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Ke P, Stidham RA, Castaneto MS, Forbes AM, Lewis JW, Wegner MD, Mont SL. Updated Adult Human Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase Activity Reference Range with Time-Modified Michel Method. Clin Chem 2024; 70:680-682. [PMID: 38441310 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pucheng Ke
- US Army Medical Department Southern Region Medical Command, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, United States
| | - Ralph A Stidham
- US Army Medical Department Southern Region Medical Command, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, United States
| | - Marisol S Castaneto
- US Army Medical Department Southern Region Medical Command, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, United States
| | - Adrienne M Forbes
- US Army Medical Department Southern Region Medical Command, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, United States
| | - Jeremy W Lewis
- US Army Medical Department Southern Region Medical Command, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, United States
| | - Matthew D Wegner
- US Army Medical Department Southern Region Medical Command, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, United States
| | - Stephanie L Mont
- US Army Medical Department Southern Region Medical Command, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, United States
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Ke P, Stidham RA, Castaneto MS, Forbes AM, Fathke RL, Crochet RB, Lewis JW, Wegner MD, Mont SL. Human red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity: a revisit after fifteen years. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38508709 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2329752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Human red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC-AChE) activity is valuable for detecting potential exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting substances (CIS). A reliable population-based RBC-AChE activity reference range is critical for early and massive clinical and occupational toxicology screening. Previous published studies were often limited to small numbers of subjects, various testing methods, and crude statistical data analyses. We tested 4818 adult subjects with a well-established 17-minute modified Michel method over a 2-year period. We conducted a retrospective data analysis and systematically investigated on the influences to testing values from gender, age, age group, and their combinations and interactions. No significant difference was observed in the testing values between males (mean, medium, interquartile range = 0.76, 0.76, 0.71-0.80 ΔpH/h, respectively) and females (mean, medium, interquartile range = 0.76, 0.76, 0.71-0.81 ΔpH/hour, respectively), when gender was the only factor considered (p = 0.7238). However, with age progression, male testing values exhibited a consistent upward trend, while females did not show any clear patterns. Linear regression analysis of the data revealed that gender, age, and age group more or less affected testing values either as independent variables or with their combinations and interactions. However, more potential factors need to be included to achieve better testing value predictions. We recommend the toxicological testing community to adopt a new set of age group specific RBC-AChE activity reference ranges for males (0.68-0.80, 0.69-0.81, 0.70-0.83, 0.71-0.84, and 0.73-0.87 ΔpH/h for 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and ≥60 years old, respectively) while keeping the current reference range (0.63-0.89 ΔpH/hour) for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pucheng Ke
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, West, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ralph A Stidham
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, West, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marisol S Castaneto
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, West, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Adrienne M Forbes
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, West, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Fathke
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, West, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert B Crochet
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, West, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy W Lewis
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, West, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew D Wegner
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, West, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie L Mont
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, West, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Ke P, Stidham RA, Forbes AM, Castaneto MS, Wegner MD, Mont SL. A Hidden Gem: Highlighting the Indispensable Capabilities and History of the DoD Cholinesterase Monitoring Program and DoD Cholinesterase Reference Laboratory. Mil Med 2023; 188:220-222. [PMID: 36929418 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The DoD Cholinesterase Monitoring Program and Cholinesterase Reference Laboratory have safeguarded U.S. government employees in chemical defense for over five decades. Considering Russia's potential deployment of chemical warfare nerve agents in Ukraine, it is critical to maintain a robust cholinesterase testing program and its efficiency presently and in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pucheng Ke
- DoD Cholinesterase Reference Laboratory, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Ralph A Stidham
- Division of Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Central, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Adrienne M Forbes
- DoD Cholinesterase Reference Laboratory, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Marisol S Castaneto
- DoD Food Analysis and Diagnostic Laboratory, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Matthew D Wegner
- DoD Food Analysis and Diagnostic Laboratory, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Stephanie L Mont
- U.S. Army Public Health Command-Central, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
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Abstract
