic and necrotic SGs in a rat model. MSCs may be potential candidates for cell-based therapies targeting hypofunction of SG induced by a range of diseases or because of surgery and radiotherapy of head and neck cancers.

Demographics, laboratory parameters and outcomes of 1061 patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a report from Tehran, Iran

We aimed to determine the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) among the Iranian population. In this study, we collected and analysed the demographics, laboratory findings and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran between 20 February 2020 and 2 April 2020. Among 1061 patients, 692 (65.2%) were male and the median age was 55 years (interquartile range (IQR), 44–66 years). Totally, 129 (12.2%) patients died during hospitalization in the ward or intensive care unit. From the remaining 932 individuals, 46 (5.0%) were admitted to the intensive care unit and 886 (95.0%) were hospitalized in the ward. Those patients who died were significantly older than those hospitalized in the ward (p < 0.001). The median absolute number of lymphocytes was 1.2 × 10³/μL (IQR 0.9 × 10³ to 1.6 × 10³/μL) and 708 (66.7%) patients had lymphopenia (absolute lymphocyte count <1500/μL). Among the laboratory tests, D-dimer, serum ferritin and albumin had the strongest correlations with mortality (r = 0.455, r = 0.412, r = –0.406, respectively; p < 0.001 for each one). In conclusion, laboratory findings could provide useful information with regard to the management of individuals with COVID-19.

Molecular identification, phylogenetic analysis and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Aspergillusnidulans complex and Aspergillusterreus complex isolated from clinical specimens

OBJECTIVE

Aspergillus sections Terrei and Nidulantes are the less common causes of invasive aspergillosis and pulmonary aspergillosis (PA) in immunocompromised patients when compared to A. fumigatus and A. flavus. Identifying these fungi as the infectious agent is crucial because of the resistance to amphotericin B (AMB) and increased lethality. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular status, evaluate the genetic diversity and examine the antifungal susceptibility profile of the uncommon Aspergillus species. Forty-five uncommon Aspergillus species were identified based on the microscopic and macroscopic criteria. Then, the molecular identification was performed using the sequencing beta tubulin (benA) gene. In vitro antifungal susceptibility to amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole (ITC), ravuconazole (RAV), voriconazole (VRC), caspofungin (CFG) isavuconazole (ISA) and posaconazole (POS) test was performed according to the CLSI M38-A2 guidelines.

RESULTS

A. terreus was the most species detected, followed by A. nidulans, A. latus, A.ochraceus, and A. citrinoterreus, respectively. The analysis of the benA gene showed the presence of 12 distinct genotypes among the A. terreus isolates. The other species did not show any intraspecies variation. CFG exhibited the lowest MEC₅₀/MIC₅₀ (0.007μg/mL), followed by POS (0.125μg/mL), VRC, ITC, ISA (0.25μg/mL), RAV (0.5μg/mL), and AMB (8μg/mL). Among all the isolates, only 15.5% (7/45) were susceptible to AMB.

CONCLUSION

Antifungal susceptibility pattern of the uncommon Aspergillus species is useful to improve patient management and increase knowledge concerning the local epidemiology. Moreover, this information is necessary when an outbreak dealing with drug-resistant infections occurs.

Proteomic and genomic biomarkers for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Peroxiredoxin, Haptoglobin, and Alpha-1 antitrypsin

Background

The development of lung cancer is a multifactorial process that involves the environmental and genetic factors. The mortality rate of this cancer is higher than breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. In this study, we try to analyze the proteome of patients with Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and compare it with the healthy samples.

Methods

This study has compared 30 lung tissue samples from patients with NSCLC and 30 healthy samples using proteomics and RT‐PCR. Hence, tissue samples were obtained from the surgical ward in sterile conditions, and then, protein extraction applied to them. At the next stage, two‐dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry LCMS/MS were performed for protein isolation and sequencing, respectively.

