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Smith KE, Engel SG, Steffen KJ, Garcia L, Grothe K, Koball A, Mitchell JE. Problematic Alcohol Use and Associated Characteristics Following Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2019; 28:1248-1254. [PMID: 29110243 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-3008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence suggests that a significant minority of individuals who undergo Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) experience problematic alcohol and substance use following surgery. However, little research has examined characteristics, drinking patterns, and possible risk factors within this population. To provide descriptive information of a sample of adults with self-identified alcohol use problems following bariatric surgery, this study examined (1) alcohol and substance use symptoms using standardized assessments, (2) current and past psychiatric comorbidity, (3) subjective changes in alcohol sensitivity following surgery, and (4) specific patterns of alcohol use prior to and following bariatric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult participants (N = 26) completed a series of structured diagnostic interviews and self-report assessments (e.g., Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT], Michigan Alcohol Screening Test [MAST], Drug Abuse Screening Test [DAST]) by telephone 1 to 4 years following a RYGB or sleeve gastrectomy. RESULTS All participants met objective criteria for current problematic alcohol use based on AUDIT and MAST cutoff scores, reported increased subjective sensitivity to alcohol following surgery, and evidenced significant current and past psychiatric comorbidities, most notably previous major depression (45.5%). Approximately one third of participants evidenced new-onset Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) alcohol use or dependence following surgery. Preoperative drinking frequencies and quantities were similar to those reported during the period of the heaviest postoperative alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Findings have implications for pre- and postoperative prevention and intervention efforts. Additional research is needed to further elucidate risk factors for problematic alcohol use following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Smith
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 120 South 8th St, Fargo, ND, 58103, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 120 South 8th St, Fargo, ND, 58103, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kristine J Steffen
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 120 South 8th St, Fargo, ND, 58103, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Alliances, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Luis Garcia
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 120 South 8th St, Fargo, ND, 58103, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
- Sanford Health, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Karen Grothe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Afton Koball
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - James E Mitchell
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 120 South 8th St, Fargo, ND, 58103, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
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Koball A, Borgert A, Kallies K, Phelan S, Van Ryn M. A269 Interpersonal Contact and Weight Bias throughout Medical Training: Testing a Hypothesized Model from the Cognitive Habits and Growth Evaluation Study (CHANGES). Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.08.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
CONTEXT Although practice guidelines suggest that primary care providers working with children and adolescents incorporate BMI surveillance and counseling into routine practice, the evidence base for this practice is unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of brief, primary care interventions for pediatric weight management on BMI. DATA SOURCES Medline, CENTRAL, Embase, PsycInfo, and CINAHL were searched for relevant publications from January 1976 to March 2016 and cross-referenced with published studies. STUDY SELECTION Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies that compared the effect of office-based primary care weight management interventions to any control intervention on percent BMI or BMI z scores in children aged 2 to 18 years. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently screened sources, extracted data on participant, intervention, and study characteristics, z-BMI/percent BMI, harms, and study quality using the Cochrane and Newcastle-Ottawa risk of bias tools. RESULTS A random effects model was used to pool the effect size across eligible 10 randomized controlled trials and 2 quasi-experimental studies. Compared with usual care or control treatment, brief interventions feasible for primary care were associated with a significant but small reduction in BMI z score (-0.04, [95% confidence interval, -0.08 to -0.01]; P = .02) and a nonsignificant effect on body satisfaction (standardized mean difference 0.00, [95% confidence interval, -0.21 to 0.22]; P = .98). LIMITATIONS Studies had methodological limitations, follow-up was brief, and adverse effects were not commonly measured. CONCLUSIONS BMI surveillance and counseling has a marginal effect on BMI, highlighting the need for revised practice guidelines and the development of novel approaches for providers to address this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn Lebow
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, and.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; and
| | - Zhen Wang
- Evidence-Based Practice Center and Center for Science of Healthcare Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Afton Koball
- Gundersen Lutheran Health System, Department of Behavioral Health, LaCrosse, Wisconsin