Critically ill patients exhibit a range of organ dysfunctions and often require treatment with a variety of drugs including sedatives, analgesics, neuromuscular blockers, antimicrobials, inotropes and gastric acid suppressants. Understanding how organ dysfunction can alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs is a vital aspect of therapy in this patient group. Many drugs will need to be given intravenously because of gastrointestinal failure. For those occasions on which the oral route is possible, bioavailability may be altered by hypomotility, changes in gastrointestinal pH and enteral feeding. Hepatic and renal dysfunction are the primary determinants of drug clearance, and hence of steady-state drug concentrations, and of efficacy and toxicity in the individual patient. Oxidative metabolism is the main clearance mechanism for many drugs and there is increasing recognition of the importance of decreased activity of the hepatic cytochrome P450 system in critically ill patients. Renal failure is equally important with both filtration and secretion clearance mechanisms being required for the removal of parent drugs and their active metabolites. Changes in the steady-state volume of distribution are often secondary to renal failure and may lower the effective drug concentrations in the body. Failure of the central nervous system, muscle, the endothelial system and endocrine system may also affect the pharmacokinetics of specific drugs. Time-dependency of alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters is well documented for some drugs. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology in the critically ill and applying pharmacokinetic principles in selection of drug and dose regimen is, therefore, crucial to optimising the pharmacodynamic response and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Power
- Department of Intensive Care, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
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Abstract
While single dose activated charcoal is effective in preventing drug absorption, repeated doses not only prevent absorption but also can increase systemic drug clearance. The mechanism for the latter effect may involve interruption of enterohepatic recycling and/or promotion of drug exsorption from the systemic circulation into the gut lumen. A comprehensive review of reported studies in volunteer subjects and overdose patients showed that repeated dose activated charcoal markedly decreased the half-life and/or increased the clearance of a wide range of drugs. Side-effects of the treatment were infrequent, but included aspiration pneumonia, diarrhoea and constipation. The addition of laxatives to repeated dose charcoal treatment did not offer any significant increase in drug clearance and is not recommended. It is suggested that the optimal regimen for the use of repeat dose activated charcoal in acute drug intoxications is an initial dose of 75-100 g, followed by 50 g every 4 hours until the risks of systemic drug toxicity are reduced to an acceptable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McLuckie
- Department of Intensive Care, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia
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Abstract
Four patients are described in whom scleroderma developed within 18 months of detection of breast carcinoma. Previously reported cases of this association and the relevant literature are reviewed. The available evidence suggests that in some women there may be a causal relationship between breast cancer and scleroderma or progressive systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Forbes
- Rheumatology Unit, Royal Liverpool Hospital
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Dusci LJ, Hackett LP, Forbes AM, Ilett KF. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for measurement of pentamidine in plasma and its application in an immunosuppressed patient with renal dysfunction. Ther Drug Monit 1987; 9:422-5. [PMID: 3501181 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-198712000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method for the quantitation of pentamidine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. Pentamidine was extracted from plasma using a mixed solvent of 40% acetonitrile in chloroform. Reversed-phase chromatography was then performed on a mu Bondapak C-18 column, using a mobile phase of acetonitrile containing 0.1% H3PO4 and 0.1% NaCl (20:80) and the eluting peaks detected by their UV absorbance at 262 nm. The assay had a within-day coefficient of variation of less than 3.8%, an absolute recovery of 92%, and a limit of detection of 15 nmol/L. The method was applied during pentamidine mesylate treatment (4 mg/kg/day) for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an immunosuppressed patient with impaired renal function. Plasma levels rose slowly to a plateau (range 530-880 nmol/L) after 7 days of treatment, suggesting a half-life of around 1.5-2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Dusci
- Combined Unit in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia
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Summerfield GP, Gyde OH, Forbes AM, Goldsmith HJ, Bellingham AJ. Haemoglobin concentration and serum erythropoietin in renal dialysis and transplant patients. Scand J Haematol 1983; 30:389-400. [PMID: 6344194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1983.tb01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In patients with chronic renal failure the use of the relatively new dialysis technique of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), unlike other forms of dialysis, is consistently associated with an increase in Hb concentration, but the mechanism remains obscure. We measured Hb, haematocrit, S-erythropoietin and Hb-oxygen affinity in 3 groups of patients with chronic renal failure. (1) Untreated patients starting on haemodialysis. (2) Patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis changing to CAPD. (3) Patients from the above 2 groups receiving renal transplants. In addition, red cell mass, plasma volume and red cell survival were measured in (2), before starting CAPD and at 6 months. There were distinctly different patterns of change in Hb concentration, Hb-oxygen affinity and S-erythropoietin in the 3 groups of patients. The increase in Hb concentration with CAPD is due to both a fall in plasma volume and an increase in red cell mass, with an increase in red cell survival. There was no change in Hb-oxygen affinity or serum erythropoietin concentration. The improvement in red cell mass and survival may be related to increased clearances of substances with mol. wt.s between 500 and 5000 daltons which accumulate in renal failure (uraemic middle molecules).