Results

The proteome analysis identified more than 40 differences in proteomic pattern of normal lung tissues compared to lung tissues with NSCLC. Peroxiredoxin, Haptoglobin, and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin proteins were identified. Molecularly, it has also been shown that the two main proteins of Peroxiredoxin‐2 and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin were upregulated, and the expression of Haptoglobin protein was downregulated in cancer tissue.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that there are some differences in term of protein content between the normal and cancerous lung tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate these proteins that investigate whether these proteins can candidate as biomarkers to use in the early diagnosis of patients with NSCLC.

Osteogenic differentiation of follicular stem cells on nano-Saghez scaffold containing BMP2

Background

Bone tissue is one of the tissues that are capable of self-regeneration. However, bone self-regeneration is defeated in the case of broad lesion of bone structure. Isolated stem cells from wisdom tooth follicles can potentially differentiate into ectodermal and mesodermal cells. Saghez is a natural substance that has been extracted from Pistacia terebinthus with unique features, such as high temperature and mechanical stability, adhesive structure, biocompatibility, and anti-neoplastic properties.

Methods

In this study, Saghez-encapsulated BMP2 was applied as a scaffold for wisdom tooth follicle stem cell differentiation into the osteocyte. A total of three wisdom tooth follicles were obtained for stem cell isolation. For verification of differentiation of the isolated stem cells into osteocyte and adipocyte, Oil Red and Alizarin staining were applied, respectively. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells were distinguished by profiling their cell surface markers, includingCD73, CD90, CD44, and CD105, by flow cytometry. Saghez scaffold loaded with BMP2 factor was prepared using sol-gel method. Four experimental groups were considered in this study: cells seeded on BMP2 encapsulated in Saghez scaffold, Saghez scaffold, osteogenic medium, and DMEM medium.

Results

Mechanical properties of Saghez scaffold, including tensile Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile stress, compression Young’s modulus, and complex shear modulus, were 19 MPa, 32 MPa, 0.42 MPa, and 0.9 MPa, respectively. The porosity of the scaffold was 70–140 μm, and the percentage of porosity was 75–98%. The results of flow cytometry studies indicated that CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 were positively expressed on the membrane of the tooth follicles’ stem cell. The results indicated that the rate of differentiation of the follicle stem cells into osteocyte was the highest in the Saghez-BMP2 scaffold containing differentiation medium groups. These findings were verified by morphological studies, osteoblast and osteocalcin gene and protein expression investigations, and alkaline phosphatase activity measurement. The highest osteopontin and osteocalcin genes expression levels (1.7 and 1.9) were seen in positive control, followed by DMEM + differentiation factor (1.5 and 1.6), scaffold + BMP2 (1.2 and 1.4), DMEM + stem cell (1 and 1) and scaffold (0.4 and 0.5), and negative control respectively.

Conclusion

This study provides a novel system for differentiation of the stem cell into osteocytes. The results of this study suggest that loaded BMP2 in Saghez scaffold possibly acts as an osteocyte differentiator factor.

Examining the Expression of miR-205 and CEA mRNA in Peripheral Blood of Patients with OSCC(Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas) and Comparing them with Healthy People

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most important causes of mortality in the world. So, in this study the changes of expressing miR-205 and CEA in oral cancer in peripheral blood were examined for early detection and better treatment. Methods: In this study, we selected the number of 30 patient people and 30 healthy people. We measured their blood miR-205 and CEA using Real-Time PCR technique and evaluated the relationship between the expression of these biomarkers with tumor staging and cancer progression. Findings: there is no a significant difference in mean age by comparing these two groups using t-test. The CEA mRNA biomarker was positive in 24 out of 30 people of the patient people group and was positive in 4 out of 30 people of the healthy people group. Statistical comparison represented a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P-value <0.001). The miR-205 biomarker was positive in 9 out of 30 people of the patient people group and was positive in 22 out of 30 people of the healthy people group. Statistical comparison represented a statistically significant difference the two groups (P-value <0.001). Conclusion: In general, the research result can be considered as a screening test for early detection of the disease in the early stages. It is recommended to conduct more extensive studies with larger sample sizes to further proof of the research results.

