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Ataya FS, Al-Jafari AA, Daoud MS, Al-Hazzani AA, Shehata AI, Saeed HM, Fouad D. Genomics, phylogeny and in silico analysis of mitochondrial glutathione S-transferase-kappa from the camel Camelus dromedarius. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:46-54. [PMID: 24810173 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The domesticated one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the Arabian Peninsula. For most of its life, this species is exposed to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that cause gross DNA alterations in many organisms. GST enzymes constitute an important supergene family involved in protection against the deleterious effects of oxidative stress and xenobiotics. Cloning the camel mitochondrial GST kappa (GSTK) gene and comparing its structural similarities with different species may aid in understanding its evolutionary relics. We cloned the camel GSTK using RT-PCR. This yielded an open reading frame of 678 nucleotides, encoding a protein of 226 amino acid residues. In a comparative analysis, the cloned GSTK was used to screen orthologues from different organisms. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the camel GSTK apparently evolved from an ancestral GSTK gene that predated the appearance of vertebrates, and it grouped with pig, cattle, dog, horse, human and monkey GSTKs. The calculated molecular weight of the translated ORF was 25.52 kDa and the isoelectric point was 8.4. The deduced cGSTK sequence exhibited high identity with many mammals, such as Bactrian camel (99.55%), pig, cattle and human (>74%), and lower identity with other unrelated organisms, such as frog (Xenopus tropicalis, 61%), chicken (Gallus gallus, 57%), salmon (Salmo salar, 49%), sponge (Amphimedon queenslandica, 46%), tick (Amblyomma maculatum, 45%) and roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans, 33%). A 3D structure was built based on the crystal structure of the human and rat enzymes. The levels of cGSTK expression in five camel tissues were examined via real-time PCR. The highest level of cGSTK transcripts was found in the camel liver, followed by the testis, spleen, kidney and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid S Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Center, Dokki, P.O. Box 12311, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abdul Aziz Al-Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Daoud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Kasr El-Ainy University Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Abdulaziz Al-Hazzani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11459, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Ibrahim Shehata
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11459, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Fouad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11459, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
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Mahfouz AA, Shehata AI, Mandil AM, Al-Erian RA, Al-Khuzayem AA, Kisha A. Prescribing Patterns at Primary Health Care Level in the Asir Region, Saudi Arabia: An Epidemiologic Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1997; 6:197-201. [PMID: 15073788 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1557(199705)6:3<197::aid-pds267>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Out of 208 primary health care centres (PHCCs) in the Asir region, southwestern Saudi Arabia, a stratified random sample of 23 PHCCs was randomly chosen. Data regarding all the medical consultations (66,438) provided by all PHCCs physicians (49) and their prescriptions were collected to study prescribing patterns. The data were collected from the health information system of the PHCCs without the physicians' knowledge. The study showed that more than two-thirds of medical consultations (71.5%, 47,494) ended by prescribing medications. The average number of drug items prescribed for the individual patient was 1.44. The leading missing items in the studied prescriptions were, for how long should medication be taken (32.9%), the patient's name (15.8%) and the family health record number (6.5%). Prescribing drugs by generic name is very minimal among physicians (2.9%). The groups of drugs commonly prescribed were analgesics-antipyretics (61.9%), antibiotics (56.2%), cough medications (26.6%) and vitamins (22.7%). The observed defects identify fields to be addressed in continuing medical education programmes aimed at encouraging more rational prescribing among PHC physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Mahfouz
- Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the cesarean section (CS) rate in the Riyadh area, its trend and relationship to perinatal mortality (PNM). METHODS Based on delivery data obtained from the Ministry of Health hospitals, Saudi Arabia, for a total of 12 years, yearly rates of CS, PNM and the ratios of obstetricians and beds per 10,000 population were computed for the Riyadh area and compared with the overall rates for Saudi Arabia. Correlation coefficients were used to investigate the relationship between the CS rate and each of the stated variables. RESULTS Riyadh had significantly lower rates of CS and PNM than Saudi Arabia as a whole. The CS rate in Riyadh showed a positive trend (increasing from 4.4 to 6.7%) while the PNM rate revealed a significant decreasing trend (decreasing from 21.6/1000 to 16/1000 live births). A negative association existed between the Riyadh rates of PNM and CS (r = -0.2375) and PNM and the availability of obstetricians (r = -0.8693). CONCLUSIONS From our data it was not possible to establish a cause and effect relationship between the CS and PNM rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Shehata
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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