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Kaye AD, Cornett EM, Brondeel KC, Lerner ZI, Knight HE, Erwin A, Charipova K, Gress KL, Urits I, Urman RD, Fox CJ, Kevil CG. Biology of COVID-19 and related viruses: Epidemiology, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2021; 35:269-292. [PMID: 34511219 PMCID: PMC7723419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses belong to the family Coronaviridae order Nidovirales and are known causes of respiratory and intestinal disease in various mammalian and avian species. Species of coronaviruses known to infect humans are referred to as human coronaviruses (HCoVs). While traditionally, HCoVs have been a significant cause of the common cold, more recently, emergent viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. Here, we discuss coronavirus disease (COVID-19) biology, pathology, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and recent clinical trials involving promising treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Kaye
- LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport LA 71103, USA
| | - Elyse M. Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport LA 71103, USA
| | | | - Zachary I. Lerner
- LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Haley E. Knight
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Abigail Erwin
- LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Karina Charipova
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., 20007, USA
| | - Kyle L. Gress
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., 20007, USA
| | - Ivan Urits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D. Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Charles J. Fox
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport LA 71103, USA
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Erwin A, Stone KJ, Shelton D, Hahn I, Huie W, de Paula LAN, Schmerr NC, Paik HJ, Chui TCP. Electrostatic frequency reduction: A negative stiffness mechanism for measuring dissipation in a mechanical oscillator at low frequency. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:015101. [PMID: 33514205 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Broadband seismometers and gravitational wave detectors make use of mechanical resonators with a high quality factor to reduce Brownian noise. At low frequency, Brownian noise is ultimately dominated by internal friction in the suspension, which has a 1/f noise compared with the white noise arising from viscous dissipation. Internal friction is typically modeled as a frequency-dependent loss and can be challenging to measure reliably through experiment. In this work, we present the physics and experimental implementation of electrostatic frequency reduction (EFR) in a mechanical oscillator-a method to measure dissipation as a function of frequency. By applying a high voltage to two parallel capacitor plates, with the center plate being a suspended mass, an electrostatic force is created that acts as a negative stiffness mechanism to reduce the system's resonance frequency. Through EFR, the loss angle can be measured as a function of frequency by measuring amplitude decay response curves for a range of applied voltages. We present experimental measurements of the loss angle for three metal helical extension springs in the nominal frequency range 0.7-2.9 Hz at 0.2 Hz intervals, demonstrating the possibility for fine adjustment of the resonance frequency for loss angle measurements. A quality factor proportional to the resonance frequency squared was measured, an indication that internal friction and other non-viscous dissipation elements, such as electrostatic damping, were the prominent loss mechanisms in our experiments. Finally, we consider the implications of Brownian noise arising from internal friction on a low 1/f noise seismometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Erwin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - K J Stone
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - D Shelton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - I Hahn
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - W Huie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - L A N de Paula
- Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - N C Schmerr
- Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H J Paik
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - T C P Chui
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