Three Markers in Cancerous and Healthy Cells of Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC)

Introduction: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among males and females. The diagnosis of lung cancer is of great importance for clinical considerations and follow-up treatment. This study aimed to examine the expression of CEA, LUNX, and CK19 biomarkers in the cancerous and healthy tissues of patients suffering from NSCLC. Methods: In this study, 30 patients with NSCLCs referring to Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran were voluntarily selected prior to taking any treatment. A tissue sample from the center and a sample of healthy tissues close to the cancerous masses were prepared by a specialist in the bronchoscopy sector and tested using real-time RT-PCR. Results: Positive CEA mRNA was observed in cancerous tissues in the center of tumors of 25 out of 30 cases. In the healthy tissue group, the same was found in 10 out of 30 cases (P<0.001). The markers CK19 and LUNX mRNAs showed to be positive in cancerous samples in the center of tumors of 15 and 22 out of 30 cases, and in the healthy tissue group, the expression was observed in 5 and 4 out of 30 cases, respectively(P<0.001). Conclusion: This study confirms that the aformentioed markers are the ones with a relatively appropriate sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of lung cancer.

Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from Iranian patients

A total of 105 independent Candida albicans strains isolated from patients in Iran were investigated. According to CLSI documents M27-A3 and M27-S4, the 24 h geometric mean MICs of caspofungin, itraconazole, and fluconazole were 0.27, 3.19, and 11.91 μg/ml, respectively. Microsatellites analysis of CEF3, CAIII, LOC4 Loci identified 93 different allelic genotypes clustered apart into six different clades. Antifungal susceptibility was not linked with the source of isolation and the corresponding genotype of C. albicans strains.

A silk fibroin/decellularized extract of Wharton's jelly hydrogel intended for cartilage tissue engineering

A hybrid hydrogel was obtained from decellularized extract from Wharton's jelly (DEWJ) and silk fibroin (SF) and characterized for cartilage tissue engineering. Wharton's jelly was used due to its similarity with articular cartilage in extracellular matrix composition. Also, silk fibroin has good mechanical properties which make this construct appropriate for cartilage repair. Decellularization of Wharton's jelly was verified by DAPI staining, DNA quantification, and PCR analysis. Then, the biochemical composition of DEWJ was determined by ELISA kits for total proteins, collagens, sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). After fabricating pure SF and SF/DEWJ hybrid hydrogels, their physical and mechanical properties were characterized by FESEM, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and rheological assays (amplitude and frequency sweeps). Furthermore, cell viability and proliferation were assessed by MTT assay. The results have shown that DEWJ in hybrid hydrogels enhances mechanical properties of the construct relative to pure SF hydrogels. Also, this extract at its 40% concentration in culture media and 20% or 40% concentrations in SF/DEWJ hybrid hydrogels significantly increases population of the cells compared to control and pure SF hydrogel after 7 days. In conclusion, this study proposes the potential of SF/DEWJ hybrid hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering applications.

Detection of miR-21, MUC1mRNA and VEGF Protein Biomarkers Expression Changes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC) in Peripheral Blood

Background and purpose: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of cancer and one of the most important causes of death in the world; therefore, this study investigates the expression of miR-21, MUC1 mRNA and VEGF protein in peripheral blood for early detection and better treatment of this cancer using Real-Time RT-PCR and Elisa.Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 50 OSCC patients and 50 healthy subjects were selected as controls. The total RNA in peripheral blood was extracted by RNA extraction kit and quality evaluation of extracted RNA was measured by NanoDrop.For the synthesis of cDNA, Viva 2-steps RT-PCR kit was used. Expression of miR-21 and MUC1 mRNA were measured by Real-Time RT-PCR and used Elisa for VEGF protein. The relationship between the expressions of these biomarkers was evaluated with tumor staging and progression of cancer.Results: The average age difference is not significant in these two groups by using t-test. The miR-21 was positive in 43 out of 50 OSCC patients (86%), and it was also 14 out of 50 healthy subjects (28%). The MUC1 mRNA was positive in 35 out of 50 OSCC patients, indicating 70% sensitivity, and it was positive in 9 of the 50 healthy subjects(18%). The serum levels of VEGF protein were measured using Elisa; it was positive in 32 out of 50 OSCC patients (64%) and this biomarker in healthy subjects report was not positive, indicating that the specificity is 100%.Conclusions: Overall, the miR-21, MUC1 mRNA and VEGF protein biomarkers could be suggested as a diagnostic screening test for the early detection of diseases. To prove further research is recommended further studies with a larger sample size to be done.

