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Salla M, Karaki N, El Kaderi B, Ayoub AJ, Younes S, Abou Chahla MN, Baksh S, El Khatib S. Enhancing the Bioavailability of Resveratrol: Combine It, Derivatize It, or Encapsulate It? Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:569. [PMID: 38675230 PMCID: PMC11053528 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the limited bioavailability and extensive metabolism of effective in vitro drugs remains a challenge that limits the translation of promising drugs into clinical trials. Resveratrol, despite its well-reported therapeutic benefits, is not metabolically stable and thus has not been utilized as an effective clinical drug. This is because it needs to be consumed in large amounts to overcome the burdens of bioavailability and conversion into less effective metabolites. Herein, we summarize the more relevant approaches to modify resveratrol, aiming to increase its biological and therapeutic efficacy. We discuss combination therapies, derivatization, and the use of resveratrol nanoparticles. Interestingly, the combination of resveratrol with established chemotherapeutic drugs has shown promising therapeutic effects on colon cancer (with oxaliplatin), liver cancer (with cisplatin, 5-FU), and gastric cancer (with doxorubicin). On the other hand, derivatizing resveratrol, including hydroxylation, amination, amidation, imidation, methoxylation, prenylation, halogenation, glycosylation, and oligomerization, differentially modifies its bioavailability and could be used for preferential therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the encapsulation of resveratrol allows its trapping within different forms of shells for targeted therapy. Depending on the nanoparticle used, it can enhance its solubility and absorption, increasing its bioavailability and efficacy. These include polymers, metals, solid lipids, and other nanoparticles that have shown promising preclinical results, adding more "hype" to the research on resveratrol. This review provides a platform to compare the different approaches to allow directed research into better treatment options with resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salla
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Khiyara—West Bekaa, Bayrut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (N.K.); (B.E.K.); (A.J.A.); (M.N.A.C.); (S.E.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Nadine Karaki
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Khiyara—West Bekaa, Bayrut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (N.K.); (B.E.K.); (A.J.A.); (M.N.A.C.); (S.E.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese University, Zahlé 1801, Lebanon
| | - Belal El Kaderi
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Khiyara—West Bekaa, Bayrut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (N.K.); (B.E.K.); (A.J.A.); (M.N.A.C.); (S.E.K.)
| | - Abeer J. Ayoub
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Khiyara—West Bekaa, Bayrut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (N.K.); (B.E.K.); (A.J.A.); (M.N.A.C.); (S.E.K.)
| | - Samar Younes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Khiyara—West Bekaa, Bayrut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon;
- INSPECT-LB (National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology-Lebanon (INSPECT-LB)), Beirut 1103, Lebanon
| | - Maya N. Abou Chahla
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Khiyara—West Bekaa, Bayrut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (N.K.); (B.E.K.); (A.J.A.); (M.N.A.C.); (S.E.K.)
| | - Shairaz Baksh
- BioImmuno Designs, 4747 154 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5Y 0C2, Canada;
- Bio-Stream Diagnostics, 2011 94 Street, Edmonton, AB T6H 1N1, Canada
| | - Sami El Khatib
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Khiyara—West Bekaa, Bayrut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (N.K.); (B.E.K.); (A.J.A.); (M.N.A.C.); (S.E.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Khiyara—West Bekaa, Bayrut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah 32093, Kuwait
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Zeiz A, Kawtharani R, Elmasri M, Khawaja G, Hamade E, Habib A, Ayoub AJ, Abarbri M, El-Dakdouki MH. Molecular properties prediction, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of some pyrimido[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-one derivatives. Bioimpacts 2023; 14:27688. [PMID: 38505674 PMCID: PMC10945296 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2023.27688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of a novel series of eleven pyrimido[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-one analogues substituted at position 7 were assessed in the current study. Methods The physicochemical characteristics were studied using MolSoft software. The antiproliferative activity was investigated by MTT cell viability assay, and cell cycle analysis elucidated the antiproliferative mechanism of action. Western blot analysis examined the expression levels of key pro-apoptotic (Bax, p53) and pro-survival (Bcl-2) proteins. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring the production levels of nitric oxide in RAW264.7 cells, and the expression levels of COX-2 enzyme in LPS-activated THP-1 cells. In addition, the gene expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3) was assessed by RT-qPCR. Results Compound 1 bearing a chlorine substituent displayed the highest cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancer cells where IC50 values of 49.35 ± 2.685 and 69.32 ± 3.186 µM, respectively, were achieved. Compound 1 increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins p53 and Bax while reducing the expression of pro-survival protein Bcl-2. Cell cycle analysis revealed that compound 1 arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Anti-inflammatory assessments revealed that compound 1 displayed the strongest inhibitory activity on NO production with IC50 of 29.94 ± 2.24 µM, and down-regulated the expression of COX-2. Compound 1 also induced a statistically significant decrease in the gene expression of various cytokines and chemokines. Conclusion These findings showed that the pyrimidine derivative 1 displayed potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties in vitro, and can be selected as a lead compound for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zeiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Ranin Kawtharani