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Evidence-Based Practice Center and Center for Science of Healthcare Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Koball A, Craner J, Sperry J. Impact of weight status on physical and psychological outcomes of a comprehensive pain rehabilitation programme. J Rehabil Med 2016; 48:632-5. [DOI: 10.2340/16501977-2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Engel S, Grothe K, Koball A, Steffen K, Garcia L, Mitchell J. Alcohol after Bariatric Surgery: Data from a Sample of Self-Reported Problematic Drinkers. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.08.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Carels RA, Hoffmann DA, Hinman N, Burmeister JM, Koball A, Ashrafioun L, Oehlhof MW, Bannon E, Leroy M, Darby L. Step-down approach to behavioural weight loss treatment: a pilot of a randomised clinical trial. Psychol Health 2013; 28:1121-34. [PMID: 23607537 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2013.789875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a stepped-down approach, patients begin with a more intensive treatment and are stepped down to a less intensive treatment based on achieving treatment goals. This study compared a standard behavioural weight loss programme (BWLP) to a stepped-down approach to treatment. METHODS Fifty-two overweight/obese adults (Age: M = 47 years, SD = 13.5; female = 67%) participated in an 18-week BWLP. Half of them were randomly assigned to be stepped down from weekly group meetings based on completion of weight loss goals (3%) every 6 weeks, while the other half remained in their groups regardless of weight loss. RESULTS There was a significant difference favouring the BWLP in the proportion of participants who met or exceeded their 3% weight loss goal during the first six weeks. While not statistically significant by the end of treatment, the BWLP participants lost nearly 3% more body weight than stepped-down participants (SC = 4.9% vs. BWLP = 7.8%; p = .10). Greater self-monitoring was associated with increased likelihood of stepped-care eligibility and higher percent weight loss at the end of treatment (p < .01). CONCLUSION There was little evidence to support the efficacy of the stepped-down approach for behavioural weight loss treatment employed in this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Carels
- a Department of Psychology , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , OH , USA
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Carels RA, Burmeister J, Oehlhof MW, Hinman N, LeRoy M, Bannon E, Koball A, Ashrafloun L. Internalized weight bias: ratings of the self, normal weight, and obese individuals and psychological maladjustment. J Behav Med 2013; 36:86-94. [PMID: 22322909 PMCID: PMC3543476 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-012-9402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current measures of internalized weight bias assess factors such as responsibility for weight status, mistreatment because of weight, etc. A potential complementary approach for assessing internalized weight bias is to examine the correspondence between individuals' ratings of obese people, normal weight people, and themselves on personality traits. This investigation examined the relationships among different measures of internalized weight bias, as well as the association between those measures and psychosocial maladjustment. Prior to the beginning of a weight loss intervention, 62 overweight/obese adults completed measures of explicit and internalized weight bias as well as body image, binge eating, and depression. Discrepancies between participants' ratings of obese people in general and ratings of themselves on both positive and negative traits predicted unique variance in measures of maladjustment above a traditional assessment of internalized weight bias. This novel approach to measuring internalized weight bias provides information above and beyond traditional measures of internalized weight bias and begins to provide insights into social comparison processes involved in weight bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Carels
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Carels RA, Young KM, Hinman N, Gumble A, Koball A, Oehlhof MW, Darby L. Stepped-care in obesity treatment: matching treatment intensity to participant performance. Eat Behav 2012; 13:112-8. [PMID: 22365792 PMCID: PMC3510656 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This investigation examined the effectiveness of a self-help (SH), stepped-care (SC) weight loss program. Based on a failure to achieve pre-assigned weight loss goals, participants were eligible to be stepped-up from a SH program to two levels of treatment intensity (weight loss group [WLG]; individual counseling [IC]) beyond SH. The primary outcome was change in body weight. Fifty-three overweight/obese adults (BMI≥27 kg/m(2); mean BMI of 37.3, SD=6.6, 89% Caucasian, and 77% female) participated in an 18-week weight loss intervention. During several phases of the investigation, those stepped-up to more intensive treatment lost comparable weight to those who were not stepped-up. Nevertheless, by the end of treatment, individuals who remained in SH (M=8.6%) lost a significantly greater percentage of weight than individuals who received SH+IC (M=4.7%; p<.05) and individuals in SH+IC lost a significantly greater percentage of weight than individuals who received SH+WLG+IC (M=1.6%; p<.05). While some individuals benefited from being stepped-up to greater intensity treatment, other individuals experienced little benefit. The application of SC principles to the treatment of obesity needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Carels
- Corresponding author at: Bowling Green State University, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States. Tel.: +1 419 372 9405; fax: +1 419 372 6013, (R.A. Carels)