Bevacizumab Inhibits Angiogenic Cytokines in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Gene to the Protein

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one most prevalent cancers among worldwide. Aim of this study was to evaluate possible effect of bevacizumab, a vascular endothelial growth (VEGF) factor monoclonal antibody on HNSCC cells in vitro to evaluate angiogenic profile changes. Materials and Methods: HNSCC cells were grown and after that different concentrations of bevacizumab were added in order to evaluate cytotoxic concentration using MTT assay. Then after, the cultured cells in presence of different concentration of bevacizumab were evaluated for gene expression of VEGF, matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, the VEGF expression was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The concentration at which half cells died (IC59) was calculated 1779 µg/mL and at this concentration, VEGF protein secretion was decreased by over one fold. RT-PCR results showed that MMP2, MMP9 and VEGF decreased by 1, 0.6 and 1.1 folds, respectively. Conclusion: It seems that bevacizumab could be considered as a side therapy for patients with HNSCC due to its potential for inhibition of angiogenic related factors, but further complementary studies are necessary.

Investigating PIK3R3 and ATp2A1 Genes Expressions in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Masih Daneshvari Hospital in 2016

BACKGROUND

Infectious diseases such as ventilator- associated pneumonia (VAP) are one of the serious problems in intensive care units (ICU) of hospitals. To date, there has been no appropriate clinical and diagnostic marker for early detection of this disease. In this study, expression of PIK₃R₃ and ATp₂A₁ genes in patients with VAP were assessed to be used as biomarkers to identify and confirm the disease.

METHODS

This study was conducted by using peripheral blood samples of 60 individuals, including 30 patients with VAP and 30 healthy volunteers. First, the peripheral blood samples were taken and then RNA was extracted and converted into cDNA. Finally, the assessment of genes was performed by Real-time PCR.

RESULTS

In peripheral blood samples, 46.6% and 30% were positive for PIK₃R₃ expression in patients and healthy groups, respectively. The ATp₂A₁ expression in patients and healthy controls were found 40% and 23.3%, respectively. Comparing the ΔCT obtained for the PIK₃R₃ and ATp₂A₁ genes showed statistically significant differences between the two groups of patients and healthy subjects (p=0.042, p=0.036).

CONCLUSION

ATp₂A₁ and PIK₃R₃ may be used as biomarkers for early detection of VAP disease. However, further studies are required.

mRNA Biomarkers for Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Cancer

Objectives: Cancer is one of the main causes of death in the world. Changes in the expression of CK19 and CEA genes in peripheral blood of OSCC patients were examined for early diagnosis. Methodology: The participants were 36 patients and 36 normal individuals. CK19 and CEA of blood serum were measured through Real-Time PCR. The relationship of the biomarkers with tumor staging and cancer development was examined. Results: Comparison of the two groups of participants using t-test indicated no significant difference in terms of mean age. CK19 marker was positive in 19 participants of the patients group (n=36), which meant the sensitivity of the marker was 53%. In addition, the marker was positive in eight participants of the normal group (n=36). CEA marker was positive in 26 participants of the patients group (n=36), which meant the sensitivity of the marker was 72%. Moreover, the marker was positive in 11 participants in the normal group (n=36). Conclusion: In general, the study introduced a screening test for early diagnosis of OSCC. To have evidences with more reliability, future studies should be carried out with larger sample groups.