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Lebanese University, Faculty of Science-I, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat Elmasri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghada Khawaja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Eva Hamade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aida Habib
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Abeer J. Ayoub
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Abarbri
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E)., EA 6299. Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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Ayoub AJ, El-Achkar GA, Ghayad SE, Hariss L, Haidar RH, Antar LM, Mallah ZI, Badran B, Grée R, Hachem A, Hamade E, Habib A. Fluorinated Benzofuran and Dihydrobenzofuran as Anti-Inflammatory and Potential Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10399. [PMID: 37373544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzofuran and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran scaffolds are heterocycles of high value in medicinal chemistry and drug synthesis. Targeting inflammation in cancer associated with chronic inflammation is a promising therapy. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of fluorinated benzofuran and dihydrobenzofuran derivatives in macrophages and in the air pouch model of inflammation, as well as their anticancer effects in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HCT116. Six of the nine compounds suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammation by inhibiting the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase 2 and decreased the secretion of the tested inflammatory mediators. Their IC50 values ranged from 1.2 to 9.04 µM for interleukin-6; from 1.5 to 19.3 µM for Chemokine (C-C) Ligand 2; from 2.4 to 5.2 µM for nitric oxide; and from 1.1 to 20.5 µM for prostaglandin E2. Three novel synthesized benzofuran compounds significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase activity. Most of these compounds showed anti-inflammatory effects in the zymosan-induced air pouch model. Because inflammation may lead to tumorigenesis, we tested the effects of these compounds on the proliferation and apoptosis of HCT116. Two compounds with difluorine, bromine, and ester or carboxylic acid groups inhibited the proliferation by approximately 70%. Inhibition of the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and concentration-dependent cleavage of PARP-1, as well as DNA fragmentation by approximately 80%, were described. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship suggested that the biological effects of benzofuran derivatives are enhanced in the presence of fluorine, bromine, hydroxyl, and/or carboxyl groups. In conclusion, the designed fluorinated benzofuran and dihydrobenzofuran derivatives are efficient anti-inflammatory agents, with a promising anticancer effect and a combinatory treatment in inflammation and tumorigenesis in cancer microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer J Ayoub
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1104, Lebanon
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Bekaa 146404, Lebanon
| | - Ghewa A El-Achkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint George University of Beirut, Achrafieh, Beirut 1100-2807, Lebanon
| | - Sandra E Ghayad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences II, EDST, Lebanese University, Fanar 90656, Lebanon
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, Aix-Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Layal Hariss
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences I, PRASE-EDST, Lebanese University, Hadath 1104, Lebanon
| | - Razan H Haidar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1104, Lebanon
| | - Leen M Antar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1104, Lebanon
| | - Zahraa I Mallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1104, Lebanon
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1104, Lebanon
| | - René Grée
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ali Hachem
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences I, PRASE-EDST, Lebanese University, Hadath 1104, Lebanon
| | - Eva Hamade
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1104, Lebanon
| | - Aida Habib
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Alok K, Moussalem C, Minassian G, Baassiri W, Kobeissy F, Jurjus A, Hamade E, Ayoub AJ, Habib A, Fahs A, El Houshiemy MN, Bsat S, Alomari S, Omeis I. 483 Improvement in Behavioral, Cellular and Molecular Outcomes with Connexin Inhibitors Administration in a Porcine Spinal Cord Injury Model. Neurosurgery 2022. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001880_483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Fahs A, Ramadan F, Ghamloush F, Ayoub AJ, Ahmad FA, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y, Zhao J, Zhu R, Hussein N, Saab R, Ghayad SE. Effects of the Oncoprotein PAX3-FOXO1 on Modulation of Exosomes Function and Protein Content: Implications on Oxidative Stress Protection and Enhanced Plasticity. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1784. [PMID: 33117671 PMCID: PMC7560303 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant soft tissue sarcoma classified into two major histologic subtypes: embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS). ARMS subtype is clinically more aggressive, and characterized by an oncogenic fusion protein PAX3-FOXO1 (P3F) that drives oncogenic cellular properties. To understand the role of the fusion oncoprotein in paracrine signaling, we focused on secreted exosomes, which have been demonstrated to contribute to metastasis in multiple tumor types. Advanced Proteomics-bioinformatics analysis of the protein cargo of exosomes isolated from C2C12 myoblasts transduced with P3F fusion gene revealed 52 deregulated proteins compared to control cells, with 26 enriched and 26 depleted proteins. Using both PANTHER gene classification and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software, we found that the main biological processes in which the 52 deregulated proteins are involved, include “catalytic activity,” “binding,” “metabolic process,” and “cellular process.” The pathways engaging the 26 enriched proteins include the “14-3-3 mediated signaling,” “cell cycle,” and “ERK5, VEGF, IGF1,and p70S6K signaling.” Furthermore, the main nodes in which deregulated exosome proteins and miRNAs intersected revealed pathways conferring protection from stress and promoting plasticity. Based on the bioinformatics analysis and the altered exosome proteome profile, we performed biochemical functional analysis to study the diverse properties of these exosomes where angiogenesis, stemness, and anti-oxidative stress properties were validated using different platforms. P3F-modulated exosomes activated ERK, 4-EBP1, and MMP-2 in recipient cells, and enhanced angiogenesis and stemness. In addition, P3F led to lower cellular reactive oxygen species levels and enhanced resistance against oxidative stress; and treatment of stromal cells with P3F-modulated exosomes also conferred protection against exogenous oxidative stress. Our findings highlight the role of P3F fusion protein in modulating exosome cargo to confer a protective effect on recipient cells against oxidative stress and to promote plasticity and survival, potentially contributing to the known aggressive phenotype of the fusion gene-positive subtype of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assil Fahs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Ramadan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Farah Ghamloush
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abeer J Ayoub
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Ali Ahmad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jingfu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Nader Hussein
- Cancer Biology Stem Cells and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raya Saab
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra E Ghayad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
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Ayoub AJ, Hariss L, El-Hachem N, El-Achkar GA, Ghayad SE, Dagher OK, Borghol N, Grée R, Badran B, Hachem A, Hamade E, Habib A. gem-Difluorobisarylic derivatives: design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory effect. BMC Chem 2019; 13:124. [PMID: 31696161 PMCID: PMC6824041 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction New fluorinated diaryl ethers and bisarylic ketones were designed and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects in primary macrophages. Methods The synthesis of the designed molecules started from easily accessible and versatile gem-difluoro propargylic derivatives. The desired aromatic systems were obtained using Diels-Alder/aromatization sequences and this was followed by Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions and, when required, final functionalization steps. Both direct inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase-1 or -2 activities, protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase-II and the production of prostaglandin E2, the pro-inflammatory nitric oxide and interleukin-6 were evaluated in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide. Docking of the designed molecules in cyclooxygenase-1 or -2 was performed. Results Only fluorinated compounds exerted anti-inflammatory activities by lowering the secretion of interleukin-6, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2, and decreasing the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse primary macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide, as well as cyclooxygenase activity for some inhibitors with different efficiencies depending on the R-groups. Docking observation suggested an inhibitory role of cyclooxygenase-1 or -2 for compounds A3, A4 and A5 in addition to their capacity to inhibit nitrite, interleukin-6, and nitric oxide synthase-II and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Conclusion The new fluorinated diaryl ethers and bisarylic ketones have anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. These fluorinated compounds have improved potential anti-inflammatory properties due to the fluorine residues in the bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer J Ayoub
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,2Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Layal Hariss
- 3Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences I and PRASE-EDST Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nehme El-Hachem
- 4Integrative Systems Biology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada.,8Present Address: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghewa A El-Achkar
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra E Ghayad
- 5Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences II, EDST, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Oula K Dagher
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Borghol
- 2Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - René Grée
- 6Université de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bassam Badran
- 2Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Hachem
- 3Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences I and PRASE-EDST Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eva Hamade
- 2Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aida Habib
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM, UMR1149, CNRS, ERL 8252, 75018 Paris, France
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