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Potter JM, Edeson RO, Forbes AM. Anomalous action of tubocurarine in the tibialis anterior muscle of the cat. Anaesth Intensive Care 1982; 10:252-7. [PMID: 7125192 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x8201000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Low dose infusion of tubocurarine (20 micrograms/kg per min) causes an increase in muscle contraction in tibialis anterior of the cat. Tibialis anterior muscle of 13 adult cats was indirectly stimulated via the sciatic nerve using a square wave pulse of 0.2 ms duration and supramaximal voltage at 0.06 Hz. The increase is from 5-133% of control with a mean of 36%. This is sustained for a mean of 97 min, if the infusion is ceased when maximum potentiation is achieved. Duration of potentiation is decreased by increasing the frequency of stimulation. The potentiation occurs in the presence of either rising or falling concentrations of tubocurarine, and continuing the infusion results in neuromuscular blockade. One explanation of these observations is that low dose tubocurarine may interfere with presynaptic negative feedback control of acetylcholine release.
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Summerfield GP, Bellingham AJ, Manlove L, Forbes AM, Goldsmith HJ. Erythrocyte metabolism in patients on haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Sci (Lond) 1982; 62:479-88. [PMID: 7075146 DOI: 10.1042/cs0620479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
1. Erythrocyte metabolism was investigated and glycolytic intermediates were measured in nine patients with chronic renal failure who were subsequently treated with haemodialysis. The same investigations were performed in nine patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who had previously been treated with intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) (eight patients) or dietary restriction (one patient). 2. The patients who received haemodialysis had a partially compensated metabolic acidosis before treatment. With haemodialysis, plasma phosphate (Pi) fell and base excess, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), glucose consumption and lactate production rose significantly. In this group the most important influence on erythrocyte metabolism was base excess. The pattern of erythrocyte glycolytic intermediates showed that the rise in 2,3-DPG with haemodialysis was brought about within the Rapoport-Luebering shunt; there was no statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin-oxygen affinity. 3. The patients who received CAPD were not acidotic before starting this form of treatment. With CAPD, there was a significant increase in haemoglobin and fall in plasma phosphate, erythrocyte 2,3-DPG and glucose consumption. The major factors influencing erythrocyte metabolism in this group were plasma phosphate and haemoglobin concentration. The fall in 2,3-DPG was produced by inhibition of 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11); despite this fall, haemoglobin-oxygen affinity was not affected.
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Forbes AM, Reed V, Goldsmith HJ. CAPD--a scheme to allow reduction of dialy bag exchange. Clin Nephrol 1981; 15:264-6. [PMID: 7249423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Abstract
Gentamicin 1-5 mg/kg was injected into 14 anaesthetised cats in the presence of a constant, partial, non-depolarizing neuromuscular block. Twitch response in tibialis anterior was significantly depressed from 83% to 71% of control by a dose of 1.0 mg/kg. In soleus the same dose reduced twitch response from 76% to 71%. After a cumulative dose of 10 mg/kg twitch response in tibialis anterior and soleus was 34% and 37% of control respectively. Calcium chloride 20 mg/kg restored twitch response to 66% in both muscles. Smaller doses of calcium chloride caused partial reversal which was maintained for five minutes in only 50% of instances.