Multi-Gene Expression in Anthracosis of the Lungs as One of the Risk Factors for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background: Anthracosis of the lung occurs due to the deposition of carbon and silica in the mucosa and submucosa, manifested as black lesions. The association of anthracosis with lung cancer has remained to be clearly elucidated The current study aimed to assess the P16, CDH1 and LUNX genes expression level to evaluate the association of anthracotic lesions in the lungs with the occurrence of non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: Forty biopsy samples were taken from the center and 40 from the margins of black anthracotic lesions in the lungs; RNA was extracted from the samples and cDNA was synthesized. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to assess the expression of P16, CDH1 and LUNX genes. All steps were performed in triplicate. Results: A significant reduction in P16 gene expression was noted at the center compared to the margins of the lesions (P<0.001). expression level of CDH1 at the center of lesions was significantly lower than margins (P<0.001). However, LUNX gene had significantly higher expressionlevel at the center compared to margins (P<0.001). Conclusion: Decreased expression of P16 and CDH1 and increased expression of LUNX tumor genes were noted at the center of anthracotic lesions. Significant increase in expression of LUNX gene in NSCLC indicates an association between anthracosis and NSCLC, according to which, anthracotic patients may carry a high risk for NSCLC.

Surveying the Expression of CDH1 and EGFR Genes in Patients with Anthracosis and Its Relationship with Lung Carcinoma

Introduction: Anthracosis is known as the black lung disease and studies have shown relationships between the disease and lung carcinoma. In addition, the expression of CDH1 and EGFR genes can be used as the prognostic of anthracosis. The present study surveys the expression of CDH1 and EGFR genes in anthracosis patients and its relationship with non-small cells lung carcinoma. Methodology: Thirty anthracosis patients diagnosed by a specialist participated in the study. The subjects were asked to sign an informed letter of consent and then, to examine the expression of CDH1 and EGFR genes through real-time PCR, tissue samples were collected. Afterward, the relationship of expression of the biomarkers with tumor staging and cancer progress was examined. Results: Mean age of the patients was 48±10.5 years. As the reference gene, 18sRNA was adopted and comparison of mean CTs at the center and edges of lesions showed no significant difference. As to CDH1 gene at the center of lesions, 12 cases out of 30 were positive, which indicates 40% sensitivity; while at the edges, 20 cases out 30 were positive. Comparison of the positive rates of CDH1 gene at the center and edges of the lesions indicated a significant difference (P-value<0.001). Moreover and with regard to EGFR gene at the center of lesions, 19 cases out 30 were positive (sensitivity = 63.3%) and five cases out of 30 were positive at the edges of lesions (control). There was also a significant difference between the positive cases of EGFR gene at the center and edges of the lesions (P-value<0.001). Clearly, the positive cases of CDH1 at the edges were higher than that at the center, while in the case of EGFR gene, positive cases at the center were higher than that at the edges. It is notable that to obtan results with higher accuracy entails increasing the sensitivity level. Following similar studies and to have higher accuracy, the experiments were carried out with three iterations. Conclusion: In general, the results indicated a sort of relationship between anthracosis and lung carcinoma. To prove such relationship on a more solid ground, more studies with larger number of subjects are needed.

Relationship with lung carcinoma in the patients with Anthracosis by detection of expression of P16 and MUC1 genes

Introduction and objective: Anthracosis is a pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust. The term “pneumoconiosis” refers to an occupational lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of dust. To achieve more efficient diagnosis and treatment methods, changes in the expression of MUC1 and P16 genes in the patients with anthracosis and their relationship with none-small cells lung carcinoma were examined. Methodology: Thirty anthracosis samples (center of lesion) and thirty healthy samples (edges of lesion) were collected from anthracosis patients diagnosed by a specialist. The patients signed a written letter of consent beforehand. The expression of MUC1 and P19 biomarkers was measured through Real-Time PCR. The relationship of the expression of biomarkers with tumor staging and lung carcinoma stage was examined. Results: The two groups in the study were compared using t-test. P16 marker was positive at the center and edges of lesions in seven (out of 30) and 18 (out of 30) cases respectively. There was a significant difference between positive P16 markers at the center and edges of the lesions (p-value<0.001). MUC1 marker was positive at the center of lesions in 21 cases out of 30 (sensitivity = 70%) and it was positive at the edges of lesions in seven cases out of 30. In terms lesions (p-value<0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated a relationship between anthracosis and lung carcinoma. Clearly, the positive cases of P16 genes at the edges of lesions were higher than that at the center; while, the positive cases of MCU1 gene at the center of lesions were higher than that at the edges. Further studies with larger sample groups are needed to provide more evidences.