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Mega M, Sherman A, Luz P, Rogers L, Siaroff B, Erwin A, Baraban E. Executive Dysfunction Precedes Memory Decline and Is Related to Increased Stress in Preclinical MCI (P07.162). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p07.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Tornatore C, Erwin A. Dosing Natalizumab Every Other Month Following 2 Years of Monthly Dosing (PD5.003). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.pd5.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Erwin A. Hitting their mark. Two outpatient organizations partner with vendors to win award. Healthc Inform 1999; 16:109, 111-2. [PMID: 10538420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Erwin A. Erase the paper chase. Healthc Inform 1999; 16:62-4, 66, 68. [PMID: 10346443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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Erwin A. And the winner is ... telemedicine award winners bring specialized healthcare to rural areas. Healthc Inform 1998; 15:103-4, 106. [PMID: 10185035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Alexopoulos T, Antoniazzi L, Arenton M, Ballagh C, Bingham H, Blankman A, Block M, Boden A, Borodin S, Budagov J, Cao Z, Cataldi G, Chen T, Clark K, Cline D, Conetti S, Cooper M, Corti G, Cox B, Creti P, Dukes E, Durandet C, Elia V, Erwin A, Fortney L, Golovatyuk S, Gorini E, Grancagnolo F, Haire M, Hanlet P, He M, Introzzi G, Jenkins M, Jennings J, Judd D, Kaeding T, Kononenko W, Kowald W, lanza A, Lau K, Liguori G, Lys J, Mazur P, McManus A, Misawa S, Mo G, Murphy T, Nelson K, Newcomer M, Panareo M, Ramachandran S, Recagni M, Rhoades J, Segal J, Selove W, Smith R, Spiegel L, Sun J, Tokar S, Torre P, Trischuk J, Trojak T, Tsyganov E, Turnbull L, VanBerg R, Wagoner D, Wang C, Wang H, Wei C, Yang W, Yao N, Zhang N, Zhang S, Zou B. Effects of high energy protons on the E771 silicon microstrip detector. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0969-806x(93)90083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Alexopoulos T, Allen C, Anderson EW, Areti H, Banerjee S, Beery PD, Biswas NN, Bujak A, Carmony DD, Carter T, Cole P, Choi Y, Erwin A, Findeisen C, Goshaw AT, Gutay LJ, Hirsch AS, Hojvat C, Kenney VP, Koltick D, Lindsey CS, LoSecco JM, McMahon T, McManus AP, Morgan N, Nelson K, Oh SH, Piekarz J, Porile NT, Reeves D, Scharenberg RP, Stringfellow BC, Stampke SR, Thompson M, Turkot F, Walker WD, Wang CH, Wesson DK. Multiplicity dependence of the transverse-momentum spectrum for centrally produced hadrons in antiproton-proton collisions at sqrt s =1.8 TeV. Phys Rev Lett 1988; 60:1622-1625. [PMID: 10038094 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.60.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Erwin CW, Linnoila M, Hartwell J, Erwin A, Guthrie S. Effects of buspirone and diazepam, alone and in combination with alcohol, on skilled performance and evoked potentials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986; 6:199-209. [PMID: 3734141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of buspirone, 10 and 20 mg, and diazepam, 10 mg, on skilled performance and evoked responses, as well as their interactions with 0.8 g/kg of alcohol were investigated in 24 healthy men. Alcohol, 0.8 g/kg, caused the greatest performance impairment, followed closely by diazepam. Both doses of buspirone had lesser effects. Buspirone had primarily sedative effects which were short lasting, whereas diazepam impaired tracking and body balance in addition to being sedative. Both anxiolytics showed only slight additive interactions with the present dose of alcohol. A strong drug effect and a lesser but significant alcohol and a drug/alcohol interaction effect were seen on evoked potentials. Diazepam effects on evoked potentials were similar to alcohol, whereas buspirone in some instances appeared to reverse the alcohol effect. Pharmacokinetics of buspirone and diazepam were not significantly affected by concomitant administration of alcohol. The psychomotor side effect profile of a single anxiolytic dose of buspirone is preferable to a single 10-mg dose of diazepam.
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Abstract
We have reviewed sensory evoked potential (EP) findings in 17 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Somatosensory EPs were abnormal in 7 of 16 patients after lower-extremity stimulation and in 2 of 16 patients after upper-extremity stimulation. Brainstem auditory EP abnormalities were found in 2 of 12 patients. No abnormalities were noted on pattern reversal visual EPs in 12 patients. Overall, 47% of all ALS patients studied had at least one EP abnormality. EP evidence of CNS sensory dysfunction in ALS is more frequent than that noted clinically or pathologically and offers further support to previous observations of sensory system involvement in ALS.
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Abashian A, Adair RK, Cool R, Erwin A, Kopp J, Leipuner L, Morris TW, Rahm DC, Rau RR, Thorndike AM, Whittemore WL, Willis WJ. Angular Distributions of Positrons fromπ+−μ+−e+Decays Observed in a Liquid Hydrogen Bubble Chamber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1957. [DOI: 10.1103/physrev.105.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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