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Forbes AM, Goldsmith HJ. Sodium in peritoneal dialysis solutions. Br Med J 1979; 2:211. [PMID: 466370 PMCID: PMC1595862 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.6183.211-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hutchison AA, Forbes AM, Russell G. Effective pulmonary blood flow in preterm and light-for-date infants. Pediatrics 1976; 57:187-90. [PMID: 1250653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a method employing low concentrations (3%) of nitrous oxide, we measured effective pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qpc eff) in 23 preterm infants, 26 light-for-date infants, and 15 infants who were both preterm and light-for-date. All infants studied had no clinical or laboratory evidence of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and were studied before the age of 48 hours. The mean Qpc eff of 175 ml/kg/min in preterm infants (a group at high risk of developing IRDS), although significantly less than the mean of 214 ml/kg/min found in light-for-date infants (a group with a low risk of developing IRDS), was similar to that reported in normal term infants. The mean result for preterm, light-for-date infants was 189 ml/kg/min. No evidence was found that preterm infants were predisposed to IRDS as a consequence of preexisting pulmonary hypoperfusion.
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Forbes AM. The Operative Treatment of Spina Bifida. Can Med Assoc J 1929; 20:497-498. [PMID: 20317328 PMCID: PMC1710516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. The Complement Fixation Test as a Means of Finding Carriers of Disease. Can Med Assoc J 1928; 19:553-554. [PMID: 20317075 PMCID: PMC1710119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. CLEFT PALATE: A CLINICAL STUDY OF A METHOD FOR ITS TREATMENT. Can Med Assoc J 1927; 17:76-78. [PMID: 20316147 PMCID: PMC406870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Forbes
- Clinical Professor Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal
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Forbes AM. The Infective Arthritides: On a Possible Relationship Between Hypoparathyroidism and the Chronic Arthritides. Can Med Assoc J 1926; 16:1232-1233. [PMID: 20315990 PMCID: PMC1709034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM, Rhea L. The Infectious Arthritides. Can Med Assoc J 1925; 15:931-934. [PMID: 20315510 PMCID: PMC1708465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. The Post-Operative Treatment of Flexion at the Hip. Can Med Assoc J 1925; 15:730. [PMID: 20315445 PMCID: PMC1708252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Chronic Infective Arthritis. Can Med Assoc J 1924; 14:1192-1195. [PMID: 20315211 PMCID: PMC1707958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Acute Osteo-Myelitis. Can Med Assoc J 1923; 13:579-582. [PMID: 20314747 PMCID: PMC1707124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Re Duty on Reprints. Can Med Assoc J 1923; 13:201. [PMID: 20314658 PMCID: PMC1706998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Scoliosis or Lateral Curvature of the Spine. Can Med Assoc J 1923; 13:168-170. [PMID: 20314637 PMCID: PMC1707008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. A Case of Septic Arthritis in an Infant. Can Med Assoc J 1923; 13:118. [PMID: 20314617 PMCID: PMC1706902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Abstract of Clinical Lecture on Two Cases of Tuberculosis of The Spine. Can Med Assoc J 1922; 12:738-739. [PMID: 20314223 PMCID: PMC1706781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Notes on Two Cases of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Can Med Assoc J 1922; 12:331-332. [PMID: 20314109 PMCID: PMC1524571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Recent Studies of Scoliosis. Can Med Assoc J 1920; 10:609-615. [PMID: 20312308 PMCID: PMC1524035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Poliomyelitis as seen by the Surgeon. Can Med Assoc J 1917; 7:119-124. [PMID: 20310903 PMCID: PMC1584828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Number One Canadian General Hospital as a part of the Canadian Medical Organization in France. Can Med Assoc J 1916; 6:295-299. [PMID: 20310768 PMCID: PMC1584598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. A FURTHER CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF SCOLIOSIS. Can Med Assoc J 1912; 2:1010-1015. [PMID: 20310334 PMCID: PMC1579605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS. Can Med Assoc J 1911; 1:1073-1076. [PMID: 20310220 PMCID: PMC1579389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Forbes AM. Operation for Pott's Disease of the Spine. Can Med Assoc J 1911; 1:249-250. [PMID: 20310128 PMCID: PMC1579767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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