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Carels RA, Hinman N, Koball A, Oehlhof MW, Gumble A, Young KM. The self-protective nature of implicit identity and its relationship to weight bias and short-term weight loss. Obes Facts 2011; 4:278-83. [PMID: 21921650 PMCID: PMC6444827 DOI: 10.1159/000330809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Research suggests that making overly positive self-evaluations is the norm rather than the exception. However, unlike other stigmatized groups, overweight individuals do not exhibit a positive in-group social identity and instead exhibit significant explicit, implicit, and internalized weight bias. Therefore, it is not known whether overweight/obese individuals will evidence self-enhancement on general traits (good, attractive), or on traits inconsistent with fat stereotypes (disciplined, active, healthy eater), on an assessment of implicit attitudes. Similarly, it is not known whether these ratings will be associated with preexisting levels of weight bias, gender, or short-term weight loss. METHODS At baseline, 53 overweight/obese adults (BMI > 27 kg/m(2), mean BMI = 37.3 kg/m(2), SD = 6.6 kg/m(2), 89% Caucasian, and 77% female) participating in a weight loss intervention completed measures of explicit and internalized weight bias as well as implicit weight bias and identity (self-other comparisons). RESULTS Although participants evidenced significant anti-fat attitudes, they implicitly identified themselves as significantly thinner, better, more attractive, active, disciplined, and more likely to eat healthy than 'other' people. Compared to men, women were less likely to view themselves as thin and attractive relative to others. Greater implicit anti-fat bias and implicitly seeing the self as thin relative to others was associated with less short-term weight loss. CONCLUSION Despite evidence for explicit, implicit, and internalized weight bias, participants generally evidenced a positive implicit self-identity, including areas consistent with negative fat stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Carels
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Carels RA, Wott CB, Young KM, Gumble A, Darby LA, Oehlhof MW, Harper J, Koball A. Successful weight loss with self-help: a stepped-care approach. J Behav Med 2011; 32:503-9. [PMID: 19521759 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-009-9221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In a stepped-care approach to treatment, patients are transitioned to more intensive treatments when less intensive treatments fail to meet treatment goals. Self-help programs are recommended as an initial, low intensity treatment phase in stepped-care models. This investigation examined the effectiveness of a self-help, stepped-care weight loss program. Fifty-eight overweight/obese adults (BMI ≥27 kg/m(2)) participated in a weight loss program. Participants were predominately Caucasian (93.1%) and female (89.7%) with a mean BMI of 36.6 (SD=7.1). Of those completing the program, 57% of participants (N=21) who remained in self-help maintained an 8% weight loss at follow-up. Participants who were stepped-up self-monitored fewer days and reported higher daily caloric intake than self-help participants. Once stepped-up, weight loss outcomes were equivalent between individuals who remained in self-help compared to those who were stepped-up. Individuals who were stepped-up benefited from early intensive intervention when unsuccessful at losing weight with self-help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Carels
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Carels RA, Young KM, Koball A, Gumble A, Darby LA, Wagner Oehlhof M, Wott CB, Hinman N. Transforming your life: an environmental modification approach to weight loss. J Health Psychol 2010; 16:430-8. [PMID: 20929947 DOI: 10.1177/1359105310380986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation compared a traditional behavioral weight loss program with a weight loss intervention emphasizing environmental modification and habit formation and disruption. Fifty-four overweight and obese adults (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m² were randomly assigned to either a 14-week LEARN or TYL intervention. Forty-two participants completed the six-month follow-up assessment. Treatment outcomes between LEARN and TYL participants were equivalent. During the six-month no-treatment follow-up period, participants evidenced a 3.3 lb (SD = 9.2) weight gain. The TYL intervention appears to represent an attractive option for individuals seeking an alternative to the traditional behavioral approach to weight loss.
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Carels RA, Wott CB, Young KM, Gumble A, Koball A, Oehlhof MW. Implicit, explicit, and internalized weight bias and psychosocial maladjustment among treatment-seeking adults. Eat Behav 2010; 11:180-5. [PMID: 20434066 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight bias among weight loss treatment-seeking adults has been understudied. This investigation examined the 1) levels of implicit, explicit, and internalized weight bias among overweight/obese treatment-seeking adults, 2) association between weight bias and psychosocial maladjustment (binge eating, body image, depression), and 3) association between participation in weight loss treatment and changes in weight bias. METHODS Fifty-four overweight and obese individuals (BMI > or = 27) recruited for a weight loss intervention completed measures of depression, body image, binge eating, and implicit, explicit, and internalized weight bias. RESULTS Participants evidenced significant implicit, explicit, and internalized weight bias. Greater weight bias was associated with greater depression, poorer body image, and increased binge eating. Despite significant reductions in negative internalized and explicit weight bias following treatment, weight bias remained strong. CONCLUSIONS Weight bias among treatment-seeking adults is associated with greater psychological maladjustment and may interfere with their ability to achieve optimal health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carels
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States.
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