Cytotoxic Effect of Thiabendazole on Hn5 Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Evidence shows thiabendazole has the potential to inhibit angiogenesis in melanoma and fibrosarcoma; however, its effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma has not been previously studied.

PURPOSE

This study sought to assess the cytotoxic effects of thiabendazole on HN5 head and neck squamous carcinoma cell line.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

HN5 cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of thiabendazole (prepared from 99% pure powder) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cell viability was assessed by the methyl thiazol tetrazolium assay, and IC50 of thiabendazole was calculated. Cells were also exposed to different concentrations of thiabendazole for 48 hours to determine its effect on expression and transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The vascular endothelial growth factor release was assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test.

RESULTS

In all concentrations of thiabendazole except for 200 and 550μM, cell viability was significantly different at different time points (p< 0.05). At 48 and 72 hours, cell viability at all concentrations of thiabendazole (100-650μM) significantly decreased compared to the control group (zero concentration). In addition, cell viability significantly decreased with an increase in thiabendazole concentration. At 48 hours, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was significantly lower in presence of 500μM thiabendazole compared to the control group (p< 0.001) and release of vascular endothelial growth factor was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

Thiabendazole inhibited the proliferation of HN5 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. It also inhibited the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor gene.

Protein engineering of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 with higher interaction with Ca phosphate based scaffold used for osteogenesis

The aim of the present study was to assess the recombinant bonemorphogenetic protein 2 (RHBMP-2) with higher substantively and solubility for use in calcium phosphate scaffolds for better release in differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblast cells. Using bioinformatics tools, two mutations (p. L10D and p. S12E) were chosen and applied in BMP2 CDS sequence to increase interaction with calcium derived composite. The new recombinant mutated sequence (BMP2^mut ) was synthesized and then subcloned to expression vector pBV220. Experimental data regarded functional protein expression in E. coli. Since no modification was made in the active sites of proteins namely β-sheets and α-helixes, not only was there any change in the specific activity occurred in the specific activity of the enzyme in comparison to its commercial counterpart, but also mesenchymal osteogenesis occurred more efficient on biphasic CaP scaffold model. As we hypothesized, use of negatively charged amino acids such as aspartate and glutamate in protein loops increased the interactions of BMP2-Ca²⁺ and resulted in its slower and more sustained released from CaP scaffolds compare to commercial RHBMP2. Our data suggested that new BMP2^mut have greater osteoinductive capacity than RHBMP2 in the same time and dose than RHBMP2. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2799-2805, 2017.

Expression of two basic mRNA biomarkers in peripheral blood of patients with non-small cell lung cancer detected by real-time rt-PCR, individually and simultaneously

Introduction: Although extensive research has been conducted on lung cancer markers, a singular clinically applicable marker has not been found yet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA and lung-specific X protein (LUNX) mRNA biomarkers in peripheral blood to detect lung cancer individually and simultaneously. Methods: Thirty patients affected by lung cancer and 30 healthy individuals were studied in this research. Three vials of cDNA were made from each sample after taking peripheral blood samples and extracting total RNA. Each sample was examined by the real-time RT-PCR technique. The result from each vial was then compared with the sensitivity of overall marker. Results: The CEA mRNA was positive in 24 out of 30 lung cancer patients. Hence, its sensitivity was determined at 80%, differing significantly from that observed in healthy individuals, where 11 positive cases were seen. The overall sensitivity of this marker was significantly associated with positivity in vials 2 and 3 but not in vial 1. The LUNX mRNA was positive in 21 out of 30 patients, indicating 70% sensitivity. This finding significantly differed from that in healthy individuals. The overall sensitivity of this marker was significantly associated with positivity in vials 1 and 3, but not in vial 2. In 93.3% of the patients, at least one positive marker was observed. Conclusion: The mentioned mRNA could be suggested as sensitive and specific markers in peripheral blood for primary diagnosis of lung cancer.